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[ES] ¿Qué es la idea de espacio? ¿Cómo se materializa? ¿Puede ser, un vacío, bello? ¿Cómo es capaz de afectar a la sensibilidad del espectador? En la vorágine del mundo actual, en la que estas preguntas pudieran parecer fuera de lugar, y en una era de revolución tecnológica en la que parece que nos hemos olvidado de lo que realmente importa, el entendimiento profundo del espacio es, en esencia, lo que configura los cimientos de la arquitectura. En este TFG se busca entender cómo se expresa un espacio a partir del estudio de los conceptos abstractos que lo definen, como son el vacío, sus límites o el tiempo, y de otros que él mismo genera como son cierta idea de tensión o de belleza. Será necesario plantearse qué se entiende por vacío, qué límites lo conforman, entrando a preguntarse sobre el intenso vínculo que, inevitablemente, se produce entre el espacio y el que lo experimenta, y de cómo éste es susceptible de generar profundas emociones. Todo ello con la mirada puesta en el estudio de diferentes artistas contemporáneos que se han hecho, a lo largo de las décadas, las mismas preguntas, generando así todo un corpus teórico perfectamente engrasado y conexionado., [EN] What is the idea of space? How does it materialize? Can it be, an emptiness, beautiful? How is it able to affect the sensitivity of the viewer? In the current maelstrom of the world we live in, where this questions might seem out of place and during an era of technological revolution in which it seems we have forgotten what really matters, the thorough comprehension of space is in essence what configures the foundation of architecture. This TFG seeks to understand how a space can be expressed parting from the study of the abstract concepts that define it, such as its limits, its emptiness or time and others that it generates itself like certain tension or beauty. It will be necessary to stablish what we understand for emptiness, the limits that form it through questioning ourselves about the strong connection that inevitable are produced between the space, the individual experiencing it and how he is susceptible of generating profound emotions. All of this with our eyes on the study of different contemporary artists that have made to themselves the same questions, thereby generating a total theorical corpus perfectly blended and well defined., [CA] Què és la idea d’espai? Com es materialitza? Pot ser, un buit, bell? Com és capaç d’afectar la sensibilitat de l’espectador? En la voràgine del món actual en el qual vivim, en la qual aquestes preguntes pogueren semblar fora de lloc, i en una era de revolució tecnològica en la qual sembla que ens hem oblidat del que realment importa, l'enteniment profund de l'espai és, en essència, el que configura els fonaments de l'arquitectura. En aquest TFG es busca entendre com s'expressa un espai a partir de l'estudi dels conceptes abstractes que el defineixen, com són el buit, els seus límits o el temps, i d'uns altres que ell mateix genera com una certa idea de tensió o de bellesa. Serà necessari plantejar-se què s'entén per buit, quins límits ho conformen, entrant a preguntar-se sobre l'intens vincle que, inevitablement, es produeix entre l'espai i el que l'experimenta, i de com aquest és susceptible de generar profundes emocions. Tot això amb la mirada posada en l'estudi de diferents artistes contemporanis que s'han fet, al llarg de les dècades, les mateixes preguntes, generant així tot un corpus teòric perfectament greixat i connectat.

Circadian clocks prepare the organism to cyclic environmental changes in light, temperature, or food availability. Here, we characterized the master clock in the brain of a strongly photoperiodic insect, the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, immunohistochemically with antibodies against A. pisum Period (PER), Drosophila melanogaster Cryptochrome (CRY1), and crab Pigment-Dispersing Hormone (PDH). The latter antibody detects all so far known PDHs and PDFs (Pigment-Dispersing Factors), which play a dominant role in the circadian system of many arthropods. We found that, under long days, PER and CRY are expressed in a rhythmic manner in three regions of the brain: the dorsal and lateral protocerebrum and the lamina. No staining was detected with anti-PDH, suggesting that aphids lack PDF. All the CRY1-positive cells co-expressed PER and showed daily PER/CRY1 oscillations of high amplitude, while the PER oscillations of the CRY1-negative PER neurons were of considerable lower amplitude. The CRY1 oscillations were highly synchronous in all neurons, suggesting that aphid CRY1, similarly to Drosophila CRY1, is light sensitive and its oscillations are synchronized by light-dark cycles. Nevertheless, in contrast to Drosophila CRY1, aphid CRY1 was not degraded by light, but steadily increased during the day and decreased during the night. PER was always located in the nuclei of the clock neurons, while CRY was predominantly cytoplasmic and revealed the projections of the PER/CRY1-positive neurons. We traced the PER/CRY1-positive neurons through the aphid protocerebrum discovering striking similarities with the circadian clock of D. melanogaster: The CRY1 fibers innervate the dorsal and lateral protocerebrum and putatively connect the different PER-positive neurons with each other. They also run toward the pars intercerebralis, which controls hormone release via the neurohemal organ, the corpora cardiaca. In contrast to Drosophila, the CRY1-positive fibers additionally travel directly

Background: Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture. Results: Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world. Conclusions: The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture.

Aphid species colonising ferns belong to the subfamily Aphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the majority of these to the tribe Macrosiphini. A new genus in this tribe and its type species: Gibbomyzus pteridophytorum new genus, new species, are established. Apterous and alate viviparous females are described from specimens collected on Blechnum buchtienii Rosenstock (Blechnaceae) in Costa Rica and on Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae) and an unidentified fern in Mexico. The taxonomic validity of the two new taxa is discussed based on morphological and molecular data. Morphologically, the new genus is compared with genera with swollen siphunculi recorded in the New World, and also with genera living on ferns anywhere in the world. The identification key by Blackman and Eastop to aphids living on ferns is modified. Molecular analyses were carried out on the sequences of a fragment of the mitochondrial gene encoding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and of a fragment of the nuclear gene encoding elongation factor-1 alpha. In both analyses, G. pteridophytorum new species sequences showed considerable divergence (,4% or more) from those of 23 other species from diverse genera of Macrosiphini, supporting the conclusions of the morphological study and justifying the establishment of the new genus