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[ES] La intención del trabajo es diseñar y construir un dron cuadricóptero compuesto de cuatro brazos con cuatro motores, el dron tendrá que ser controlado por una emisora y tendrá tendrá una capacidad de carga para poder transportar objetos. El dron se compondrá de las siguientes partes: -Armazón o estructura: Esta parte será construida con materiales ligeros como fibra de carbono y aluminio, será diseñado y construido. -Electrónica: Toda la parte de circuitería y cableado que se tendrá que montar para poder controlar los motores del dron. -Emisora: Constara de un control remoto para poder manejar el dron y poner los distintos modos de vuelo. -Componentes: Todos los componentes esenciales como motores, variadores, etc. -Carga de pago: Esta parte constara de lo que tenga que cargar el dron. -Presupuesto: Se calculará el coste total de las piezas, componente y horas de trabajo para poder calcular el valor del dron al finalizarlo y poder hacer una factura., [EN] The intention of the work is to design and build a quadcopter drone composed of four arms with four motors, the drone will have to be controlled by a transmitter and will have a load capacity to be able to transport objects. The drone will consist of the following parts: -Frame or structure: This part will be built with light materials such as carbon fiber and aluminum, it will be designed and built. -Electronics: All the circuitry and wiring that will have to be assembled to control the drone motors. -Emitter: It will consist of a remote control to be able to handle the drone and set the different flight modes. -Components: All essential components such as motors, drives, etc. -Payment charge: This part will consist of what the drone has to charge. -Budget: The total cost of the parts, component and hours of work will be calculated to be able to calculate the value of the drone at the end of it and to be able to make an invoice.

La laguna ́La Picasa ́ es un humedal ubicado en el sur de la provincia de Santa Fe. La misma se destaca por la presencia de aves vulnerables y sensibles de conservación, y es considerada Área Valiosa de Pastizal. En varias oportunidades en la laguna se han realizado censos de aves acuáticas neotropicales y chorlos y playeros de pastizal. Aquí documento, por primera vez, la variación estacional de la riqueza y frecuencia relativa de aves acuáticas observada en dicha laguna. Registré 69 especies de 18 familias, de las cuales 49 fueron residentes, 18 visitantes (7 invernales y 11 estivales) y 2 de observación esporádica. Además de la gran cantidad de aves con residencia permanente, esta laguna resulta importante para las aves migrantes, tanto en verano (chorlos y playeros migrantes neárticos, y migrantes australes del norte) como en invierno (migrantes australes del sur, además de la Parina Grande, migrante longitudinal del oeste, especie amenazada). Estas observaciones refuerzan la importancia del lugar y la necesidad de formalizar la protección de este gran humedal santafesino.

The aim of this work is to describe our Image-Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) protocol for lung Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) together with the evaluation of the results from applying this protocol over a sample of 47 patients analyzed retrospectively. Simulation time-resolved four-dimensional CT (4DCT) images are acquired taking into account the respiratory cycle of the patient. During the treatment, using VMAT technique, pre- and post- treatment Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT), as well as intrafraction fluoroscopy whenever possible due to lesion position visualization, are performed to verify tumor amplitude motion and position. Fluoroscopy image was acquired in 72% of patients analyzed, from which 71% verified the right position against 29% who needed to be reposition by using intrafraction CBCT at least in one fraction. Post-treatment CBCT systematic and random errors are below 1 mm, thereby protocol validation is accepted. Fluoroscopy manages to verify tumor position accuracy depending on high contrast visualization. However, in comparison to intrafraction CBCT, it involves reducing treatment duration and minimizing dose to patient. Fluoroscopy, in conjunction with CBCT, allows monitoring motion during the treatment.

