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The use of plants rich in tannins (PRT) with anthelmintic properties (AH) is an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes (NGI) in species of cattle interest. The attention in plants with these properties is mainly due to the appearance and extension of parasitic populations resistant to anthelmintics. Recently, in Yucatan, the effect of AH from plant extracts on Haemonchus contortus eggs has been reponed by the hatching inhibition test. Among the main plant species with AH properties are ethanolic and hexane extracts, mainly from the foliage of Lysiloma latisiliquum, Laguncularia racemosa, Rizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans, Theobroma cacao and Coffea arabica. However, it has recently been observed that legumes are an important source of secondary metabolites such as Leucaena leucocephala, Lysiloma latisiliquum, Acacia cornígera and Mimosa bahamensis. The evidence shows that the secondary metabolites that contain some forage legumes affect various biological processes of the gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants, so it could be an alternative for the control of helminths in the production of small ruminants.

The malacological diversity in two traditional silvopastoral systems, one in dry forest (Las Mesitas) and another in pine-oak forest (Picacho-Tomabú), located in the municipality of Estelí, Nicaragua was determined in order to comparatively establish the effect of these systems on this biological group. For this, during rainy season (may to october), sampling was performed, when rains was well established (august to september), following the direct counting method in 20 plots of 2.25 m2 and 20 trees randomly select for each locality. The mollusks extracted from the samples were determined at the Malacological Center of the Universidad Centro Americana (UCACM), Managua. The indexes of wealth, diversity, equity, dominance and abundance of species for each system and the association between them were estimated. It was determined the existence of a total of 47 species, 41 of them present in the Mesitas and 22 in the Picacho-Tomabú, including the 16 species common between both localities distributed among 21 different families. Based on the quantification of biodiversity indexes, it was determined that there is greater richness, diversity, equity, and abundance of species in Mesitas, but the dominance that was greater in the Picacho-Tomabu, and a minimum similarity between systems, was not found. A set of 13 species of molluscs identified as potential vectors of diseases to livestock or pest for crops was rated. The silvopastoral systems allow a high diversity of molluscs, although this includes some species can cause problems to livestock, particularly freshwater introduced to bodies of water and watering holes, which are vectors of parasitic diseases.

In Mexico, beekeeping is one of the main activities of the agricultural sector due to its production of high quality honey which is exported to several European countries. Beekeeping is practiced by more than 40,000 producers; with around two million hives in apiaries distributed in the five honey producing regions of Mexico (North, Central and Highlands, Pacific, Gulf and Yucatan Peninsula). The Yucatan Peninsula comprising of Campeche, Quintana Roo and Yucatan, is considered as one the most important honey producing region since it contributes to about 95 % of Mexican honey production in the international markets. The region represents to 30 to 35 % of the total number of Mexican bee colonies, and beekeeping is considered as a secondary agricultural activity. With the purpose of characterizing the beekeeping activity in Campeche (in municipalities of Campeche, Champoton and Hopelchen), Yucatan Peninsula a comprehensive survey was conducted on 120 producers from July to December, 2016. The average age of beekeepers was found to be 57 years, with an average of 2.27 apiaries per producer and with 20.6 hives per apiary. The survey revealed that beekeepers devote two days a week to beekeeping and make on an average 3.67 harvests per year. Based on the survey results, it is recommended to promote generational change in the local beekeeping activity, with stronger emphasis on the young beekeepers of the region.

Today it has been observed that diseases affecting bees (Apis mellifera) have caused significant economic losses in the European continent and in parts of the United States due to high mortality in honey bee colonies without a cause apparent, which is known as the syndrome of depopulation of hives. It is noteworthy that this mortality is not yet presented in Yucatan. In order to determine the frequency and levels of infestation Acarapis woodi and Varroa destructor, and the frequency and levels of infection Nosema spp. commercial colonies of bees (A. mellifera) in Yucatan, was collected from June to December 2006, a total of 165 samples distributed in 13 towns of Yucatan. V. destructor frequency was 63.6%, with an average level of infestation of 2.85 ± 0.79 (mites / 100 bees). The frequency of Nosema spp. was 81.8%, with an average infection level = 1'234000 ± 118000 (spores / bee), the presence of A. woodi in the samples analyzed was detected. The existence of an association between V. destructor and Nosema spp was observed. (X2 = 6.53, df = 1, p = 0.01).

Currently agriculture has difficulty keeping up with the demand for food around the world, which has generated a boom in the development of sustainable alternatives for producing food and caring for the environment. Therefore, the present study aims to show a backyard system comprising 50 cm × 50 cm pinewood boxes where maize and peanut were tested under control and compost conditions. The experiments were carried out for nine months starting from compost production and the sowing of the crops, which were irrigated with temporary rain. The compost was produced by converting ~213 kg of organic residues into ~300 kg of mature compost. The fertilizer treatment consisted of two doses of compost (1 kg doses). The developing plants were compared between conditions in both crops. In addition, the nutritional values of the compost and compost and soil were evaluated. Interestingly, the correlation analyses of the morphological properties of the soils showed that the effects of the nutrients were positively associated with the morphology of the crops studied. Finally, the yield produced for maize was 9 kg/m2 and 6.6 kg/m2 and that for peanuts was 184 g/m2 and 73 g/m2 under compost and control conditions, respectively. We consider that the development of new alternatives for producing food in times of crisis or situations of limited resources is necessary for the development of humanity and the care of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bee (Apis mellifera) diseases cause great economic losses and are considered the main cause of the high loss of colonies. In this study, the frequency and infestation levels of Varroa destructor and Acarapis woodi were determined. Likewise, the frequency and infection levels of Nosema spp. in colonies of honeybees from Tabasco, Mexico, were determined. During October to November 2020, bee samples were collected in 112 colonies in the five subregions of Tabasco. The frequency and levels of infestation of V. destructor were diagnosed using the capped brood comb fragment technique, as well as the washing of adult bees. The quantification of spores of Nosema spp. was performed by macerating abdomens and visual identification of A. woodi in tracheas using a stereoscopic microscope. At the state level, it was found a frequency of V. destructor in capped brood (FVCO)= 69.64%; level of infestation of V. destructor in capped brood (NIVCO)= 13.86% (p= 0.419), likewise, it was observed a frequency of V. destructor in adult bees (FVAA)= 92.86%; level of infestation of V. destructor in adult bees (NIVAA)= 3.88% (p= 0.944). It was observed a frequency of Nosema spp. (FN)= 91.96%; infection level of Nosema spp. (NIN)= 133 738 ±156 221 spores/bee. All samples were negative for A. woodi. The results indicate that the presence of V. destructor and Nosema spp. are more frequent in the subregions studied, the levels of infestation of V. destructor and the levels of infection of Nosema spp. are low. However, extreme values that exceed the tolerable limits were found in various communities, which could represent foci of attention before possible dissemination of these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]