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The problem of sanitation and hygiene is one of the problems faced by many people in Indonesia, especially in the current state of the Covid 19 pandemic. Not to mention the thing that is faced by the people of the Mabar village, Medan Deli sub-district, Medan City is the poor sanitation and hygiene of the community, especially those who live in dense settlements, so it is necessary to campaign for healthy living behaviors, one of which is through counseling on healthy living behaviors in maintaining personal health during the COVID-19 pandemic. and accompanied by training in the manufacture of antibacterial soap to increase public interest and awareness regarding the importance of healthy living. Soap products have developed into a primary need in today's society. These products are used every day by all levels of society, both upper, middle, and lower classes. The partners involved in community service are community groups in Neighborhood IX, Mabar sub-district, Medan Deli sub-district, Medan City. which is quite potential to be developed through a training program for making antibacterial herbal soaps, one of which is made from ketepeng leaves and betel leaves which are widely believed by the community to be effective in curing skin diseases. Several studies have proven that ketepeng and betel leaves have high antibacterial activity which have the potential to be developed into antibacterial soap products.Housewives and teenagers of productive age who are the targets of this service do not yet have productive activities. This training program is expected to provide business opportunities to the community so that it can improve the economy. The soap products produced can be used to meet household needs or can be sold to the surrounding community. With training in making antibacterial herbal soaps, expenses can be reduced and even can improve the household economy.

BACKGROUND: Gastritis is one of the most common diseases found in internal medicine clinics and daily life. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the histopathological changes of gastric rat model of aspirin-induced gastritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Group K(−) is a negative control (normal) not given any treatment, Group K(+) is a positive control induced by aspirin 200 mg/kgBW, Group 1 (P1) is a treatment group induced by aspirin 200 mg/kgBW with ethanol extract of chayote 100 mg/kgBW, po, Group 2 (P2) was the treatment group induced by aspirin 200 mg/kgBW with ethanol extract of chayote 200 mg/kgBW, po, Group 3 (P3) was the treatment group induced by aspirin 200 mg/kgBW with ethyl acetate fraction chayote 100 mg/kgBW, PO, Group 4 (P4) was the treatment group induced by aspirin 200 mg/kgBW with ethyl acetate fraction chayote 200 mg/kgBW, PO, and Group 5 (P5) was the treatment group induced by aspirin 200 mg/kgBW with omeprazole 20 mg. RESULTS: Analysis of the results of inflammatory infiltration in gastric histopathology in Groups P1, P2, P3, and P4 showed mild inflammatory infiltration compared to Groups P(5) and K(+). The description of the acinar glands on gastric histopathology showed that the P2 group gave a better picture of the acinar gland repair than the K(+), P2, P3, P4, and P5 groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that ethanol extracts of squash 200 mg/KgBW own effectiveness as an anti-inflammatory on the improvement of infiltration of inflammatory and picture histopathological gastric mice compared with the ethanol extract of squash 100 mg/kg, the fraction of ethyl acetate chayote 100 mg/KgBW and 200 mg/KgBW and omeprazole 20 mg.

