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On behalf of the UP&DOWN Study Group., [Objective]: To examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) at baseline and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in 6- to 10-year-olds (cross-sectional) and 2 years later (8- to 12-year-olds [longitudinal]) and whether changes with age in CRF are associated with CVD risk in children aged 8 to 12 years. [Patients and Methods]: Spanish primary schoolchildren (n=236) aged 6 to 10 years participated at baseline. Of the 23 participating primary schools, 22% (n=5) were private schools and 78% (n=18) were public schools. The dropout rate at 2-year follow-up was 9.7% (n=23). The 20-m shuttle run test was used to estimate CRF. The CVD risk score was computed as the mean of 5 CVD risk factor standardized scores: sum of 2 skinfolds, systolic blood pressure, insulin/glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. [Results]: At baseline, CRF was inversely associated with single CVD risk factors (all P0.85; P, This work was supported by grant DEP 2010-21662-C04-00 (DEP 2010-21662-C04-01: DEP 2010-21662-C04-02: DEP 2010-21662-C04-03: DEP 2010-21662-C04-04) from the National Plan for Research: Development and Innovation (R+D+i) MICINN and by grant FPU15/05337 from the Spanish Ministry of Education.

Background and aims: Adipocytokines may have a key role in the development of atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and joint associations of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and muscular fitness (MF) with adiponectin and leptin in adolescents. Methods and results: A sample of 198 adolescents (96 girls), aged 13-17-year, was selected. Participants completed anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and waist circumference) and percentage of body fat (%BF) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance. PA was measured by accelerometer for 7-day. The 20-m shuttle-run test was used to assess CRF and two MF tests (handgrip strength and standing broad jump) were used to create an MF score. A cluster score of health status (0-3 risks) was created. Serum adiponectin and plasma leptin were also determined. Regression analyses controlling for age, sex, pubertal status and waist circumference showed that PA was not significantly associated with adiponectin and vigorous PA showed a significant inverse association with leptin. Both CRF and MF were significantly and inversely associated with adiponectin and leptin. Further analyses revealed that the 'healthy' group (0 risks) had significantly lower adiponectin and leptin than 'medium-healthy' (1 risk) and 'unhealthy' (2-3 risks) status groups. Conclusions: PA, CRF and MF are inversely and jointly associated with adiponectin and leptin concentrations in adolescents. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

Objective: to examine if those adolescents who dislike physical education classes get better results on academic and cognitive performance than their peers. Methods: participants included 4 226 adolescents from the AVENA, AFINOS and UP&DOWN studies. Physical education enjoyment was assessed with a 7-point Likert scale. Cognitive performance in the AVENA study was assessed using the Spanish version of the SRA Test of Educational Ability. Academic performance in the AFI- NOS and UP&DOWN studies was assessed through Ma- thematics and Language grades and the average of both subjects. Results: in the AVENA study we found differences in verbal ability among girls who dislike physical education and their peers (P=0.033). In the AFINOS study, boys who dislike physical education had higher scores in Lan- guage than their peers (P=0.024). In the UP&DOWN study girls who disliked physical education had higher scores in Language and in the average of Language and Mathematics than their peers (P < 0.001). Conclusion: in the AVENA and AFINOS studies ado- lescents who disliked physical education had similar re- sults in cognitive and academic performance than their peers, but in the UP&DOWN study girls who disliked physical education showed higher results in academic performance than their peers.

© 2015 Japan Pediatric Society. Background: Effective preventive interventions for both eating disorders and obesity in adolescence should be focused on shared risk factors. We analyzed the association between television (TV) viewing time and the risk of eating disorders, as well as the potential role of obesity in this association. Methods: The sample consisted of a total of 3458 Spanish adolescents, aged 13-18.5 years, from the Food and Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Adolescents (AVENA) and Physical Activity as a Preventive Measure of the Development of Overweight, Obesity, Allergies, Infections, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (AFINOS) studies. Adolescents' TV time was assessed by self-report. Body mass index was calculated and the adolescents were classified into non-overweight and overweight-obesity. The risk of eating disorders was evaluated using the SCOFF questionnaire. Results: Adolescents who watched TV >1 h/day had a higher risk for eating disorders, compared with those adolescents who watch TV

We examined whether physical activity (PA) influences the association between birth weight and serum leptin in adolescents. The study comprised a total of 538 adolescents (315 girls), aged 12.5-17.49 years, born at term (≥ 37 weeks of gestation). We measured serum leptin levels and time engaged in moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) by accelerometry. There was an interaction effect between birth weight and meeting the PA recommendations (60 min/day MVPA) on leptin levels in girls (P = 0.023) but not in boys (P = 0.809). Birth weight was negatively associated with leptin levels in girls not meeting the PA recommendations (i.e. more than 60 min/day of MVPA) (β = -0.096, P = 0.009), whereas no significant association was observed in those meeting the PA recommendations (β = -0.061, P = 0.433). In conclusion, meeting the PA recommendations may attenuate the negative effect of low birth weight on serum leptin levels in European female adolescents.

