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Phyllolabis eiroae sp. nov. and P. martinhalli sp. nov. are described from the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. These two remarkable species were collected using carrion-baited traps, running during winter, in several localities of Madrid province (Spain). The two new species are well differentiated from the other Phyllolabis Osten Sacken species recorded from the Iberian Peninsula, P. savtshenkoi Theowald, and those from the west Palaearctic. An identification key to differentiate the three Phyllolabis species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula is provided. The first images of P. savtshenkoi, based on the holotype and a male specimen recorded from a cave located in Jaén (Spain), are also provided. Phyllolabis eiroae sp. nov. and P. martinhalli sp. nov. are described from the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. These two remarkable species were collected using carrion-baited traps, running during winter, in several localities of Madrid province (Spain). The two new species are well differentiated from the other Phyllolabis Osten Sacken species recorded from the Iberian Peninsula, P. savtshenkoi Theowald, and those from the west Palaearctic. An identification key to differentiate the three Phyllolabis species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula is provided. The first images of P. savtshenkoi, based on the holotype and a male specimen recorded from a cave located in Jaén (Spain), are also provided. Phyllolabis eiroae sp. nov. and P. martinhalli sp. nov. are described from the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. These two remarkable species were collected using carrion-baited traps, running during winter, in several localities of Madrid province (Spain). The two new species are well differentiated from the other Phyllolabis Osten Sacken species recorded from the Iberian Peninsula, P. savtshenkoi Theowald, and those from the west Palaearctic. An identification key to differentiate the three Phyllolabis species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula is provided. The first images of P. savtshenkoi, based on the holotype and a male specimen recorded from a cave located in Jaén (Spain), are also provided.

Phyllolabis martinhalli sp. nov. (Figs 6–9) Diagnosis. General body coloration light brown to pale yellow (specimens from 2006-2007 killed with an ethylene glycol solution and preserved in 80% ethanol). Male gonostylus with ventral lobe (vl) complex, with two projections towards the apical end, deeply excavated between them (in some specimens this depression is more or less conspicuous) and a shorter, obtuse projection in its ventral edge. Female with two rounded, medium-sized, spermathecae and tergite 10 longer than wide in dorsal view. Type material. HOLOTYPE 1♂ Villa del Prado, Madrid, España. 00/02/ 2007, 603.8 m a.s.l, UTM: 386567, 4459281; MZB 2021-0166 [MCNB]. PARATYPES: 1♂ 1♀ same data as for holotype, IG: 34297 [RBINS]. 3♂♂ 1♀ idem, MZB 2021-0167, MZB 2021-0169, MZB 2021-0170 MZB 2021-0171 [MCNB]. 1♂ ibidem, 00/01/2007, MZB 2021-0168 [MCNB]. 3♀♀ San Martín de la Vega, Madrid, España. 00/02/ 2007, 600.6 m a.s.l., UTM: 456182, 4453188; MZB 2021-0172 [MCNB]. 2♂♂ Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, España. 00/01/ 2007, 964.8 m a.s.l., UTM: 424771, 4497334; MZB 2021-0173, MZB 2021-0174 [MCNB]. 1♂ 4♀♀ ibidem, 00/02/2007, MZB 2021-0175 [MCNB]. Other material examined. 1♂ Villanueva de Perales, Madrid, España. 00/01/ 2007, 594.9 m a.s.l., UTM: 406526, 4467450; MZB 2021-0176 [MCNB]. 3♂♂ Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, España. 00/01/ 2007, 964.8 m a.s.l., UTM: 424771, 4497334; MZB 2021-0177 [MCNB]. 3♂♂ 1♀ ibidem, 00/02/2007, MZB 2021-0178 [MCNB]. 1♂ 2♀♀ idem, MZB 2021-0179, MZB 2021-0180, MZB 2021-0181 [MCNB]. Description. Medium-sized species. Male. Body length 8.0– 8.9 mm, wing length 7.5–8.6 mm. Head. Brown to pale brown. Palpus paler, covered with dense and short whitish pubescence (Fig. 6c). Antenna 2.8–3.2 mm, pale yellowish throughout, 16 segmented, not extending beyond the wing base. Scape cylindrical, approximately one and a half times as long as wide, thicker than the pedicel. Flagellomeres elongated, decreasing in size towards apex of antenna. First flagellomere as long as scape and pedicel combined. Flagellomere 14 conspicuously smaller than the previous ones, subglobular to oval shape (Figs 6c, d). Verticils short, about at