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Bevezetés: A congenitalis aniridia ritka betegség, melynek fő jellemzője a szivárványhártya teljes vagy részleges hiánya, azonban a szem összes struktúrájában jelen lehetnek elváltozások. Célkitűzés: Társuló szembetegségek előfordulásának meghatározása congenitalis aniridiában, egy magyarországi centrum betegeinek vizsgálatával. Betegek és módszerek: Munkánkba a Semmelweis Egyetem Szemészeti Klinikáján 2005. október és 2022. május között aniridia diagnózisával vizsgált betegeket válogattunk be. A betegek anamnézisfelvételét követően részletes szemészeti vizsgálatot végeztünk. Eredmények: Az adatbázisban talált 82 betegből 33 jelent meg vizsgálaton (életkor: 25,69 ± 17,49 [5–59] év, 17 nő [51,51%]), és 65 szemet vizsgáltunk. Nystagmust 23 beteg 45 szemén (69,23%) találtunk, a vizsgált betegek korrigálatlan távoli látóélessége 0,14 ± 0,128 (0,9 logMAR; 0,63–0,005) volt. Az aniridiához társult keratopathia 8 szem (12,3%) esetén Grade 0., 10 szem (15,38%) esetén Grade 1., 16 szem (24,62%) esetén Grade 2., 4 szem (6,15%) esetén Grade 3. és 25 szem (38,46%) esetén Grade 4. volt. 15 beteg 30 szeme (46,15%) esetén találtunk szekunder glaucomát, 3 beteg 6 szemét (9,2%) glaucomagyanúsnak ítéltük meg. 8 szem (12,3%) esetén a lencse tiszta volt, 44 szem (67,69%) esetén találtunk szürke hályogot, melyből 22 (33,84%) elülső kérgi polaris szürke hályog volt. 13 szem (20%) volt pseudophakiás (PCL), és 7 szem (10,77%) esetén találtunk lencsediszlokációt vagy zonulainsufficientiát. Maculahypoplasia 3 beteg 6 szeme (4,6%) esetén, papillafejlődési rendellenesség 1 beteg 2 szeme (3,03%) esetén volt igazolható. Következtetés: A congenitalis aniridia szemészeti jelei az aniridiához társult keratopathia, másodlagos zöld hályog, szürke hályog, macula- és opticushypoplasia. A szemészeti eltérések ellátásához és gondozásához a különféle szemészeti szakterületek rendszeres, gondos együttműködése szükséges. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(4): 148–155.

The biallelic pathogenic repeat (AAGGG)

Clonal hematopoiesis, especially that of indeterminate potential (CHIP), has been associated with age-related diseases, such as those contributing to a more severe COVID-19. Four studies have attempted to associate CHIP with COVID-19 severity without conclusive findings. In the present work, we explore the association between CHIP and COVID-19 mortality. Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients (n = 241 deceased, n = 239 survivors) was sequenced with the Myeloid Solutions™ panel of SOPHiA Genetics. The association between clonality and age and clonality and mortality was studied using logistic regression models adjusted for sex, ethnicity, and comorbidities. The association with mortality was performed with patients stratified into four groups of age according to the quartiles of the distribution: 60–74 years, 75–84 years, 85–91 years, and 92–101 years. Clonality was found in 38% of the cohort. The presence of CHIP variants, but not the number, significantly increased with age in the entire cohort of COVID-19 patients, as well as in the group of survivors (p p = 0.020). We confirmed the well-established linear relationship between age and clonality in the cohort of COVID-19 patients and found a significant association between pathogenic/likely pathogenic CHIP and mortality in patients from 75 to 84 years that needs to be further validated.

International audience; Peters' anomaly (PA) is a rare anterior segment dysgenesis characterized by central corneal opacity and irido-lenticulo-corneal adhesions. Several genes are involved in syndromic or isolated PA (B3GLCT, PAX6, PITX3, FOXE3, CYP1B1). Some copy number variations (CNVs) have also been occasionally reported. Despite this genetic heterogeneity, most of patients remain without genetic diagnosis. We retrieved a cohort of 95 individuals with PA and performed genotyping using a combination of comparative genomic hybridization, whole genome, exome and targeted sequencing of 119 genes associated with ocular development anomalies. Causative genetic defects involving 12 genes and CNVs were identified for 1/3 of patients. Unsurprisingly, B3GLCT and PAX6 were the most frequently implicated genes, respectively in syndromic and isolated PA. Unexpectedly, the third gene involved in our cohort was SOX2, the major gene of micro-anophthalmia. Four unrelated patients with PA (isolated or with microphthalmia) were carrying pathogenic variants in this gene that was never associated with PA before. Here we described the largest cohort of PA patients ever reported. The genetic bases of PA are still to be explored as genetic diagnosis was unavailable for 2/3 of patients. Nevertheless, we showed here for the first time the involvement of SOX2 in PA, offering new evidence for its role in corneal transparency and anterior segment development.