Producción Científica, Biomass grown in wastewater treatment photobioreactors is a cheap raw material with high contents of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. This work studies the production of fermentable monosaccharides from three biomasses grown in piggery wastewater (P), domestic wastewater (W) and synthetic medium (S) by applying chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, using a Taguchi design. ANOVA identified temperature, chemical reagent type and chemical reagent concentration as significant operational parameters. However, the biomass concentration, pretreatment time, enzyme dosage and enzymatic hydrolysis time had no remarkable effect. The bacterial content of the biomass had no relevant impact on carbohydrate and protein solubilisation but had a remarkable effect on the degradation of the released carbohydrates (57, 60 and 37% for P, W and S), while also affecting lipid solubilisation. Pretreatment with HCl 2 M at 120 °C resulted the optimal conditions, achieving a monosaccharide recovery of 53, 59 and 80% for P, W and S biomasses, respectively., Gobierno regional de Castilla y León (UIC 071, CLU 2017-09 and VA080G18), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project CTQ2017-84006-C3-1-R), Unión Europea - FEDER (CLU 2017-09 and CTQ2017-84006-C3-1-R)

Salmonid sport fishery management in Argentinian Patagonia is usually guided by stakeholder perceptions, which do not consider the biological and ecological constraints acting upon aquatic resources. An example of this are management policies for Traful Lake, where Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was actively stocked during the last decade in an attempt to change the fish assemblage structure and to create a highly valuable sport fishery. This study assesses the likelihood of these policies achieving such assemblage structure changes through the study of affluent-stream suitability as spawning and breeding grounds, lake fish assemblage parameters, trophic diversity and possible competition due to diet overlap. This study also assesses alternative management practices through population simulations and bioenergetic modelling under diverse catch-size limit scenarios. This study concludes that it is not advisable to try to generate a unique and distinctive sport fishery by stocking Atlantic salmon in an already renowned fishery in Northern Patagonia. Instead, a more comprehensive framework for decision-making is suggested, involving short-term studies that go beyond the specific problem of the target species and incorporate the whole fish assemblage using diverse approaches and modelling strategies. Fil: Rechencq, Magali. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Vigliano, Pablo Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Lippolt, Gustavo Enrique. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Alonso, Marcelo Fabián. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Macchi, Patricio Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Alvear, Pablo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Hougham, Virginia Noemí. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Denegri, Maria Amalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Blasetti, Guillermo. Autoridad Interjurisdiccional de las Cuencas de los ríos Limay, Neuquén y Negro; Argentina Fil: Juncos, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Investigaciones y Aplicaciones no Nucleares. Gerencia de Física (CAB); Argentina Fil: Fernandez, Valeria. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Lallement, Mailén Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Juárez, Santiago Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina

Ozonolysis, as a lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment, goes back to 80s; however, in the last years it is becoming widespread again owing to its efficiency and mild operation conditions. Ozone reacts preferably with lignin than carbohydrates, promoting biomass destructuration and delignification, and so the sugar release by enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrolysate from pretreated biomass has being used as sugars source for second-generation fuels production, mainly ethanol, methane and hydrogen. Short-chain carboxylic acids are the main inhibitory compounds generated, being properly removed by water washing. The most common inhibitory compounds reported for other pretreatments, furfural and HMF (5-hydroxymethylfurfural), are not found in ozone-pretreated hydrolysates. Composition of pretreated biomass and ozone consumption depends on several process parameters: reactor design, moisture content, particle size, pH, reaction time, ozone/air flow and ozone concentration. Additional studies are necessary to clarify process parameters effect and to optimize the process to achieve high yields with economic feasibility.

Steam explosion (150 – 200 ºC, 5 – 30 min) was performed on a commercial cellulose presented in two configurations (fiberized and compact sheet) and its effect on their chemical and physical properties was studied, along with the influence of two different preservation methods (acetone drying and freezing) after pretreatment. No degradation compounds were produced during pretreatment, although solid recovery (RS) decreased with temperature from 90% to 62%. Similar particle size and surface conditions (increased porosity) were found for both types of pretreated samples despite the extremely different initial configuration. Crystallinity diminished for 150 ºC samples, but 200 ºC pretreatment promoted recrystallization. Pretreatment also reduced polymerization degree, although enzymatic accessibility did not improve. Both acetone and freezing processes extremely affected cellulose properties. Acetone drying counterbalanced crystallinity and enzymatic accessibility variations of pretreated samples, while decreasing polymerization degree to 302. Freezing dramatically decreased enzymatic accessibility of pretreated samples down to 15.8%., UIC-Consejería de Educación Junta de Castilla y León, University of Valladolid

In this chapter, cell disruption techniques are reviewed as a function of the (future) industrial algae biorefinery. A variety of techniques and recent developments are discussed based on their effectiveness, product quality, and cost efficiency. Effectiveness (i.e, disruption efficiency in function of energy and time) unfortunately is often countered by poor product quality, and currently used industrial methods are generally energy intensive. Recent developments might tackle these issues and enhance the economics. Chemical techniques are often effective but can lead to impurities in the final product, which can be avoided by immobilizing chemical agents. Alternatively, several pressurized methods are promising because of high product quality and relatively low energy consumption. The latter can even be decreased significantly based on recent advances, which also counts for well-established techniques undergoing process optimization. The field, however, remains challenging to increase effectiveness and product quality to decrease downstream process steps and overall costs.