base of their respective flagellomeres. Dense, short, suberect, whitish pubescence apparent on all flagellomeres. Thorax. Yellow to yellowish brown, dull, prescutum and scutellum pale yellow (Fig. 6b). Pleuron yellow to pale yellow, darker in the katepisternum and upper half of the anepimeron. Wing subhyaline, pale, without macrotrichia in cells with very pale stigma, almost imperceptible. Venation as usual for the genus, with the following significant details: Sc ending beyond fork of R 3 –R 4; Rs angulated proximally, with a long spur vein (Fig. 6a); R 2+3+4 approximately about two thirds of Rs; veins R 4, R 5, M 1+2 and M 3 straight, nearly parallel to each other; cell r 3 long, more than 2.5 times R 2+3+4; cell dm pentagonal, about 2.5 times as long as high; bt CuA 1 joining cell dm slightly distal to its apical margin; A 2 slightly sinuous; anal angle well developed. Halter pale. Fore, mid and hind coxa pale to yellowish. Legs yellowish to pale throughout, covered with short, semi-erect, pale hairs. Abdomen. Pale to white, tergite eighth pale brown. Whole abdomen covered with sparse, short, pale hairs. Male terminalia complex (Figs 7, 8), as usual in the genus, voluminous, as large as thorax. Epandrium fused with hypandrium forming a brown, dilated genital chamber, larger than preceding segments. Dorsum of epandrium bearing long, erect, pale hairs (Fig. 7a). Gonostylus extremely complicated, apparent single articulated; dorsal lobe (dl) very elongated and projecting upwards, with long pale hairs curving inward; inner projection of dorsal lobe (ipr dl) also covered with long hairs dorso-laterally. Lower part of gonostylus interpreted here as having three lobes: inner, middle and ventral. Ventral lobe with three projections, the ventral being the smallest and projecting directly downward, with the apex covered by short, fine hairs (Fig. 8c); the other two projections, much more elongated and massive than ventral projection, curved inward, the one located dorsally covered with fine and short hairs. Middle lobe (ml) protruding, fleshy and slightly angulated, covered with fine and short hairs. Inter lobe (il) projected, straight, with the apex slightly broader and truncated, blunt (Fig. 8d). Aedeagal guide straight and projecting above aedeagus, at an almost right angle (Fig. 8e), slightly wavy at the apex; aedeagus bifid. Female. Body length 6.8–8.5 mm, wing length 5.7–7.7 mm. Similar to male, both in dimensions and body coloration. Antenna shorter than in male, with shorter, ovoid flagellomeres. Wing well developed, wing venation as in male. Abdomen pale to white throughout, covered with sparse, short, pale hairs. Sternites slightly grayish. Ovipositor (Fig. 9). Hypogynial valve pale brown, cercus brownish yellow to brown. Tergite 10 brownish yellow, covered with sparse pale hairs and longer than wide in dorsal view. Apices of cercus pointy. Hypogynial valve paler toward apex, weakly sclerotised and ending slightly before tip of cercus. Spermathecae two, rounded, medium-sized. Distribution. Spain (centre of the Iberian Peninsula). Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Martin J. R. Hall, acknowledged world specialist in the fields of forensic, medical and veterinary entomology. Name in genitive, invariable. Remarks. P. martinhalli sp. nov. has such remarkable male genitalia that it is easily distinguished from the rest of the species present in the Palaeartic, close only to P. tjederi Savtshenko (Georgia), with whom it shares a great resemblance in this structure. However, both species show differences not only in the dorsal and ventral lobe of the male genitalia, but also in the wing pattern and venation, the general form of the female genitalia, and due to the larger body dimensions that P. tjederi specimens have compared to those of P. martinhalli sp. nov. As P. eiroae sp. nov., P. martinhalli sp. nov. females have the hypoginial valve shorter than the cercus, a characteristic shared with P. hemmingseni, P. mannheimsiana and P. macroura but not shared with P. parvihalterata, P. peniculifer and P. golanensis. As mentioned in the remarks of P. eiroae sp. nov., the most remarkable characteristic that separates its females from those of P. martinhalli sp. nov. is the shape of tergite 10, as long as wide in P. eiroae sp. nov. but longer than wide in P. martinhalli sp. nov. Also, the spermatheca of P. martinhalli sp. nov. is slightly larger and rounder compared to P. eiroae sp. nov., which are smaller and slightly oval.