Resumen La aniridia es una enfermedad panocular caracterizada por hipoplasia iridiana, habitualmente acompanada de otras manifestaciones oculares, con gran variabilidad y solapamiento clinico con otras anomalias del segmento anterior y posterior. Esta revision se centra en las caracteristicas geneticas de esta enfermedad autosomica dominante causada por mutaciones en el gen PAX6. El espectro mutacional es muy amplio, con mas de 700 mutaciones descritas hasta la fecha, siendo las mutaciones que causan un codon de parada prematuro, las mas frecuentes. Los recientes avances en las tecnicas de secuenciacion masiva (NGS) han aumentado el rendimiento diagnostico en la aniridia, y han contribuido a dilucidar nuevos mecanismos que conducen a la haploinsuficiencia de PAX6. En esta revision, actualizamos los protocolos de diagnostico genetico incluyendo estas nuevas tecnicas de NGS para realizar estudios con mayor coste-efectividad y rapidez. Su uso abre la posibilidad de estudiar simultaneamente las variaciones puntuales y estructurales tanto en PAX6 como en otros genes de diagnostico diferencial con otras enfermedades solapantes. Algunos pacientes con fenotipos atipicos pueden presentar mutaciones en FOXC1 y PITX2, genes asociados a un amplio espectro de disgenesias del segmento anterior, o en ITPR1, responsable de una forma distintiva de aplasia circumpapilar del iris presente en el sindrome de Gillespie, entre otros. Dado que la aniridia se puede presentar asociada a formas sindromicas, como el sindrome de WAGR causado por deleciones contiguas de PAX6 y WT1, los estudios geneticos son cruciales para realizar un correcto diagnostico y manejo clinico de los pacientes, ademas de permitir diagnosticos prenatales y preimplantacionales en las familias.

BackgroundThe paired-domain transcription factor paired box gene 6 (PAX6) causes a wide spectrum of ocular developmental anomalies, including congenital aniridia, Peters anomaly and microphthalmia. Here, we aimed to functionally assess the involvement of seven potentially non-canonical splicing variants on missplicing of exon 6, which represents the main hotspot region for loss-of-function PAX6 variants.MethodsBy locus-specific analysis of PAX6 using Sanger and/or targeted next-generation sequencing, we screened a Spanish cohort of 106 patients with PAX6-related diseases. Functional splicing assays were performed by in vitro minigene approaches or directly in RNA from patient-derived lymphocytes cell line, when available.ResultsFive out seven variants, including three synonymous changes, one small exonic deletion and one non-canonical splice variant, showed anomalous splicing patterns yielding partial exon skipping and/or elongation.ConclusionWe describe new spliceogenic mechanisms for PAX6 variants mediated by creating or strengthening five different cryptic donor sites at exon 6. Our work revealed that the activation of cryptic PAX6 splicing sites seems to be a recurrent and underestimated cause of aniridia. Our findings pointed out the importance of functional assessment of apparently silent PAX6 variants to uncover hidden genetic alterations and to improve variant interpretation for genetic counselling in aniridia.

PAX6 is considered the master regulator of eye development, the majority of variants affecting this gene cause the pan-ocular developmental eye disorder aniridia. Although no genotype-phenotype correlations are clearly established, missense variants affecting the DNA-binding paired domain of PAX6 are usually associated with non-aniridia phenotypes like microphthalmia, coloboma or isolated foveal hypoplasia. In this study, we report two missense heterozygous variants in the paired domain of PAX6 resulting in isolated foveal hypoplasia with nystagmus in two independent families: c.112 C > G; p.(Arg38Gly) and c.214 G > C; p.(Gly72Arg) in exons 5 and 6, respectively. Furthermore, we provide evidence that paternal postzygotic mosaicism is the cause of inheritance, with clinically unaffected fathers and reduced affected allele fraction. This work contributes to increase the phenotypic spectrum caused by PAX6 variants, and to our knowledge, is the first report to describe the presence of postzygotic parental mosaicism causing isolated foveal hypoplasia with nystagmus. These results support the growing evidence that suggest an overestimation of sporadic cases with PAX6 variants, which has strong implications for both genetic counselling and family planning.