Wound healing is a complex and integrated process that requires the collective roles of various cells and tissues of the palatal mucosa. During the proliferation phase, the sum of fibroblasts increases in response to damaged oral tissues. Thus, the number of fibroblast cells in the palatal mucosa is a substantial indicator of wound healing. Binahong leaves possess the potential to accelerate wound healing by stimulating fibroblast proliferation. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the effect of Binahong leaves extract (BLE) gel on wound healing of the palatal mucosa by investigating the fibroblast cell count in Wistar rats. This experimental study was carried out in several stages which included the collection and processing of fresh Binahong leaves followed by extraction with 70% ethanol using maceration method. The extract was formulated to be a gel product with a concentration of 3%, 5%, and 7%. BLE gel was administered to Wistar rats which were deliberately injured at the palatal mucosa by excision. Wound healing was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining and the number of fibroblast cells was counted. The result of fibroblast proliferation was analyzed by One Way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test with a significance level of 95%. There were significant differences in fibroblast cell proliferation between all test groups except between base gel and Aloclair® gel, base gel and BLE gel 7%, Aloclair® gel and BLE gel 7%, BLE gel 3% and BLE gel 5%. Application of BLE gel 3% promotes better wound healing of the palatal mucosa of Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND: Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted parasitic worm commonly found in humid, tropical to subtropical areas, as well as poor sanitation area. These worms are cosmopolitan, especially in tropical and humid countries like Indonesia. This worm infection is more common in developing countries and more in children than adults due to poorer child self-hygiene. Worm disease is one of the common society diseases with 60% of children in Indonesia which are estimated to be affected. One species of T. trichiura worm that is often used in research on experimental animals is Trichuris muris. The administration of T. muris infective eggs can significantly increase the number of goblet cells in intestinal crypts of colon and cecum. Goblet cell hyperplasia will occur after exposure to high-dose T. muris (acute/200 infective eggs) in resistant mice. Various studies on the development of natural and traditional materials have been developing in the past few years to see the effects of betel nut on the number of goblet cells in the large intestine. AIM: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut on the change in the number of goblet cells in male mice given orally T. muris infective eggs. METHODS: This study was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design in male mice (Mus musculus) which were given 200 infective eggs of T. muris. The study sample consisted of 70 mice divided into seven groups. Doses of the ethanol extract of betel nut are 100 mg/kg b.w. and 150 mg/kg b.w., and doses of ethyl acetate fraction are 100 mg/kg b.w. and 150 mg/kg b.w. The independent variable was ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut. The dependent variable is the number of goblet cells. Mean differences in groups were tested by Mann–Whitney. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference of p < 0.05 in the colonic crypts and cecum. In Group K (+), there was no increase in the number of goblet cells (54.2000 ± 30.54864) compared to Group K (−) (79.0750 ± 11.79221) in the colon. There was an increase in goblet cells in the 150 mg/kg b.w. of ethanol extract group (64.1000 ± 29.50381), the 150 mg/kg b.w. of ethyl acetate fraction group (56.2250 ± 22.11035), and the 1 mg/20 g of albendazole group (68.3750 ± 11.30956) in the colon. Likewise, there was an increase in the number of goblet cells in the cecum. It can be concluded that 150 mg/kg b.w. of the ethanol extract of betel nut can effectively increase the number of goblet cells in the colon and cecum. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of betel nut 150 mg / kg of weight can effectively increase the number of goblet cells in the colon and caecum.

BACKGROUND: Leucaena leucocephala belongs to the Leguminosae/Fabaceae family. L. leucocephala seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins which according to the previous research have antidiarrhea activity. AIM: This study was investigate the antidiarrheal activity of the ethanol extracts of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit seeds induced by oleum ricini and intestinal transit methods for rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: L. leucocephala seeds were extracted by maceration with 80% ethanol. Evaluation of antidiarrheal extract activity was performed by induction of oleum ricini and intestinal transit methods. The extract at dose doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW was orally administered to the animals 1 h after induction by oleum ricini. Then diarrhea time, frequency, consistency, stool weight, and duration of diarrhea were observed every 30 min for 6 h. In determining the intestinal transit method, a percentage of the distance of the Chinese ink determined. This study was used positive control as Loperamide (1 mg/kg BW) and 0.5% Na-CMC as a negative control. RESULT: In diarrhea induced by castor oil, L. leucocephala seed extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw has been shown to significantly delay the onset of diarrhea, reduce diarrhea frequency, stool weight and duration of diarrhea compared with Na CMC as a negative control (p < 0.05). The extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg bw did not differ significantly from loperamide as positive control (p > 0.05). In this study, L. leucocephala extract reduced the distance traveled by Chinese ink in the intestine but only at a dose of 400 mg/kg bw which has a comparable activity with loperamide significantly . The antidiarrheal activity of extract showed at a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The ethanol extract of L. leucocephala seeds has antidiarrheal activity which supports its use in folk medicines.

Objective: To evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of the n-hexane fraction of L. leucocephala (Lam) de Wit seeds induced by castor oil and intestinal motility methods for rats. Method: L.leucochepala seeds simplicia powder extracted by maceration with 80% ethanol. Ethanol extract was fractionated with n-hexane solvent. Investigating of antidiarrheal activity of L.leucocephala fraction by induction of castor oil and intestinal motility methods. Result: The n-hexane L.leucocephala fraction reduced diarrhea based on observations of the onset of diarrhea, frequency, consistency, weight of stool and duration of diarrhea compared with negative controls. The n-hexane L.leucocephala fraction showed antidiarrheal activity at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bw (P