Key to the species of Prochyliza (adapted from Martín-Vega 2014) 1. Pedicel unusually elongate, of equal length (females) or twice as long (males) as first flagellomere (Nearctic)............................................................................................... P. xanthostoma Walker - Pedicel normal, at most half as long as first flagellomere in both sexes........................................... 2 2. Head bright orange, including vertex and postgena. Head and thoracic setae long and strong. Ocellar setae approximately as long as vibrissa. Propleuron yellow, with whitish hairs. Fore femur entirely yellow. Posterior spiracles conspicuously enlarged (Figs 1–5, 7–11) (Afrotropical)........................................................... P. ignifera sp. nov. - Frons and gena either orange or black, but vertex and postgena always entirely black. Head and thoracic setae rather short and weak. Ocellar setae generally much shorter than vibrissa (Fig. 6). Propleuron black, with whitish hairs. Fore femur either partially or entirely darkened. Posterior spiracles not conspicuously enlarged........................................ 3 3. Anterior quarter to three quarters of frons orange, posterior part shiny black...................................... 4 - Frons light orange to brownish-black, but always uniformly coloured from lunula to beyond anterior ocellus............ 8 4. Fore coxa pale yellow................................................................................. 5 - Fore coxa brownish-black...............................................................................7 5. Gena yellow, anterior half to three-quarters of frons orange. Mid femur and tibia yellow. Hind femur and tibia partially darkened. Male: posterior margin of sternite 5 straight; epandrium without a pair of distinct horn-like spines arising on lower half of posterior margin (Nearctic)........................................................ P. brevicornis Melander - Gena black, only anterior quarter or less of frons orange. Mid and hind femora and tibiae either entirely yellow or entirely black. Male: posterior margin of sternite 5 strongly emarginated (but male of P. azteca unknown); epandrium with a pair of distinct horn-like spines arising on lower half of posterior margin (but male of P. azteca unknown)...................... 6 6. Mid and hind femora and tibiae entirely yellow. Margins and fringes of calypter white (Neotropical).... P. azteca McAlpine - Mid and hind femora and tibiae mostly black. Margins and fringes of calypter brownish (Neotropical).... P. inca McAlpine 7. Mid and hind tibiae entirely yellow. Anepimeron pruinose along ventral margin above katepisternal seta. Mid tibia and hind coxa of male not ornamented (Nearctic).......................................... P. nigricoxa (Melander & Spuler) - Mid and hind tibiae mostly blackish. Anepimeron glossy on ventral margin above katepisternal seta. Mid tibia of male with a brush of long, yellowish hairs at apex on posteroventral surface. Hind coxa with a comb of short, stout setae (Holarctic)......................................................................................... P. lundbecki (Duda) 8. Fore coxa entirely yellow to almost completely darkened. Mid and hind legs entirely yellow; some individuals with mid and hind femora and tibiae more or less darkened. Male and female abdominal sternites with rounded margins; in males the anterior margins are usually emarginated and the posterior margin of sternite 5 is sinuate (Holarctic and Neotropical)............................................................................................. P. nigrimana (Meigen) - Front coxa completely darkened. Legs darkened. Male and female abdominal sternites quadrangular, with straight margins, including the posterior margin of sternite 5; only the anterior margin of sternite 2 emarginated (Palaearctic)........................................................................................... P. georgekaplani Martín-Vega