Contains fulltext : 220455.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and anterior segment dysgenesis are severe ocular developmental defects. There is a wide genetic heterogeneity leading to these ocular malformations. By using whole genome, exome and targeted sequencing in patients with ocular developmental anomalies, six biallelic pathogenic variants (including five novel variants) were identified in the PXDN gene in four families with microphthalmia and anterior segment dysgenesis. Only 11 different mutations (11 families) have been described in this gene to date. The phenotype of these patients is variable in severity, ranging from cataract and developmental glaucoma to complex microphthalmia. Interestingly, two unrelated patients of our series presented with an ocular phenotype including aniridia and microspherophakia. However, despite various phenotypic presentations and types of mutations, no genotype-phenotype correlation could be made. Thus, this work improves our knowledge of the recessive phenotype associated with biallelic variants in this gene and highlights the importance of screening PXDN in patients with anterior segment dysgenesis with or without microphthalmia.

PAX6 haploinsufficiency causes aniridia, a congenital eye disorder that involves the iris, and foveal hypoplasia. Comprehensive screening of the PAX6 locus, including the non-coding regions, by next-generation sequencing revealed four deep-intronic variants with potential effects on pre-RNA splicing. Nevertheless, without a functional analysis, their pathogenicity could not be established. We aimed to decipher their impact on the canonical PAX6 splicing using in vitro minigene splicing assays and nanopore-based long-read sequencing. Two multi-exonic PAX6 constructs were generated, and minigene assays were carried out. An aberrant splicing pattern was observed for two variants in intron 6, c.357+136G>A and c.357+334G>A. In both cases, several exonization events, such as pseudoexon inclusions and partial intronic retention, were observed due to the creation or activation of new/cryptic non-canonical splicing sites, including a shared intronic donor site. In contrast, two variants identified in intron 11, c.1032+170A>T and c.1033-275A>C, seemed not to affect splicing processes. We confirmed the high complexity of alternative splicing of PAX6 exon 6, which also involves unreported cryptic intronic sites. Our study highlights the importance of integrating functional studies into diagnostic algorithms to decipher the potential implication of non-coding variants, usually classified as variants of unknown significance, thus allowing variant reclassification to achieve a conclusive genetic diagnosis.

Purpose We aimed to unravel the molecular basis of sporadic retinitis pigmentosa (sRP) in the largest cohort reported to date. Design Case series. Participants A cohort of 877 unrelated Spanish sporadic cases with a clinical diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and negative family history. Methods The cohort was studied by classic genotyping or targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and array-based comparative genomic hybridization were performed to confirm copy number variations detected by NGS. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction was assessed in sRP cases carrying de novo variants to confirm paternity. Main Outcome Measures The study of the sRP cohort showed a high proportion of causal autosomal dominant (AD) and X-linked (XL) variants, most of them being de novo. Results Causative variants were identified in 38% of the patients studied, segregating recessively in 84.5% of the solved cases. Biallelic variants detected in only 6 different autosomal recessive genes explained 50% of the cases characterized. Causal AD and XL variants were found in 7.6% and 7.9% of cases, respectively. Remarkably, 20 de novo variants were confirmed after trio analysis, explaining 6% of the cases. In addition, 17% of the solved sRP cases were reclassified to a different retinopathy phenotype. Conclusions This study highlights the clinical utility of NGS testing for sRP cases, expands the mutational spectrum, and provides accurate prevalence of mutated genes. Our findings evidence the underestimated role of de novo variants in the etiology of RP, emphasizing the importance of segregation analysis as well as comprehensive screening of genes carrying XL and AD variants in sporadic cases. Such in-depth study is essential for accurate family counseling and future enrollment in gene therapy–based treatments.