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effect of ethanol extract of Leucaena leucocephala(Lam) de Wit seeds(EELLS) in rats. Method: simplicia powder of L.leucochepala seeds extracted by maceration with 80% of ethanol. Evaluation of toxicity effect used the fixed dose method which refer to OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)420. Result: Acute toxicity evaluation in this experiment using different doses varying from 50-2000mg/kgbw, did not result in the death of any animals until 14 days of observation in the experimental evaluation period and there was no change in behavior towards rats. Conclusion: These results have shown that oral administration of L. leuceocephala did not produce any significant toxic effect in rats. Hence, L. leucocephala could be regarded as a safe natural product for therapeutic use

Objective: This study aims to isolate and characterize the collagen isolated from the skin of patin fish.Method: Collagen isolation consisted of three steps, namely deproteinization process using NaOH solution concentration of 0,05 M and long soaking time for 3x24 hours; immersion in CH3COOH solution with a concentration of 0,05 M and long soaking time 3x24 hours; Furthermore, collagen was extracted with water at 40°C for 2 hours. The isolated collagen was tested for characteristics including chemical and physical properties compared to commercial collagen.Results: Chemical characteristics of collagen isolated from patin fish skin isolation compared to commercial collagen, respectively: 6,55% and 6,68% water content; ash content of 0,19% and 0,18%; protein content 93,63% and 97,42% and fat content 0,41% and 0,30%; The metal content in the collagen isolated from the skin of patin fish and commercial collagen is below the threshold (Pb); 0,5 mg/kg. Amino acid test results from patin fish skin collagen obtained glycine (234381,88 mg/kg), proline (109404,17 mg/kg), alanine (83988,79 mg/kg), arginine (80918,44 mg/kg) and glutamate (87315,88 mg/kg). The physical characteristics of the patin fish skin collagen showed the presence of amide group A (3286,7cm-1), amide B (2947,23cm-1), amide I (1651,07cm-1), amide II (1450,47cm-1), and amide III (1246,02 cm-1).Conclusion: Patin fish skin can be isolated into collagen that meets the quality requirements of collagen as a cosmetic preparation.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) causes insulin resistance and disordered insulin secretion. Pathomechanisms of T2D consist of dysfunctional pancreatic β-cell and insulin resistance caused by free radical (reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) that produced from the glucose metabolism pathway. Insulin resistance can be measured using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Oxidative stress can measure through the activities of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). AIM: This research aims to study the potential of chayote (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz) to be used as antihyperglycemic in T2D. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research was conducted with a post-test randomized controlled group design. Eleven groups with four male rats each were used. Normal untreated rats were treated under ad libitum feeding and drinking condition. Meanwhile, the rat models were induced with the combination of 45 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin, 110 mg/kg b.w. nicotinamide, 40.5 mg/kg b.w. metformin, high-fat diet, and/or chayote extract. The chayote extract was orally administered to the rat in the form of ethanol extract and/or ethyl acetate fraction, with three dosages of 45 mg/kg b.w., 100 mg/kg b.w., and 150 mg/kg b.w. for each extract type. The body weight, glucose level, insulin level, MDA, and SOD activities were measured. The HOMA-IR was used. RESULTS: The lowest body weight of the rat model in week 0 was 145 ± 25.31, founded in Group H that was treated with ethyl acetate fraction of chayote extract (45 mg/kg b.w.). The lowest blood sugar level in the group with 2 h glucose load was 112.5 ± 27.00 on average, found in Group G that was treated with chayote ethanolic extract (150 mg/kg b.w.). The highest SOD in the group treated with chayote extract was 1.27 ± 0.20, founded in Group H treated with ethyl acetate 45 mg/kg b.w. The lowest level of MDA was 0.86 ± 0.70 in Group H treated with ethyl acetate 45 mg/kg b.w. The lowest fasting blood sugar spectrophotometer level was 150.54 ± 17.24 mg/dl in Group K with metformin treatment, followed by 155.16 ± 31.92 mg/dl in Group K treated 45 mg/kg b.w. ethanol treatment. The highest insulin level was 6.14 ± 0.71, founded in Group F that was treated with chayote ethanolic extract 100 mg/kg b.w. The lowest measurement of HOMA-IR was 0.16 ± 0.80 in Group E treated with ethanol extract of chayote 45 mg/kg b.w. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract and fractionation of chayote work as an antioxidant and anti-insulin resistance.