Prochyliza ignifera sp. nov. (Figs 1–5, 7–11) Type material. Holotype: ♂; label data (Fig. 3) as follows: ALDABRA: / South Island, / Dune Jean-Louis / 13– 20.iii.1968 / B. Cogan & A. Huston // Aldabra Atoll, / Royal Society / Expedition, 1967–68 / B.M. 1968–333 // HOLOTYPE ♂ / Prochyliza / ignifera sp. n. / Martín-Vega, Ebejer & / Whitmore 2016 // NHMUK010241031. Deposited at NHMUK. Paratypes: 10 ♂♂, labelled: General sweeping; / pristine & secondary / vegetation // LA RÉUNION / Ravine des Orangers / 21°06ʹ01ʹʹS, 55°45ʹ40ʹʹE / 31.x.2015, 26 m / M.J. Ebejer // PARATYPE ♂ / Prochyliza / ignifera sp. n. / Martín-Vega, Ebejer & / Whitmore 2016; 2 specimens deposited at NHMUK (NHMUK010241418 and NHMUK010241419), 2 specimens in MNHN, 2 specimens in CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France), 2 specimens in NMB (National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa) and 2 specimens in the personal collection of MJE. Diagnosis. Prochyliza ignifera differs from other species in the genus by the bright orange head (including vertex and postgena), the long ocellar setae (approximately as long as vibrissa), the entirely yellow fore femur and the conspicuously enlarged abdominal spiracles. Description. Male. Length 3.8 mm. Body shiny bluish-black, with well-developed macro-setae (Figs 1–2). Head higher than long; frons, vertex, gena and postgena bright orange; occiput dark brown; pedicel bright orange; first flagellomere mostly dark brown (partially broken in both antennae in the holotype); arista bare; eye bare, nearly round in lateral view; frons weakly setulose, with four minute fronto-orbital setae, only upper one more clearly discernible; ocellar setae well-developed, approximately as long as vibrissa (Figs 4–5), arising slightly behind the anterior ocellus; medial and lateral vertical setae and postvertical seta well-developed, but shorter than ocellar setae; lunule bare; gena recessed and at deepest part 0.8 times as high as eye; vibrissa strong and approximately as long as ocellar setae; mouthparts yellow. Thorax shiny bluish-black, brownish at the extreme margins of the sclerites; only episternum and propleuron (including anterior spiracle) yellow, propleuron strongly pruinose; scutum sparsely but more or less uniformly setulose; chaetotaxy: proepimeral, postpronotal and presutural intra-alar setae absent, 2 notopleural, 1 supra-alar, 1 post-alar, 1 postsutural intra-alar and 1 dorsocentral setae, all well-developed (Fig. 2); 1–2 propleural setae; scutellum with transverse rugae, bare and flat, with 2 pairs of marginal setae, apical pair almost twice the length of basal pair and 1.3 times longer than scutellum; katepisternum with a weak seta at posterodorsal corner and about 6 strong setae at ventral corner (Fig. 1); anepisternum sparsely setulose; anepimeron bare; meropleuron entirely pruinose. Wing completely hyaline and veins entirely pale yellow; calypter and haltere yellowish-white. Legs uniformly covered with short black setulae; fore femur, along apical half, with 2–3 dorsal and 3–4 postero-ventral weak setae; coxae, trochanters and femora entirely yellow; fore tibia dark brown, fading to pale brownish-yellow in basal third; hind tibia with an incomplete dark brown annulus on apical quarter; first tarsomere not modified, yellow to dark brown, about as long as combined length of tarsomeres 2 and 3; tarsomeres 2 and 3 yellow, tarsomere 4 partially dark brown and tarsomere 5 entirely dark brown. Mid and hind tarsi completely yellow, except tarsomere 5 yellow to partially dark brown on hind leg. Abdomen shiny brown with a fine microsculpture of transverse rugae on dorsal surface of tergites; tergites with scattered erect setulae, longer medially at posterior margin and laterally as long as respective tergites; abdominal spiracles conspicuously enlarged (Figs 7–8); sternites 2 to 5 quadrangular and with strong and conspicuous setae, especially at posterior margin; sternite 5 (Fig. 9) slightly wider than sternite 4 and with a broad groove along midline. Sternite 7 (Fig. 9) with a distinct, strongly bent peg-like process. Postabdomen (Figs 10–11) as in other Prochyliza and Piophila; surstylus greatly reduced, visible only as a small convexity at postero-ventral corner of epandrium; hypandrium relatively large and of complex structure with a median anterior process and dome-shaped central part from where bilateral posterior