Bioalcohols (mainly bioethanol) are considered as one of the most promising substitutes for fossil fuels. Several feedstocks have been evaluated as substrates for bioethanol production and among them, microalgae have particularly emerged during the past years. This is due to their rapid growth, lack of competition with crops, the integration of production with wastewater treatment, and the fact that carbohydrates can be accumulated by manipulating cultivation conditions. Carbohydrates occur in microalgae as reserve products and as part of the cell wall. They can be converted into fermentable sugars through hydrolysis. For this reason, this chapter is focused on the study of the carbohydrates in microalgae biomass and methods to improve their accumulation as well as diverse pretreatments to break the cell wall, their release as monomeric sugars, and a comparison of the fermentation processes.

Las erupciones volcánicas son los fenómenos naturales con las consecuencias más variadas y complejas, y tienen efectos importantes en ambientes tanto terrestres como acuáticos. El 4 de junio de 2011, el complejo volcánico Puyehue Cordón-Caulle (2.236 msnm, 40 º 32 'S, 72 º 2' W, Chile) entró en erupción, eyectando el primer día 950 millones de toneladas de cenizas hacia la atmósfera. Debido al predominio de vientos del oeste, 24 millones de hectáreas de la Patagonia Argentina fueron cubiertas gradualmente de ceniza. Para explorar cómo se vieron afectados por la caída de ceniza arroyos del noroeste de Patagonia y los posibles procesos de recuperación de la calidad del agua y de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentónicos se seleccionaron tres arroyos. Los arroyos seleccionados correspondieron a tres niveles de depositación de ceniza (i.e. máximo, intermedio y mínimo). En cada arroyo se seleccionaron dos sitios de muestreo, donde se midieron: pH, conductividad, sólidos totales disueltos (STD) y turbidez (NTU) y se tomaron muestras de macroinvertebrados durante los veranos de 2012 y 2013. Luego de la erupción volcánica se observaron cambios ambientales relacionados con la cantidad de ceniza eyectada y depositada en las áreas más cercanas al volcán. Cambios en la calidad del agua debido a la caída de ceniza se vieron reflejados en bajos valores de densidad, índices EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera y Trichoptera) y BMPS (Índice de Monitoreo Biótico de Arroyos de Patagonia), principalmente en los arroyos más cercanos al volcán. Luego de dieciocho meses, las densidades, composición de taxones y estructuras de tramas tróficas de los arroyos estudiados no eran comparables con las de otros arroyos previamente estudiados en la región. El análisis exploratorio sugirió que el mayor impacto fue consecuencia de la deposición de ceniza en términos de cantidad y proporciones de tamaño de partícula.

Events such as volcanic eruptions may act as disturbance agents modifying the landscape spatial diversity and increasing environmental instability. On June 4, 2011 the Puyehue-Cordon Caulle volcanic complex located on Chile (2236 m.a.s.l., 40° 02' 24? S- 70° 14' 26? W) experience a rift zone eruption ejecting during the first day 950 million metric tons into the atmosphere. Due to the westerly winds predominance, ash fell differentially upon 24 million ha of Patagonia Argentinean, been thicker deposits accumulated towards the West. In order to analyze changes on stream fish assemblages we studied seven streams 8, 19 and 30 months after the eruption along the ash deposition gradient, and compare those data to pre eruption ones. Habitat features and structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate food base of fish was studied. After the eruption, substantial environmental changes were observed in association with the large amount of ash fallout. In western sites, habitat loss due to ash accumulation, changes in the riparian zone and morphology of the main channels were observed. Turbidity was the water quality variable which reflected the most changes throughout time, with NTU values decreasing sharply from West to East sites. In west sites, increased Chironomid densities were recorded 8 months after the initial eruption aswell as lowEPT index values. These relationships were reversed in the less affected streams farther away from the volcano. Fish assemblages were greatly influenced both by habitat and macroinvertebrate changes. The eruption brought about an initial sharp decline in fish densities and the almost total loss of young of the year in themostwestern streams affecting recruitment. This effect diminished rapidly with distance fromthe emission center. Thirty months after the eruption, environmental changes are still occurring as a consequence of basin wide ash remobilization and transport. Fil: Lallement, Mailén Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Macchi, Patricio Jorge. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Vigliano, Pablo Horacio. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Juárez, Santiago Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Rechencq, Magali. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Baker, Matthew. University of Maryland Baltimore County; Estados Unidos Fil: Bouwes, Nicolaas. Eco Logical Research; Estados Unidos Fil: Crowl, Todd. State University of Utah; Estados Unidos