BackgroundInherited retinal disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions and a major cause of visual impairment. Common disease subtypes include vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Despite the identification of over 90 genes associated with RP, conventional genetic testing fails to detect a molecular diagnosis in about one third of patients with RP.MethodsExome sequencing was carried out for identifying the disease-causing gene in a family with autosomal dominant RP. Gene panel testing and exome sequencing were performed in 596 RP and VMD families to identified additional IMPG1 variants. In vivo analysis in the medaka fish system by knockdown assays was performed to screen IMPG1 possible pathogenic role.ResultsExome sequencing of a family with RP revealed a splice variant in IMPG1. Subsequently, the same variant was identified in individuals from two families with either RP or VMD. A retrospective study of patients with RP or VMD revealed eight additional families with different missense or nonsense variants in IMPG1. In addition, the clinical diagnosis of the IMPG1 retinopathy-associated variant, originally described as benign concentric annular macular dystrophy, was also revised to RP with early macular involvement. Using morpholino-mediated ablation of Impg1 and its paralog Impg2 in medaka fish, we confirmed a phenotype consistent with that observed in the families, including a decreased length of rod and cone photoreceptor outer segments.ConclusionThis study discusses a previously unreported association between monoallelic or biallelic IMPG1 variants and RP. Notably, similar observations have been reported for IMPG2.

Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are a highly heterogeneous group of rare diseases with a molecular diagnostic rate of >50%. Reclassification of variants of uncertain significance (VUS) poses a challenge for IRD diagnosis. We collected 668 IRD cases analyzed by our geneticists using two different clinical exome-sequencing tests. We identified 114 unsolved cases pending reclassification of 125 VUS and studied their genomic, functional, and laboratory-specific features, comparing them to pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants from the same cohort (N = 390). While the clinical exome used did not show differences in diagnostic rate, the more IRD-experienced geneticist reported more VUS (p = 4.07e-04). Significantly fewer VUS were reported in recessive cases (p = 2.14e-04) compared to other inheritance patterns, and of all the genes analyzed, ABCA4 and IMPG2 had the lowest and highest VUS frequencies, respectively (p = 3.89e-04, p = 6.93e-03). Moreover, few frameshift and stop-gain variants were found to be informed VUS (p = 6.73e-08 and p = 2.93e-06). Last, we applied five pathogenicity predictors and found there is a significant proof of deleteriousness when all score for pathogenicity in missense variants. Altogether, these results provided input for a set of rules that correctly reclassified ~70% of VUS as pathogenic in validation datasets. Disease- and setting-specific features influence VUS reporting. Comparison with pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants can prioritize VUS more likely to be reclassified as causal.

To describe the clinical phenotype and genetic basis of non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in one family and two sporadic cases with biallelic mutations in the transcription factor neural retina leucine zipper (Exome sequencing was performed in one affected family member. Microsatellite genotyping was used for haplotype analysis. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to confirm mutations in and screen other family members where they were available. The SMART tool for domain prediction helped us build the protein schematic diagram.For family MM1 of Pakistani origin, whole-exome sequencing and microsatellite genotyping revealed homozygosity on chromosome 14 and identified a homozygous stop-loss mutation in

Hereditary retinal dystrophies (HRD) represent a significant cause of blindness, affecting mostly retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors (PRs), and currently suffer from a lack of effective treatments. Highly specialized RPE and PR cells interact mutually in the functional retina, therefore primary HRD affecting one cell type leading to a secondary HRD in the other cells. Phagocytosis is one of the primary functions of the RPE and studies have discovered that mutations in the phagocytosis-associated gene Mer tyrosine kinase receptor (MERTK) lead to primary RPE dystrophy. Treatment strategies for this rare disease include the replacement of diseased RPE with healthy autologous RPE to prevent PR degeneration. The generation and directed differentiation of patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) may provide a means to generate autologous therapeutically-relevant adult cells, including RPE and PR. However, the continued presence of the MERTK gene mutation in patient-derived hiPSCs represents a significant drawback. Recently, we reported the generation of a hiPSC model of MERTK-associated Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) that recapitulates disease phenotype and the subsequent creation of gene-corrected RP-hiPSCs using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9. In this study, we differentiated gene-corrected RP-hiPSCs into RPE and found that these cells had recovered both wild-type MERTK protein expression and the lost phagocytosis of fluorescently-labeled photoreceptor outer segments observed in uncorrected RP-hiPSC-RPE. These findings provide proof-of-principle for the utility of gene-corrected hiPSCs as an unlimited cell source for personalized cell therapy of rare vision disorders.