arms, broadening at their apex, arise; pre- and postgonites heavily sclerotized; ejaculatory apodeme free, lying just anterior to epandrial cavity with clearly visible, although membranous, duct to basiphallus; distiphallus long and convoluted, poorly sclerotized. Female. Unknown. Immature stages. Unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet ignĭfěra (“fire-bearing”) is a Latin adjective in the nominative case, feminine, singular. It refers to the distinctive bright orange head of the species and to the volcanic seamount that gave rise to the Aldabra Atoll, the type locality of the species, and the volcanic island of La Réunion. Biology. Prochyliza ignifera was collected on a chicken carcass in La Réunion, together with adult flies of the sarcosaprophagous species Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae), Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). This suggests that the larvae of P. ignifera could be of sarcosaprophagous habits, like other Prochyliza species and most Piophilidae (McAlpine 1977; Martín-Vega 2014). Differential diagnosis. Prochyliza ignifera runs to Prochyliza using the key to Piophilidae genera of McAlpine (1977) and Ozerov & Norrbom (2010). The scutum is uniformly setulose throughout as in all other known Prochyliza species (McAlpine 1977; Martín-Vega 2014), although the setulae are stronger and rather sparsely distributed. This stronger setulosity throughout the body, the almost entirely bright orange head (only darkened in the occipital region) and the conspicuously enlarged abdominal spiracles give P. ignifera a distinct appearance (Figs 1–2, 4, 7–8). An updated key to the species of Prochyliza is provided below; illustrations for the characters of the remaining Prochyliza species can be found in Martín-Vega (2014).

The dramatic metamorphosis from larva to adult of insect orders such as Diptera cannot usually be witnessed because it occurs within an opaque structure. For the cyclorrhaphous dipterans, such as blow flies, this structure is the puparium, formed from the larval cuticle. Here, we reveal metamorphosis within the puparium of a blow fly at higher temporal resolution than previously possible with two-dimensional time-lapse videos created using the X-ray within a micro-computed tomography scanner, imaging development at 1-min and 2-min intervals. Our studies confirm that the most profound morphological changes occur during just 0.5% of the intrapuparial period (approx. equivalent to 1.25 h at 24°C) and demonstrate the significant potential of this technique to complement other methods for the study of developmental changes, such as hormone control and gene expression. We hope this will stimulate a renewed interest among students and researchers in the study of morphology and its astonishing transformation engendered by metamorphosis.

Prochyliza brevicornis Melander, 1924 Prochyliza brevicornis Melander 1924: 81. Type locality: USA (Montana). Lectotype (♂) designated by Steyskal (in Ozerov 2003) and paralectotypes (4 ♂ and 10 ♀) designated by Ozerov (2003) in Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Material examined. 1 ♂ (CNC): Canada, Quebec, Otter Lake; 29.vii. 1960; leg. E. W. Rockburne; det. J. F. McAlpine. 1 ♀ (CNC): Canada, Ontario, Grant Lake, 8���10.viii. 1966; leg. J. G. Chillcott; det. J. F. McAlpine. 1 ♂ (MZLU- 100): USA, Washington, Eatonville; 25.vii. 1988; leg. R. Danielsson; det. Hugo Andersson. 1 ♂ (MZLU- 101) and 1 ♀ (MZLU- 102): USA, Washington, Seattle; 14.vii. 1988; leg. R. Danielsson; det. Hugo Andersson. Diagnosis. The following combination of characters is distinctive of P. brevicornis: lower two- to three quarters of the frons orange (Fig. 5 B); front coxa, gena, mid femur and tibia clear yellow; hind femur and tibia partially darkened, similar to P. xanthostoma but with the pedicel not elongate. Remarks. The species identity was confirmed by Ozerov (2003), after studying the type specimens. Biology. The larvae are necrophagous. Syed (1994) reared this species from immature specimens collected on a human corpse, and maintained a laboratory colony using a variety of larval feeding substrates which included oxtail bones, ground beef, chicken wings and