Jamblang (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan famili Myrtaceae yang telah dikenal dan dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional. Kandungan senyawa aktif dalam tanaman cukup banyak, diantaranya senyawa golongan polifenol yang merupakan salah satu sumber antioksidan alami. Daun jamblang sebagai senyawa antioksidan dapat diperoleh melalui ekstraksi dengan etanol dan difraksinasi dengan n-heksan serta etil asetat. Ekstrak dan fraksi daun jamblang diduga memiliki aktivitas menangkal radikal bebas terhadap DPPH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol, fraksi n-heksan dan fraksi etil asetat dari daun jamblang. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 80% dan difraksinasi dengan n-heksan dan etil asetat. Ekstrak dan fraksi diuji dengan metode pemerangkapan radikal bebas DPPH. Absorbansi DPPH diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 516 nm pada menit ke 15 setelah penambahan pelarut metanol. Ekstrak etanol memiliki nilai IC50 13,46 µg/mL, fraksi n-heksan 52,435 µg/mL, fraksi etil asetat 5,31 µg/mL kategori sangat kuat dan untuk kuersetin memiliki IC50 sebesar 4,35 µg/mL. Fraksi n-heksan diklafikasikan kuat aktivitas antioksidannya sedangkan ekstrak etanol, fraksi etil asetat dan kuersetin diklasifikasikan sangat kuat. Hal tersebut menunjukan bahwa fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang paling tinggi dibanding pelarut lainnya.

Salah satu tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam pengobatan secara tradisional adalah buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.), yang dapat mengobati darah tinggi, jantung berdebar cepat, anemia, sifilis, antikanker, antiradikal dan sebagai bahan pewarna alami. Daun buni mengandung sejumlah triterpenoid/steroid, saponin dan flavonoid. Senyawa triterpenoid/steroid menunjukkan aktivitas farmakologi berupa antibakteri, antiinflamasi, inhibisi terhadap sintesis kolesterol, antikanker, antitumor dan aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel pangkreatik.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan skrining fitokimia dan mengisolasi senyawa triterpenoid/steroid dari daun buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.). Simplisia daun buni dilakukan skrining fitokimia kemudian diekstrasi dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, kemudian maserat diuapkan dengan alat penguap vakum putar. Ekstrak n-heksana yang diperoleh diisolasi dengan cara kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dan KLT preparatif menggunakan fase diam silika gel GF254 dan fase gerak yang sesuai. Isolat yang diperoleh diuji kemurniannya dengan KLT 2 arah dan dilanjutkan mengidentifikasi isolat dengan spektrofotometer ultraviolet dan spektrotometer inframerah. Hasil uji skrining fitokimia diperoleh senyawa glikosida, saponin, flavonoid dan triterpenoid/steroid. Hasil KLT ekstrak n-heksan dengan fase gerak n-heksana-etilasetat (70:30) diperoleh 4 noda dengan penampak noda Liebermann-Burchard, selanjutnya ekstrak n-heksan dipisahkan dengan KLT preparatif, diperoleh 1 (satu) isolat murni berwarna merah ungu (Rf 0,90). Hasil karakterisasi isolat peroleh panjang gelombang 203,2 nm dan dijumpai adanya gugus hidroksil, gugus -CH alifatis, ikatan C=C, gugus –CH2 dan gugus C-O. One of plants used for traditional medication is buni (Antidesmabunius (L.) Spreng.) which can be used for treatment of hypertension, rapid heartbeat, anemia, syphilis, and asanti-cancer, anti-radical, and can be used as natural dye. Buni leaves contain triterpenoid/steroid, saponin and flavonoid. Triterpenoid/steroid showpharmacology activities such as anti-bacteria, anti-inflammatory, inhibition to cholesterol synthesis, anti-cancer, anti-tumor, and cytotoxic activity to pancreatic cells. This research objectives were to conduct phyochemical screening and to isolate the triterpenoid/steroid from buni leaves (Antidesmabunius (L.) Spreng.The phytochemical screening of Buni leaves simplicia was conducted and thenextracted using maceration method with n-hexane and evaporated using rotary evaporator. The n-hexane extract was subjected to isolation with thin-layer chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography using stationaryphase of silica gel GF 254 and suitable mobile phase. The isolates obtained was taken into purity test using two dimensions thin-layer chromatography and identified with ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometers. The phytochemical screening test showed the presence ofglycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids/steroids. The thin-layer chromatography of n-hexane extractwith n-hexane-ethyl acetate as mobile phase (70:30)showed 4spotsafter sprayed with Liebermann-Burchard. The n-hexane extract was further fractionated with preparative thin-layer chromatography and 1 pure purple-red isolate (Rf 0.90) was obtained. The characterization of isolate showed that the wave length was203.2 nm with hydroxyl group, –CH aliphatic group, C=C group, –CH2 group, and C–O group.