Publisher's version disponible en: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/257116, COVID-19 severity and progression are determined by several host and virological factors that may influence the final outcome of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. The objective of this work is to determine a possible association between the viral load, obtained from nasopharyngeal swabs, and the severity of the infection in a cohort of 448 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients from a hospital in Madrid during the first outbreak of the pandemic in Spain. To perform this, we have clinically classified patients as mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 according to a number of clinical parameters such as hospitalization requirement, need of oxygen therapy, admission to intensive care units and/or exitus. Here we report a statistically significant correlation between viral load and disease severity, being high viral load associated with worse clinical prognosis, independently of several previously identified risk factors such as age, sex, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and lung disease (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The data presented here reinforce the viral load as a potential biomarker for predicting disease severity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. It is also an important parameter in viral evolution since it relates to the numbers and types of variant genomes present in a viral population, a potential determinant of disease progression., This work was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (COVID-19 Research Call COV20/00181) co-financed by European Development Regional Fund (A way to achieve Europe). The work was also supported by grants CSIC-COV19-014 from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), BFU2017-91384-EXP from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU), PI18/00210 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III. C.P., M.C. and P.M. are supported by the Miguel Servet program of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CPII19/00001, CPII17/00006 and CP16/00116, respectively) cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). CIBERehd (Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas) is funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Institutional grants from the Fundacion Ramon Areces and Banco Santander to the CBMSO are also acknowledged. The team at CBMSO belongs to the Global Virus Network (GVN). B. M.-G. is supported by predoctoral contract PFIS FI19/00119 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo) cofinanced by Fondo Social Europeo (FSE). R. L.-V. is supported by predoctoral contract PEJD-2019-PRE/BMD-16414 from Comunidad de Madrid. R L-R is sponsored by the IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM Genomic Medicine Chair.

Background: Congenital cataract displays large phenotypic (syndromic and isolated cataracts) and genetic heterogeneity. Mutations in several transcription factors involved in eye development, like PITX3, have been associated with congenital cataracts and anterior segment mesenchymal disorders. Materials and methods: Targeted sequencing of 187 genes involved in ocular development was performed in 96 patients with mainly anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Additionally, Sanger sequencing analysis of PITX3 was performed on a second cohort of 32 index cases with congenital cataract and Peters anomaly and/or sclereocornea. Results: We described five families with four different PITX3 mutations, two of which were novel. In Family 1, the heterozygous recurrent c.640_656dup (p.Gly220Profs*95) mutation cosegregated with eye anomalies ranging from congenital cataract to Peters anomaly. In Family 2, the novel c.669del [p.(Leu225Trpfs*84)] mutation cosegregated with dominantly inherited eye anomalies ranging from posterior embryotoxon to congenital cataract in heterozygous carriers and congenital sclereocornea and cataract in a patient homozygous for this mutation. In Family 3, we identified the recurrent heterozygous c.640_656dup (p.Gly220Profs*95) mutation segregating with congenital cataract. In Family 4, the de novo c.582del [p.(Ile194Metfs*115)] mutation was identified in a patient with congenital cataract, microphthalmia, developmental delay and autism. In Family 5, the c.38G>A (p.Ser13Asn) mutation segregated dominantly in a family with Peters anomaly, which is a novel phenotype associated with the c.38G>A variant compared with the previously reported isolated congenital cataract. Conclusions: Our study unveils different phenotypes associated with known and novel mutations in PITX3, which will improve the genetic counselling of patients and their families.

Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly variable condition. Validated tools to assist in the early detection of patients at high risk of mortality can help guide medical decisions. Objective To validate externally, as well as in patients from the second pandemic wave in Europe, our previously developed mortality prediction model for hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods Three validation cohorts were generated: two external with 185 and 730 patients from the first wave and one internal with 119 patients from the second wave. The probability of death was calculated for all subjects using our prediction model, which includes SpO2/FiO2 ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, LDH, interleukin-6 and age. Discrimination and calibration were evaluated in the validation cohorts. The prediction model was updated by re-estimating individual risk factor effects in the overall cohort (N=1477). Results The mortality prediction model showed good performance in the external validation cohorts 1 and 2, and in the second wave validation cohort 3 (AUC 0.94, 0.86 and 0.86, respectively), with excellent calibration (calibration slope 0.86, 0.94 and 0.79; intercept 0.05, 0.03 and 0.10, respectively). The updated model accurately predicted mortality in the overall cohort (AUC 0.91), which included patients from both the first and second COVID-19 waves. The updated model was also useful to predict fatal outcome in patients without respiratory distress at the time of evaluation. Conclusions This is the first COVID-19 mortality prediction model validated in patients from the first and second pandemic waves. The COR+12 online calculator is freely available to facilitate its implementation (https://utrero-rico.shinyapps.io/COR12_Score/), We externally validated a mortality prediction model for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, which included early one-time measurements of SpO2/FiO2, N/L ratio, LDH, IL-6 and age. The model has been updated with 1477 patients from the first and second waves.