El objetivo de este artículo es estimar el costo per cápita anual por género en primer nivel de atención. MÉTODOS: estudio de costo realizado en Unidades de Medicina Familiar en México. La información correspondió al año 2004 y el estudio se dividió en perfil de uso y costo de la atención. PERFIL DE USO DE LO SERVICIOS: se estudiaron los registros clínicos de 1,585 pacientes adscritos a unidades de medicina familiar. El perfil de uso se definió mediante el promedio y los motivos de atención por departamento, género y grupo de edad. COSTO DE LA ATENCIÓN: estimado en dólares estadounidenses incluyó costo unitario fijo (departamentalización ajustada por productividad), el costo unitario variable (técnica de microcosteo), costo unitario por departamento y motivo de atención, y costo unitario por departamento, quinquenio y género. La esperanza de vida fue de 73 años para los hombres y 78 para las mujeres. Se identificaron tres escenarios. RESULTADOS: el costo anual per capita es superior en la mujer US $73.24 (IC 95% $11.38 - $197.49) que en el hombre $ 53.11 (IC 95% 2.51 - 207.71). CONCLUSIÓN: en primer nivel de atención el costo per cápita en las mujeres es mayor que en los hombres, información valiosa en el proceso de planeación de los servicios de salud. The objective of this study is to identify the annual cost per capita by gender in first level of attention. It is a cost study in Family Physician Units in Mexico. The information corresponded to the year of 2004 and the study divided in the use profile and cost attention. USE PROFILE OF SERVICES: it was studied 1,585 clinical registries of patients, use profile defined by average and attention reasons by department, gender and age group. COST ATTENTION: considered in American dollars it included fixed unit cost (departmentalization adjusted by productivity), variable unit cost (micro cost technical), department unite cost by type attention, and department unit cost by age and gender. The life expectancy was of 73 years for men and 78 for women. Three scenes were identified. The annual cost per capita is superior among woman [US$73.24 (IC 95% $11.38 - $197.49)] than in man [$ 53.11 (IC 95% 2.51 - 207.71)]. The conclusion found that in the first level of attention the cost per capita is greater in woman than in man.

ESTA PONENCIA PRESENTA UN AVANCE DE LOS RESULTADOS DE UNA investigación participativa realizada con las comunidades indígenas campesinas de Urbaite, Veracruz del Zapotal y Las Salinas, ubicadas en el departamento de Rivas. El tema central de estudio ha sido la problemática de los recursos naturales, especialmente la gestión forestal, enmarcada en el contexto social y cultural de las comunidades indígenas, y condicionada por las políticas públicas y la situación socio-económica del país. La metodología empleada ha tratado de fortalecer la capacidad de las comunidades en el análisis crítico de sus problemas y en la búsqueda de alternativas que recuperen los conocimientos y prácticas locales y la articulación de actores en función de una gestión sostenible de los recursos naturales.

The effect of thermal, acid, alkaline and alkaline-peroxide pretreatments on the methane produced by the anaerobic digestion of wheat straw (WS) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was studied, using whole slurry and solid fraction. All the pretreatments released formic and acetic acids and phenolic compounds, while 5-hydroxymetilfurfural (HMF) and furfural were generated only by acid pretreatment. A remarkable inhibition was found in most of the whole slurry experiments, except in thermal pretreatment which improved methane production compared to the raw materials (29% for WS and 11% for SCB). The alkaline pretreatment increased biodegradability (around 30%) and methane production rate of the solid fraction of both pretreated substrates. Methane production results were fitted using first order or modified Gompertz equations, or a novel model combining both equations. The model parameters provided information about substrate availability, controlling step and inhibitory effect of compounds generated by each pretreatment.