cheese. McAlpine (1977) collected P. brevicornis adults on household garbage, showing the synanthropy of this species. Distribution. Nearctic; originally recorded from Yellowstone Park, Montana and Illinois, USA (Melander 1924), the species is widely distributed throughout North America (McAlpine 1977)., Published as part of Mart��n-Vega, Daniel, 2014, On the identity of Prochyliza nigrimana (Meigen) and Prochyliza nigricornis (Meigen) (Diptera: Piophilidae), with a synopsis of Prochyliza Walker and description of a new species, pp. 277-292 in Zootaxa 3893 (2) on pages 284-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/224982, {"references":["Melander, A. L. (1924) Review of the dipterous family Piophilidae. Psyche, 31, 78 - 86. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1924 / 54083","Ozerov, A. L. (2003) Primary types of Piophilidae (Diptera) in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM). International Journal of Dipterological Research, 14, 3 - 8.","Syed, A. (1994) Notes on the biology and rearing of the carrion fly Prochyliza brevicornis (Melander) (Diptera: Piophilidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 91, 55 - 57.","McAlpine, J. F. (1977) A revised classification of the Piophilidae, including ' Neottiophilidae' and ' Thyreophoridae' (Diptera: Schizophora). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 103, 1 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 109103 fv"]}

Martín-Vega, Daniel (2014): On the identity of Prochyliza nigrimana (Meigen) and Prochyliza nigricornis (Meigen) (Diptera: Piophilidae), with a synopsis of Prochyliza Walker and description of a new species. Zootaxa 3893 (2): 277-292, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3893.2.7

Prochyliza inca McAlpine, 1977 Prochyliza inca McAlpine 1977: 46. Type locality: Ecuador (Azuay). Holotype (♂) and paratypes (4 ♀) in CNC. Material examined. 1 ♀ (CNC, paratype): Ecuador, Azuay, Tarqui; 07���08.iii. 1965. 1 ♂ (CNC): Ecuador, Azuay, Santa Isabel; 10���13.iii. 1965; det. A. L. Ozerov. Diagnosis. The two horn-like spines on the epandrium of P. i n c a males (Fig. 5 D) are extremely distinctive. The following combination of characters is also distinctive of P. i nc a: lower quarter or less of the frons orange; gena black; front coxa entirely yellow; mid and hind femora and mid and hind tibiae mostly black; margins and fringes of calypters brownish; males with posterior margin of sternite 5 strongly emarginated. Remarks. According to McAlpine (1977), P. azteca would be the most closely related species to P. inca. In the absence of a description for P. azteca male morphology, the presence of two horn-like spines on the epandrium of P. inca (Fig. 5 D) appears to be an unique character among the Piophilidae. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Neotropical; only recorded from Ecuador (McAlpine 1977; Ozerov & Norrbom 2010)., Published as part of Mart��n-Vega, Daniel, 2014, On the identity of Prochyliza nigrimana (Meigen) and Prochyliza nigricornis (Meigen) (Diptera: Piophilidae), with a synopsis of Prochyliza Walker and description of a new species, pp. 277-292 in Zootaxa 3893 (2) on page 287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/224982, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1977) A revised classification of the Piophilidae, including ' Neottiophilidae' and ' Thyreophoridae' (Diptera: Schizophora). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 103, 1 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 109103 fv","Ozerov, A. L. & Norrbom, A. L. (2010) Piophilidae (skipper flies). In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. National Research Council Press, Ottawa, pp. 865 - 869. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1899 / 30.3. br. 868"]}