Tanaman buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.) secara tradisional telah digunakan untuk hipertensi, takikardia, anemia, sifilis, antikanker, antioksidan, sumber pewarna alami dan antidiabetes. Saponin merupakan senyawa fitokimia yang mempunyai kemampuan membentuk busa dan mengandung aglikon polisiklik yang berikatan dengan satu atau lebih gula. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan karakterisasi senyawa saponin hasil isolasi dari daun buni dengan spektrofotometer ultraviolet dan inframerah. Simplisia daun buni dilakukan karakterisasi kemudian diekstraksi dengan cara maserasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut n-heksana dan etanol 80%. Selanjutnya ekstrak etanol dihidrolisis dengan HCl 2N kemudian difraksi dengan pelarut kloroform. Isolasi dilakukan terhadap fraksi kloroform dengan cara kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif menggunakan fase diam silika gel GF254 dan fase gerak yang sesuai. Isolat yang diperoleh diuji kemurnian dengan KLT 2 arah dan dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometer ultraviolet dan inframerah. Hasil pemeriksaan karakterisasi simplisia diperoleh kadar air 7,32%, kadar sari larut dalam etanol 52,70%, kadar sari larut dalam air 23,25%, kadar abu total 6,86% dan kadar abu tidak larut dalam asam 0,94%. Pemisahan fraksi kloroform dengan KLT menggunakan fase gerak n-heksana-etilasetat perbandingan 5:5 diperoleh noda 13 dan hasil KLT preparatif diperoleh 2 isolat murni yaitu isolat 1 (ungu merah) dengan Rf 0,92 dan isolat 2 (biru) dengan Rf 0,78. Hasil karakterisasi isolat 1 diperoleh panjang gelombang maksimum pada 208 nm dan dijumpai adanya gugus hidroksil, gugus -CH alifatis, ikatan C=C, gugus –CH2, gugus –CH3, dan gugus C-O. Hasil karakterisasi isolat 2 diperoleh panjang gelombang maksimum pada 204 nm dan adanya gugus hidroksil, gugus -CH alifatis, gugus –CH2, gugus –CH3, dan gugus C-O. Buni (Antidesmabunius (L.) Spreng.) has been traditionally used for the treatment of hypertension, tachycardia, anemia, syphilis, and used asanti-cancer, anti-oxidant, natural dye, and anti-diabetic. Saponin is a phytochemical compound which has capability in forming foam and contains polycyclic aglycone that binds with one or more glucose. This research aimed to conduct the characterization of saponin compound from buni leaves with ultraviolet spectrophotometer and infrared. Buni leaves simplicia was characterizedand extracted using sequential maceration method with n-hexane and 80% ethanol. The ethanol extract was hydrolyzed with HCl 2N and fractionized using chloroform solvent. Isolation of chloroform fraction was done using preparative thin-layer chromatography using silent phase of silica gel GF 254 and suitable mobile phase. Isolates obtained was taken into purity test with two dimensions thin-layer chromatography and characterized using ultraviolet spectrophotometer and infrared. The characterized simplicia resulted with 7.32% of water content, 52.70% of dissolved content in ethanol, 23.25% of dissolvedcontent in water, 6.86% of total ash content, and 0.94% of undissolved ash content in acid. Fractinationof chloroform fraction with thin-layer chromatography using mobile phase ofn-hexane-ethyl acetate with 5:5 ration resulted with 13 spotsand the result of the preparative thin-layer chromatography resulted 2 pure isolates which are isolate 1 (purple-red) with Rf 0.92 and isolate 2 (blue) with Rf 0.78. The characterization of isolate 1 resulted that the maximum wave lengthwas 208 nm with hydroxyl group, –CH aliphatic group, C=C bond, –CH2 group, –CH3 group, and C–O group. The characterization of isolate 2 resulted that the maximum wave lengthwas204 nm with hydroxyl group, –CH aliphatic group, –CH2 group, –CH3 group, and C–O group.

Centella asiatica has long been known as one of medicinal plants. Profound study is needed to be able to find out the responses of Pegagan to various treatments in order to increase centelloside content. It was also previously reported that the highest asiaticoside content was found at the lowland pegagan, Pantai Labu. Current study on planted lowland pegagan of Deli Serdang with 2.38% of asiaticoside content was aimed to know the response of the plants to phosphorus fertilizing, elicitorand harvesting time related to biomass production from leaves, petioles, roots and tendrils. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied in four levels: 0, 18, 36 and 54 kg P 2 O 5 .ha -1 , which affected centelloside synthesis, and elicitor of methyl jasmonate was given at three levels: 0, 100, 200 μM, while harvesting time was set up at 56, 70 and 84 days after planting (DAP). Data showed that the best combination for biomass production was obtained when there was no elicitor and harvesting was done at 84 DAP. The best combination between methyl jasmonate hormone and harvesting period in both fresh weight of leaves and petioles as well as roots was obtained when there was no hormone and harvesting time was 84 days old.

