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Summary: Insomnia disorder is characterized by disruption in sleep continuity and an overall dissatisfaction with sleep. A relevant feature of insomnia is sleep effort, which refers to both cognitive and behavioural conscious attempts to initiate sleep. The Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale is a self‐report tool developed to assess this construct. The objective of the current scoping review was to map how sleep effort has been discussed in the literature and operationalized through its respective measure. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases were used to search for potential studies. The search query used in databases was the specific name of the self‐reported tool itself (Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale) and "sleep effort" term. This scoping review followed JBI guidelines. To be included, records pertaining to any type of study that mentioned the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale were considered. No language constraint was used. At the end, 166 initial records were retrieved. From those, 46 records met eligibility criteria and were analysed. Among the main findings, it was observed that the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale has been increasingly used in recent years, with a notable observed upward trend, especially in the last 2 years. In addition to the original measure, only three published adapted versions of the instrument were identified. This suggests that there is limited research on adapting the scale for different populations or contexts. Sleep effort has been increasingly studied in the last few years. Nonetheless, more research on the Glasgow Sleep Effort Scale tool is recommended, including cross‐cultural adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Anabela Sousa Pereira [sup.1] [sup.2] , Rosa Maria Gomes [sup.1] , Daniel Ruivo Marques [sup.1] [sup.3] , Scott L. Walker [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.7311.4, 0000000123236065, Department of Education [...], Over the last few decades, distance education and distance learning have assumed a relevant role in education paradigms. To evaluate the perception and preferences of the psychosocial online learning environment by Portuguese post-secondary higher education, the Distance Education Learning Environments Survey (DELES) was applied in a Portuguese context. This article describes the adaptation and validation of DELES to be used in distance and hybrid education psychosocial learning environments in Portugal. The results suggested five scales rather than the six of the original DELES. The Internal consistency values were all good or excellent. However, a second-order principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the scales might also be scored and used as a unidimensional measure. Beyond investigating the DELES-Pt "actual" form concerning students' perceptions of the learning environment, we also studied psychometric features of the DELES-Pt "preferred" form regarding students' preferred learning environment. The results were like those achieved with the actual form in other investigations. When both forms were compared, a significant discrepancy was observed between students' perceptions and preferences. The implications of these findings for applied settings are discussed. DELES-Pt forms demonstrated adequate reliability and validity; however, further studies with the DELES-Pt are needed to compare with our data.

Summary Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder. It is the most frequent sleep complaint among Higher Education students. The Sleep Condition Indicator is a self‐report tool aimed at assessing insomnia based on the DSM‐5 criteria. The principal goal of this study was to establish preliminary psychometric properties of the European Portuguese version of the Sleep Condition Indicator in a sample of Higher Education students. Data from a diverse pool of Higher Education students (N = 537) were collected online over a month. Most participants were women (75%) and aged approximately 27 years. The Sleep Condition Indicator demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.85), with all the items accounting significantly for the scale reliability. The most appropriate factor structure considering the ordinal nature of the items was unidimensional, with all items explaining 64% of the total variance. However, a two‐factor structure (sleep pattern and sleep‐related impact) was also plausible when other statistical estimators were used. The Sleep Condition Indicator correlated significantly with insomnia severity, vulnerability to stress‐related sleep disturbance, and self‐reported daytime sleepiness. The optimal cut‐off point established based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was ≤ 16. A short version comprising only two items was also viable as suggested by the literature. The Sleep Condition Indicator is a reliable and valid tool for screening for insomnia. More studies with other groups are now required, specifically with clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia, the most prevalent sleep disorder, is commonly associated with other mental and somatic disorders, making it a significant health concern. It is characterized by nighttime symptoms and daytime dysfunction, with sleepiness being a potential criterion for the latter. Sleepiness is a normal physiological state that is typically experienced near usual bedtime, in normal circumstances. In insomnia, it seems somewhat logical the idea that there is significant daytime sleepiness. However, the topic has been the subject of various discussions in sleep medicine, with studies yielding contradictory and inconsistent results. In this article, we aim to critically examine daytime sleepiness in individuals with insomnia disorder and propose an alternative approach to addressing it, both in clinical practice and research settings. It is crucial to further investigate the role of daytime sleepiness in insomnia, particularly by focusing on sleepiness perception as a more relevant dimension to explore in majority of patients. It is plausible that certain insomnia phenotypes are objectively sleepy during the day, but more studies are necessary, particularly with well-defined clinical samples. The implications of assessing sleepiness perception in insomnia for clinical practice are discussed, and new avenues for research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Daniel Ruivo Marques [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ana Allen Gomes [sup.3] [sup.4] , Maria Helena Pinto de Azevedo [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000000123236065, grid.7311.4, Department of Education and Psychology, University [...], Sleepiness is a key issue in sleep medicine but its definition remains ambiguous and difficult to address. Some studies have reported that sleepiness should be conceptualized as a multidimensional construct. One of these dimensions is sleepiness propensity accurately assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. However, in the literature, data on other important sleepiness dimensions, such as sleepiness perception, are lacking. In an attempt to fulfil the literature gaps, this study aims at presenting data regarding the development of a brief self-report instrument to assess daytime sleepiness perception, the Daytime Sleepiness Perception Scale (DSPS-4). A sample of 692 undergraduate Medicine students was initially enrolled. The sample was randomly split in order to perform independent exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). A one-factor solution was examined. The DSPS-4 showed good indicators of reliability and validity. The CFA confirmed the one-factor structure of the DSPS-4. The unidimensional structure of the scale was invariant for both sexes. Results highlight the usefulness of DSPS-4 to measure and assess sleepiness perception at daytime. The short length of this scale enables its incorporation in routine assessment protocols for example regarding insomnia complaints. However, more studies are now required to check its suitability for other samples, specifically well-defined clinical groups.

Author(s): Daniel Ruivo Marques [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ana Allen Gomes [sup.3] [sup.4] , Maria Helena Pinto de Azevedo [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000000123236065, grid.7311.4, Department of Education and Psychology, University [...], The Arousal Predisposition Scale (APS) is an instrument aimed to assess individual differences in self-reported arousability, specifically physiologically arousal. Besides, it is a scale frequently used in stress and sleep-related researches. The principal purpose of this study is to determine the factor structure of the APS through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to test the goodness-of-fit of one- and two-factor models. A sample of 341 undergraduate medical students of both genders aged 17 to 25 years was enrolled. Beyond the APS, the participants also filled out the Portuguese versions of the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS), Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST) and the Neuroticism scale of Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) for concurrent validity purposes. From the studied solutions, a modified two-factor model (F1 = emotional reactivity and F2 = trait anxiety) achieved the better fit to the data. The Portuguese version of the APS was also significantly correlated with measures of neuroticism, insomnia, sleep reactivity to stress, and cognitive and somatic arousal. The two-factor modified model appears to display a superior fit to the data, supporting a scoring model of the APS according to two different factors as suggested by a previous research on the Portuguese version. This study supports reliability and validity indicators of the APS and its use in research and applied settings.