"En este estudio se analizó la estructura (espacial y dimensional) de una comunidad forestal en la Sierra San Carlos, Tamaulipas, México. Este tipo de estudios es importante en el manejo forestal sustentable de la región. Se delimitó una parcela de 2.25 ha, dividiéndose en sub-parcelas de diferentes tamaños; a las cuales se les estimaron índices espaciales y estructurales. Los resultados mostraron que el bosque es mixto e irregular con cinco poblaciones, dominando en abundancia el género Quercus sp., seguido por el género Pinus sp., Arbutus sp., Sassafras sp, y Populus sp. La comunidad forestal muestra tendencias a una distribución espacial irregular y agregada con distancias entre individuos variables, con un promedio de 3 m. La dominancia de los encinos en densidad controlan las bajas diferenciaciones en diámetro y en altura y parcialmente en la mezcla de especies y en la distancia entre individuos. Sin embargo, la presencia de pinos en estas condiciones parece indicar que la estabilidad de la comunidad se encuentra gobernada por relaciones ecológicas positivas entre los géneros."

We assayed methyl and ethyl acetate as organic modifiers for mobile phases used in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the removal of impurities from steroids of pharmaceutical interest. By using ternary mobile phases consisting of the esters, water and a third component that was miscible with both and applying systematic experimental methodology, we developed an optimal procedure for the isolation of the compound of interest (9α-fluoroprednisolone acetate) from the impurities resulting from its synthesis in a minimum time. Inclusion of an acetic ester in the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic mobile phase was found to improve the resolution of chemically similar subtances.

Some mobile phase optimization methods have been used in developing a Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography methodology for the determination of related impurities in bulk pharmaceutical steroids. Using two different approaches with binary and ternary mobile phase, the complete separation of 9-α-fluoroprednisolone acetate and its main potential impurities, at low concentration levels, has been achieved. This methodology may be applicable to other steroidal drugs and it is presented as an alternative to the thin-layer chromatography currently prescribed in official methods.

The objective of this study is to identify the annual cost per capita by gender in first level of attention. It is a cost study in Family Physician Units in Mexico. The information corresponded to the year of 2004 and the study divided in the use profile and cost attention. USE PROFILE OF SERVICES: it was studied 1,585 clinical registries of patients, use profile defined by average and attention reasons by department, gender and age group. COST ATTENTION: considered in American dollars it included fixed unit cost (departmentalization adjusted by productivity), variable unit cost (micro cost technical), department unite cost by type attention, and department unit cost by age and gender. The life expectancy was of 73 years for men and 78 for women. Three scenes were identified. The annual cost per capita is superior among woman [US$73.24 (IC 95% $11.38 - $197.49)] than in man [$ 53.11 (IC 95% 2.51 - 207.71)]. The conclusion found that in the first level of attention the cost per capita is greater in woman than in man.

La seguretat i qualitat dels aliments és actualment una de les majors preocupacions dels consumidors europeus i una prioritat política en Estats Units i Europa, a través del Programa Agenda 2000 i el Llibre Blanc de seguretat alimentària (2000). Aquest llibre blanc va indicar 3 prioritats: 1. Crear una Agència Europea dels Aliments, 2. Implementar un enfocament coherent de la granja a la taula en termes de legislació alimentària, 3. Establir el principi a partir del qual la responsabilitat clau de la seguretat alimentària recau en els operadors alimentaris. Els estats membres són els encarregats de vigilar i controlar a aquests productors i la Comissió Europea comprova l’eficiència dels Estats per a controlar-los (subsidiari). La legislació comunitària estableix els objectius de les normes d’higiene (en vigor des del 20 de maig del 2004) a través de l’ús d’un enfocament integrat de tota la cadena alimentària (des de la granja a la taula), per a garantir un alt nivell de protecció en termes de seguretat sanitària dels productes alimentosos. A Europa, els productes artesanals i/o tradicionals gaudeixen d’una posició privilegiada als ulls dels consumidors que demanden productes autèntics, de qualitat i d’origen garantit.