Teeth physiologically undergo demineralization and remineralisation processes. One way to reduce demineralization can be done with the use of CPP-ACP (Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate), which has high calcium bioavailability. The use of natural materials products in the field of dentistry is currently growing, one of which is bilimbi/ starfruit (belimbingwuluh) that is rich in minerals and has many benefits. This study aims to analyze the effect of extract of bilimbi in tooth enamel remineralisation which is tested by using SEM and EDX equipments so that the difference of enamel surface microstructure and the amount of calcium and phosphorus content of tooth enamel surface can be identified. A total of eight hidden molar teeth were extracted, cut into four parts and divided into four groups, namely group I: the teeth applied with the wuluh bilimbi gel, group II: the teeth applied with CPP-ACP gel, group III: the teeth applied with the combination gel of starfruit extract and CPP-ACP gel, group IV: without any application. The result of this study was assessed qualitatively and it was noticeable that the treatment group combination of CPP-ACP gel and starfruit gel had the smoothest enamel surface microstructure. Quantitatively, there were significant difference is the three treatment groups (p≤ 0.05). The conclusion of this research is the effect of the application of wuluh bilimbi extract gel, CPP-ACP gel and gel combination of starfruit with CPP-ACP gel towards the remineralisation and microstructure of tooth enamel surface.

Background: Recent studies showed that Interleukin-8 (IL-8), activated cytokine immune response which plays an important role in the development of acute and chronic gastritis. Harmless anti-inflammatory therapeutic alternatives have been proposed, for example, the consumption of Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz (chayote). Antioxidant (flavonoid) and cell regeneration (alkaloid) agents were found in chayote. This study aimed to determine the effect of chayote Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz extracts on the level of IL-8 in Wistar rats with aspirin- induced gastritis. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at the laboratory of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatra Utara from January to February 2020. A total of 35 male Wistar rats was selected for this study and randomly allocated into 7 groups: (1) Negative control; (2) Positive control; (3) 100 mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract ; (4) 200 mg/kg BW chayote ethanol extract; (5) 100 mg/ kg BW chayote ethyl acetate fraction; (6) 200 mg/kg BW chayote ethyl acetate fraction; and (7) 20 mg omeprazole. The rats in positive control and treatment groups were induced with aspirin (200mg/ kg BW). The negative control group received no intervention. The dependent variable was level of IL-8 measured by ELISA. The independent variables were treatment status. The data were analyzed by One Way Anova and post hoc test. Results: The mean differences of IL-8 level were not statistically significant between study groups (p= 0.327). Mean of IL-8 level was higher in positive control group (Mean= 160.80; SD= 6.90) than in negative control group (Mean= 141.20; SD= 10.98). The lowest IL-8 level was in 100mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract group (Mean= 149.94; SD= 40.4), followed by 200mg/ kg BW (Mean= 152.4; SD= 30.73) and 100mg/ kg BW (Mean= 164.60; SD= 25.04) chayote ethyl acetate fraction groups, 20 mg omeprazole group (Mean= 170.60; SD= 21.58), and 200 mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract group (Mean= 176.80; SD= 10.98). Conclusion: The low dose (100mg/ kg BW) chayote ethanol extract has the most potential antiinflammation effect on in vitro gastritis with the lowest IL-8 level of all doses of chayote ethanol extract, chayote ethyl acetate fraction, and omeprazole. Keywords: antiinflammation, IL-8, chayote ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, omeprazole, aspirin induced gastritis Correspondence: Hendrika Andriana Silitonga. Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Methodist Indonesia. Email: andr38482@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281361430688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.35