What is already known about this subject Eating disorders are among the public health issues facing adolescents. An excess of body fat has been associated with an increased risk of these disorders. The association of physical fitness with eating disorders has not yet been analysed in adolescents. What this study adds This study confirms that the overweight and obesity increase the risk of developing eating disorders. The present study shows that there is an inverse association between physical fitness levels and the risk of eating disorders. This study suggests that physical fitness might attenuate the influence of overweight on the development of eating disorders in adolescents. BACKGROUND: Eating disorders together with the overweight and obesity are important health concerns in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the individual and combined influence of overweight and physical fitness on the risk of developing eating disorders in Spanish adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 3571 adolescents (1864 females), aged 13 to 18.5 years, from Spain who participated in the AVENA and AFINOS studies. The risk of eating disorders was evaluated using the SCOFF questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated and the adolescents were classified into two groups: overweight (including obesity) and non-overweight according to Cole's cut-off points. Cardiorespiratory fitness in the AVENA Study was assessed by the 20-m shuttle-run test and the overall physical fitness level was self-reported in the AFINOS Study. RESULTS: Overweight adolescents had a higher risk of developing eating disorders than non-overweight adolescents (odds ratio [OR]¿=¿4.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.63-6.61 in the AVENA Study and OR¿=¿2.45, 95% CI: 1.83-3.22 in the AFINOS Study). Also, adolescents with medium and low levels of physical fitness had a higher risk of developing eating disorders (OR¿=¿1.51, 95% CI: 1.05-2.16, and OR¿=¿2.25, 95% CI: 1.60-3.19, respectively, in the AVENA Study, and OR¿=¿1.73, 95% CI: 1.37-2.17, and OR¿=¿4.11 95% CI: 2.98-5.65, respectively, in the AFINOS Study) than adolescents with high levels of physical fitness. In both studies, the combined influence of overweight and physical fitness showed that adolescents with lower levels of physical fitness had an increased risk of developing eating disorders in both non-overweight and overweight groups. CONCLUSIONS: Physical fitness might attenuate the influence of overweight on the development of eating disorders in adolescents.

Objective: To analyze the association between objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and markers of insulin resistance (IR) in European adolescents and to examine whether the association of objectively assessed PA and markers of IR is modified by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Methods: A cross-sectional study at school setting was conducted in 1053 (554 girls) adolescents (12.5-17.5 yr). Weight, height, waist circumference, total body fat, PA (accelerometry), and CRF (20-m shuttle run test) were measured. Fasting insulin and glucose concentrations were measured, and homeostasis model assessment as well as quantitative insulin sensitivity check index were computed. Results: In males, vigorous PA (VPA) was negatively associated with markers of IR after adjusting for confounders including waist circumference (all p, 10 páginas,5 tablas.

"Mastitis" refers to inflammation of the mammary gland. Despite the economic losses that it causes in dairy goats, there is scarce information about the epidemiological status of the disease in Mexico. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to diagnoseStaphylococcusagents involved in caprine mastitis. Milk samples from animals in intensive and semi-intensive production systems were taken from two farms located at Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico. The samples were obtained from healthy goats. The multiplex PCR was developed to identify coagulase-negativeStaphylococcusandS. aureus.To achieve the identification ofStaphylococcusspp, primers for the 16s rRNA region were used. Another two pair of primers were used forS. aureus,the first pair corresponded to theclfAgene and the second pair corresponded to theS. aureus coagene. Multiplex PCR was performed in 30 milk samples and it was possible to detectS. aureusand coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus.Further studies are needed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this technique. &nbsp, La mastitis se refiere a la inflamación de la glándula mamaria, a pesar de las pérdidas económicas que produce en cabras lecheras, existe poca información acerca de la situación epidemiológica de la enfermedad en México. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) múltiple para el diagnóstico deStaphylococcusspp como agente involucrado en mastitis caprina. Se colectaron muestras de leche de cabras clínicamente sanas en sistemas de producción intensivo y semi-intensivo de dos granjas ubicadas en Tequisquiapan, Querétaro, México. La PCR múltiple se desarrolló para identificar a losStaphylococcuscoagulasa-negativos (SCN) y aStaphylococcus aureus.Para lograr la identificación del géneroStaphylococcusspp se utilizó el par de iniciadores correspondientes a la región 16s RNAr, para el caso deS. aureusse utilizaron 2 pares de iniciadores, el primer par de iniciadores corresponden al genclfAy el segundo par corresponden al gencoadeS. aureus.Se realizó la PCR múltiple a 30 muestras de leche de cabra en donde se pudo detectar aS. aureusy a SCN, sin embargo, estos estudios son preliminares por lo que se requiere de estudios posteriores para evaluar la sensibilidad y especificidad de esta técnica. &nbsp