Key to the species of Prochyliza 1. Pedicel unusually elongate, in male twice (Fig. 4 A), in female equally (Fig. 4 B), as long as flagellomere (Nearctic).......................................................................................... P. xanthostoma Walker - Pedicel normal, not or scarcely half as long as flagellomere in either sex (Fig. 4 C, D)............................... 2 2. Lower quarter to three quarters of frons orange, higher part shining black (Fig. 5 A–C).............................. 3 - Frons light orange to brownish black, but always uniformly coloured from lunula beyond anterior ocellus (Fig. 1 B, D).... 7 3. Front coxa pale yellow (Fig. 5 A)........................................................................ 4 - Front coxa brownish black (Fig. 5 B, C)................................................................... 6 4. Gena yellow, lower two- to three quarters of frons orange (Fig. 5 B). Mid femur and tibia yellow. Hind femur and tibia partially darkened. Males with posterior margin of sternite 5 straight. Male epandrium without a pair of distinct horn-like spines arising on lower half of posterior margin (Nearctic)............................................. P. brevicornis Melander - Gena black, only lower quarter or less of frons orange (Fig. 5 C). Both mid and hind femora and tibiae either yellow or black. Males with posterior margin of sternite 5 strongly emarginated (unknown in P. a z t e c a). Male epandrium with a pair of distinct horn-like spines (Fig. 5 D) arising on lower half of posterior margin (unknown in P. azteca)........................... 5 5. Mid and hind femora and tibiae entirely yellow. Margins and fringes of calypteres white (Neotropical)... P. a z t e c a McAlpine - Mid and hind femora and tibiae mostly black. Margins and fringes of calypteres brownish (Neotropical)... P. i n c a McAlpine 6. Mid and hind tibiae entirely yellow. Anepimeron pruinose along ventral margin above katepisternal seta. Mid tibia and hind coxa of male not ornamented (Nearctic).......................................... P. nigricoxa (Melander & Spuler) - Mid and hind tibiae mostly blackish. Anepimeron glossy on ventral margin above katepisternal seta. Tibia of male with a brush of long, yellowish hairs at apex on posteroventral surface (Fig. 5 E). Hind coxa with a comb of short, stout setae (Holarctic)...................................................................................... P. lundbecki (Duda) 7. Front coxa entirely yellow to almost completely darkened (Fig. 1 A, B; Fig. 4 D). Mid and hind legs entirely yellow (Fig. 1 A); some individuals with mid and hind femora and tibae more or less darkened (Fig. 1 B). Male and female abdominal sternites with rounded margins (Fig. 2 A, B; Fig. 3 B, D); in males the anterior margins are usually emarginated and the posterior margin of sternite 5 is sinuate (Fig. 2 A, B) (Holarctic and Neotropical)............................... P. nigrimana (Meigen) - Front coxa completely darkened (Fig. 4 C). Legs darkened (Fig. 6 A, B). Male and female abdominal sternites quadrangular, with straight margins, including the posterior margin of sternite 5 (Fig. 2 D, E; Fig. 3 A, C), only the anterior margin of sternite 2 is emarginated (Fig. 6 B) (Palaearctic)................................................ P. georgekaplani sp. nov.

Prochyliza nigricoxa (Melander & Spuler, 1917) Piophila nigricoxa Melander & Spuler 1917: 64. Type locality: USA (Washington). Lectotype (♂) designated by Steyskal (1968) and paralectotypes (4 ♂ and 5 ♀) designated by Ozerov (2003) in Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Material examined. 1 ♂ (CNC): Canada, Alberta, Sulfur Mountain; 28.vii. 1967; leg. J. R. Vockeroth; det. J. F. McAlpine. 1 ♀ (CNC): Canada, Alberta, Cameron Lake; 17.vi. 1956; leg. E. E. Sterns. Diagnosis. The following combination of characters is distinctive of P. nigricoxa: lower two- to three quarters of the frons orange; gena orange; front coxa darkened (Fig. 5 A); mid and hind tibiae entirely yellow; mid tibia and hind coxa of males not ornamented. Male sternites 5 to 8 as in Fig. 2 G. Remarks. The species identity was confirmed by Steyskal (1968) and Ozerov (2003), after studying the type specimens. Biology. The larvae are necrophagous. Feeding larvae have been collected on the bone marrow of a human femur, and reared under laboratory conditions on chicken wings, oxtails, beef liver and cheese (Skinner et al., 1988). Distribution. Nearctic; originally recorded from Washington, Idaho and Montana, USA (Melander & Spuler 1917), it is widely distributed throughout North America (McAlpine 1977).