BACKGROUND: Turmeric extract is less effective because the main ingredient of curcumin has a low solubility. Therefore, it is necessary to convert turmeric extract into a solid dispersion form to increase the dissolution of curcumin. AIM: To determine the antibacterial activity of mucoadhesive gastroretentive drug delivery system of alginate beads containing solid dispersion of turmeric extract. METHODS: Turmeric powder was macerated with 96% ethanol for 8 days. The macerate was evaporated with a rotary evaporator at 50°C to obtain concentrated extract. Solid dispersion of turmeric extract was prepared by solvent method by using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 with a ratio of 1: 1 and 1: 2. The solid dispersion of turmeric extract was encapsulated with alginate gel by gelation method. The antibacterial of alginate beads containing solid dispersion of turmeric extract was tested by using hole agar plate diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as bacterial models. RESULTS: The size of alginate beads containing turmeric extract-PVP solid dispersion was about 1.3 mm. Antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli showed that alginate beads containing turmeric extract-PVP solid dispersion gave stronger antibacterial activity than those containing turmeric extract without solid dispersion. The antibacterial activity of alginate beads turmeric extract-PVP (1: 2) solid dispersion was stronger than those containing turmeric-extract (1: 1) solid dispersion. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that alginate beads containing turmeric extract-PVP solid dispersion gives the stronger antibacterial activity than those containing turmeric extract without solid dispersion.

Aim The aim of this study is to compare whether there are differences in the value content of secondary metabolites (saponins, tannins, and flavonoids) between the group treated with Binahong leaves (administration of colchicines) and the group treated with Binahong leaves without the application of colchicines. Materials and methods The design of this study is an experimental research laboratory study. This research was done in four different places in which colchicines were applied to improve the quality of Binahong, conducted in the USU Agricultural Faculty's Greenhouse, whereas no application of colchicines was done in the Desa Simpang Pergendangan Kelurahan Tiga Binanga Kabupaten Karo harvesting Binahong plant. The pharmacy faculty of USU was chosen as a place to obtain the extract and the Laboratory of the Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Plants (Balitro) was where the phytochemical analysis was conducted. Results The results showed that there were differences in the descriptive values of secondary metabolites in the Binahong leaf extract, such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, wherein the group with colchicines was higher than groups without colchicines, but there was no statistical differences between the groups treated with colchicines and those not treated with colchicines (value p > 0.05). Conclusion Administration of colchicines can improve the content of secondary metabolites in Binahong leaf extract and the plant morphology without affecting the content of the plant extract. Clinical significance Secondary metabolites in herbal plants, such as saponins, flavonoids, and tannins are able to speed up the healing process. One of the plants that have all three of these active compounds is Binahong (Anredera cordifolia). Binahong leaf extract can stimulate the process of fibroblasts and collagen formation that will accelerate the process of wound healing. Colchicine as a reagent for the mutation is able to affect the number of leaves and morphological characteristics of the Binahong plant. How to cite this article Hanafiah OA, Hanafiah DS, Bayu ES, Abidin T, Ilyas S, Nainggolan M, Syamsudin E. Quantity Differences of Secondary Metabolites (Saponins, Tannins, and Flavonoids) from Binahong Plant Extract (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) treated and untreated with Colchicines that play a Role in Wound Healing. World J Dent 2017;8(4):296-299.