Trabajo presentado al 20th European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) Meeting, celebrado en Bélgica en noviembre de 2010., Adipose tissue-derived proteins, or ‘adipokines’, exert a wide range of physiological actions, connecting this tissue with the rest of organs and systems in the body, and thus linking fat storage depots with central regulation of energy balance, metabolic homeostasis, immune status, reproductive capacity, angiogenesis or inflammatory response (Trayhurn and Wood 2004). Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity takes place with an altered production of most adipokines; this outcome is also shown in related pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Lifestyle habits, in particular physical activity, are modifiable risk factors for obesity and obesity-related disturbances. Both physical activity and fitness have been inversely associated with all-cause mortality and chronic diseases, including CVD, in early ages as well as in adulthood (Eisenmann 2007; Kamper et al. 1996). Adipose tissuederived proteins, or adipokines, have revealed themselves as key modulators of energy homeostasis and inflammatory balance, playing a determinant role in the regulation of systemic insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms through which physical activity and fitness influence chronic disease risk have not been entirely clarified yet, although the new inflammatory markers, amongst them adipokines, are likely candidates in mediating physical activity and fitness health benefits. Physical activity and physical fitness provide many health benefits, which appear to be not only a consequence of changes in body weight and composition, but that may also be mediated by stimulation of insulin sensitivity and amelioration of the inflammatory response, through direct and indirect regulatory actions on adipokine secretion.

Objective: To examine the combined influence of four lifestyle risk factors related to physical activity, television viewing, sleep duration, and meal frequency on body fat (BF) in adolescents. Method: This cross-sectional study comprised 1,310 Spanish adolescents (age 13-18.5 years). Lifestyle variables were self-reported and BF indicators (weight, height, six skinfold thicknesses, waist circumference) measured during the years 2000-2002. Lifestyle risk factors were: physically inactive, ≥3 h/day watching television, a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AP2006–02464). a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Health: Maternal, Child Health and Development Network (RD08/0072).

The aim of this study was to examine the associations between objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and muscular fitness (MF) in adolescents, and to determine whether only resistance training exercise is associated with the increase of MF. A sample of 211 Spanish adolescents (105 girls) wore the ActiGraph monitor for 7 days. Participants also completed a fitness evaluation including three MF tests (handgrip strength, a 60-s abdominal test and a standing broad jump), a cardiorespiratory fitness assessment and anthropometric measures. A standardized MF score was computed using the three muscular tests. Adolescent participation in resistance training was self-reported. Linear regression showed that only vigorous PA was significantly (P=0.041) and positively (β=0.133) associated with MF after adjustment by gender, age, pubertal status, BMI, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Significant differences in MF were found between youth in the lowest and upper tertiles of vigorous PA. Moreover, adolescents who were involved in resistance training had significantly higher MF scores compared with youth in low and medium tertiles of vigorous PA, but no significant differences were found when compared with non-lifters from the highest tertile of vigorous PA (P=0.356). These findings suggest that vigorous activity may be associated with indicators of MF in adolescents. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Background: Physical activity is necessary for bone mass development in adolescence. There are few studies quantifying the associations between physical activity and bone mass in adolescents. Purpose: To assess the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) and bone mass in adolescents. Methods: Bone mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and physical activity by accelerometers in 380 healthy Spanish adolescents (189 boys, aged 12.517.5 years) from the HELENACSS (20062007). Subjects were classified according to the recommended amount of MVPA (

On behalf of the HELENA study group., OBJECTIVES: Nutritional factors in early life may have long-term physiologic effects in humans. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play important roles in protecting against cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Our aim was to examine the association of birth weight (BW) with serum long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) profile in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 772 European adolescents (56.3% females) aged 14.7 ± 1.2 years were included in this study. Information on BW and gestational age was obtained from parental records. DHA, EPA and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations were measured in serum phospholipids. Alfa-linolenic (ALA), linoleic (LA), AA, EPA and DHA intakes assessed by a computer based 24h dietary recall. Gender, gestational age, pubertal status, body mass index, center and total energy and LCPUFA intakes were used as confounders in all the analyses. RESULTS: BW was significantly associated with serum DHA and EPA (both adjusted P

On behalf of the HELENA Study Group., The authors' aim in this cross-sectional study was to characterize levels of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in adolescents from 9 European countries. The study comprised 2,200 European adolescents (1,184 girls) participating in the HELENA cross-sectional study (2006-2008). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry and was expressed as average intensity (counts/minute) and amount of time (minutes/day) spent engaging in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Time spent in sedentary behaviors was also objectively measured. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by means of the 20-m shuttle run test. Level of maternal education was reported by the adolescents. A higher proportion of boys (56.8% of boys vs. 27.5% of girls) met the physical activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes/day of MVPA. Adolescents spent most of the registered time in sedentary behaviors (9 hours/day, or 71% of the registered time). Both average intensity and MVPA were higher in adolescents with high cardiorespiratory fitness, and sedentary time was lower in the high-fitness group. There were no physical activity or sedentary time differences between maternal education categories. These data provide an objective measure of physical activity and amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors in a relatively large number of European adolescents.