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Abstract\nHIGHLIGHTSThis work implements a 3D finite element to analyze wear in borided AISI 316 L stainless steel. The 3D model was validated through sliding wear test under a ball-on-flat configuration, following the ASTM G133 standard procedures. ABAQUS software was used with an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) remeshing technique alongside the UMESHMOTION subroutine to apply an elemental level Archard’s equation. The artificial roughening of the worn surfaces due to discretization in finite element sizes was controlled by relating the maximum increment time on each wear step to the element size and the stroke. The study also described the evolution of the stress field and the behavior of the contact area. The maximum stress was estimated after the first indentation, decreasing as the contact area increased, reaching a minimum at the last wear step. The results revealed a good correlation between the experimental and modeled data, with a maximum error of 8.34% in the contact stress and a maximum error of 22% in the wear depth.Implementation of a 3D finite element analysis to model wear under ball-on-flat configuration in borided AISI 316 stainless steel.The finite element analysis provides a better understanding about the stress distribution in the selected configuration.Correlation between numerical modeling and experimental data of wear in a borided material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two main legal models governing abortion provision, indications for abortion and time limits on the number of weeks of pregnancy, both limit recognition of women's reproductive autonomy. Each model restricts the circumstances under which women can access abortion. Yet, in most of the world these have been the main political goals for the feminist movement in the fight to make abortion legal and safe. Other strategies have also been incorporated into these goals. But in each case, abortion remains a crime, causing pervasive and profound damage for the providers and for women, and maintaining abortion as a part of an exceptionality regime suspended in its own illegality. This article discusses such limitations. It then focuses on Colombia and the experiences of feminist collective La Mesa por la Vida y la Salud de las Mujeres, which is campaigning to have abortion removed from the criminal law. In particular, this article examines a double standard in Colombian law: while abortion has been declared a fundamental right, it remains a crime in the penal code., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: None declared., (Copyright © 2019 González-Vélez, Melo-Arévalo, and Martínez-Londoño.)