Background: Insulin resistance has important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including diabetes. Recent study showed that oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Harmless antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic alternatives have been proposed, for example, the consumption of Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz (chayote). This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of chayote (Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz) on insulin resistance in rat with diabetes mellitus type 2 induced by STZ-NA-HFDD. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial posttest only with control group design. A sample of 44 rats was selected for this study at random, divided into 11 groups. Doses of ethanol extract of squash divided in 3 categories including: 45 mg/kgBW, 100 mg/kgBW and 150 mg/kgBW. The independent variable was ethanol extract of chayote. The dependent variables were blood sugar level, malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxida Dismutase (SOD), and HOMA-IR. Differences in mean between groups were tested by One Way ANOVA and post hoc test. Results: The mean differences of blood sugar level were not statistically significant (p= 0.525), with the lowest level of blood sugar level was in 45 mg/kgBW ethanol extract of chayote group (Mean= 155.16; SD= 31.92). The mean differences of MDA level were statistically significant (p= 0.001), with the highest MDA level was in 100 mg/ kgBW ethanol extract of chayote group (Mean= 1.40; SD= 0.23). The mean differences of insulin resistance level were not statistically significant (p= 0.071), with the lowest insulin resistance level was in 45 mg/ kg-BW ethanol extract of chayote group (Mean= 0.16; SD= 0.08). The mean differrences of level of superoxide dismutase were not statistically significant (p= 0.525), with the highest level of superoxide dismutase was in 45 mg/ kgBW ethanol extract of chayote group (Mean= 1.10; SD= 0.75). Conclusion: The low dose (45 mg/ kgBW) of chayote ethanol extract can effectively lower blood sugar, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance level. The 100 mg/ kgBW dose of chayote ethanol extract can effectively increase MDA. Keywords: blood sugar, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, malondialdehyde, chayote ethanol extract. Correspondence: Jekson Martiar Siahaan. Post Graduate Student of Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera. Email: jekson.siahaan.sked@gmail.com. Mobile: +6289666444206.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to prepare the mucoadhesive mucoadhesive gastroretentive drug delivery system of alginate beads containing turmeric extract and to evaluate its anti-gastric effect.Methods: Turmeric extract was made by macerating turmeric powder in ethanol 96% and evaporated using rotary evaporator at 50°C to obtained concentrated extract. Then, it was prepared alginate beads containing 5% turmeric extract by gelation method. The mucoadhesive properties of alginate beads containing turmeric extract were tested in vitro in male rats and the anti-gastric ulcer effect was tested on HCl-induced gastric ulcer in rats.Results: The mean diameter of alginate beads obtained was 1.13±0.19 mm. Bioadhesion test showed that alginate beads containing turmeric extract could be attached on gastric rats mucosa. Anti-gastric ulcer test showed that the healing of gastric lesions in rats was faster using alginate beads containing turmeric extract compared to untreated ones.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that mucoadhesive drug delivery systems of alginate beads containing turmeric extract are potentially developed as an anti-gastric ulcer.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Tarenna polycarpa (Miq.) koord. Ex Valenton. Leaf extract and fractions.Methods: Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH method.Results: Ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction with DPPH assay measured as half maximal inhibitory concentration were 55.21, 109.73, and 42.04 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusions: The results reveal that T. polycarpa extract and fractions have strong antioxidant potential. Our further study is to isolate compounds responsible for antioxidant components.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the anti-ulcer activity of African leaves (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) ethanol extract on male rat.Methods: African leaf powder was extracted used ethanol 96% by percolation, then made into a suspension preparation used 0.5% Na-CMC with 3 dose variations (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Further tested its effectiveness in healing peptic ulcer in gastric-induced rats using acetosal dose 800 mg/kg with oral administration every day until surgery at 3, 8, and 14. Observations include macroscopic (number and index of ulcer) and microscopic (histopathological test).Results: A significant healing of ulcer was observed. The extract 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg group showed significant (p

Objective: This study was to check the effectiveness of Mikania micrantha Kunth against the microbial species of Staphylococcus epidermis, to observe the zone of inhibition, and to develop a topical gel formulation of M. micrantha Kunth for the treatment of acne vulgaris.Methods: The extraction was done by maceration method and continues with phytochemical screening and herbal gel formulation (four formulas) using hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose as a base. The gel was evaluated for the physical appearance, pH, homogeneity, and antibacterial.Result: The ethanolic extract of M. micrantha Kunth had a high value of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. All of the formula (F1-F4) showed a good result in physicochemical and antibacterial evaluation.Conclusion: M. micrantha Kunth can be used to treat the skin diseases, especially acne vulgaris problem.

Objective: The present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of various extract of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) leaf using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol organic solvent.Methods: Standard phytochemical screening method and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice.Result: The phytochemical screening showed only ethyl acetate of lotus leaf extract contains the flavonoids. The ethyl acetate lotus leaf extract (dose level 150 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction of the blood glucose.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of lotus leaf (N. nucifera Gaertn.) had the hypoglycemic effect on diabetic induced mice.

Objectives: The current investigation was conducted to examine the secondary metabolites content of sikkam (Bischofia javanica BLUME) stem bark. Antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract and n-hexane fraction of sikkam stem bark were also evaluated. Design: The design of this study was quantitative experimental, where quantitative antioxidant activity was tested by using the DPPH radical scavaging method and measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Interventions: the variable that was intervened in this study was the concentration of extract used. Main outcome measures: The main measurement carried out in this study is the absorbance value of DPPH which is converted into a 50 inhibitory concentration value (IC50). Results: Simplicia and ethanolic extract of sikkam stem bark exhibited secondary metabolites content of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and triterpenoids. Ethanolic extract of sikkam stem bark (EESSB) and n-hexane fraction of sikkam stem bark (NHFSSB), exhibited very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 12,248 µg/mL and 39,622 µg/mL. Conclusion: The sikkam stem bark had contained flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoid, and had a very strong antioxidant activity, where EESSB had a stronger activity than NHFSSB. Keywords: Bischofia javanica, stem bark, antioxidant, secondary metabolites