Aniridia is a panocular disease characterized by iris hypoplasia, accompanied by other ocular manifestations, with a high clinical variability and overlapping with different abnormalities of the anterior and posterior segment. This review focuses on the genetic features of this autosomal dominant pathology, which is caused by the haploinsufficiency of the PAX6 gene. Mutations causing premature stop codons are the most frequent among the wider mutational spectrum of PAX6, with more than 600 different mutations identified so far. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have increased the diagnostic yield in aniridia and contributed to elucidate new etiopathogenic mechanisms leading to PAX6 haploinsufficiency. Here, we also update good practices and recommendations to improve genetic testing and clinical management of aniridia using more cost-effective NGS analysis. Those new approaches also allow studying simultaneously both structural variants and point-mutations in PAX6 as well as other genes for differential diagnosis, simultaneously. Some patients with atypical phenotypes might present mutations in FOXC1 and PITX2, both genes causing a wide spectrum of anterior segment dysgenesis, or in ITPR1, which is responsible for a distinctive form of circumpupillary iris aplasia present in Gillespie syndrome, or other mutations in minor genes. Since aniridia can also associate extraocular anomalies, as it occurs in carriers of PAX6 and WT1 microdeletions leading to WAGR syndrome, genetic studies are crucial to assure a correct diagnosis and clinical management, besides allowing prenatal and preimplantational genetic testing in families.

Background Mutations in CRYAA, which encodes the α-crystallin protein, are associated with a spectrum of congenital cataract–microcornea syndromes. Results In this study, we performed clinical examination and subsequent genetic analysis in two unrelated sporadic cases of different geographical origins presenting with a complex phenotype of ocular malformation. Both cases manifested bilateral microphthalmia and severe anterior segment dysgenesis, primarily characterized by congenital aphakia, microcornea, and iris hypoplasia/aniridia. NGS-based analysis revealed two novel single nucleotide variants occurring de novo and affecting the translation termination codon of the CRYAA gene, c.520T > C and c.521A > C. Both variants are predicted to elongate the C-terminal protein domain by one-third of the original length. Conclusions Our report not only expands the mutational spectrum of CRYAA but also identifies the genetic cause of the unusual ocular phenotype described in this report.

Inherited retinal disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of conditions and a major cause of visual impairment. Common disease subtypes include vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Despite the identification of over 90 genes associated with RP, conventional genetic testing fails to detect a molecular diagnosis in about one third of patients with RP.Exome sequencing was carried out for identifying the disease-causing gene in a family with autosomal dominant RP. Gene panel testing and exome sequencing were performed in 596 RP and VMD families to identified additionalExome sequencing of a family with RP revealed a splice variant inThis study discusses a previously unreported association between monoallelic or biallelic

Purpose To define genotype–phenotype correlations in the largest cohort study worldwide of patients with biallelic ABCA4 variants, including 434 patients with Stargardt disease (STGD1) and 72 with cone-rod dystrophy (CRD). Design Cohort study. Methods We characterized 506 patients with ABCA4 variants using conventional genetic tools and next-generation sequencing technologies. Medical history and ophthalmologic data were obtained from 372 patients. Genotype–phenotype correlation studies were carried out for the following variables: variant type, age at symptom onset (AO), and clinical phenotype. Results A total of 228 different pathogenic variants were identified in 506 ABCA4 patients, 50 of which were novel. Genotype–phenotype correlations showed that most of the patients with biallelic truncating variants presented with CRD and that these cases had a significantly earlier AO than patients with STGD1. Three missense variants are associated with CRD for the first time (c.1804C>T; p.[Arg602Trp], c.3056C>T; p.[Thr1019Met], and c.6320G>C; p.[Arg2107Pro]). Analysis of the most prevalent ABCA4 variant in Spain, c.3386G>T; p.(Arg1129Leu), revealed that is correlated to STGD1, later AO, and foveal sparing. Conclusions Our study, conducted in the largest ABCA4-associated disease cohort reported to date, updates the genotype–phenotype model established for ABCA4 variants and broadens the mutational spectrum of the gene. According to our observations, patients with ABCA4 presenting with 2 truncating variants may first present features of STGD1 but eventually develop rod dysfunction, and specific missense variants may be associated with a different phenotype, underscoring the importance of an accurate genetic diagnosis. Also, it is a prerequisite for enrollment in clinical trials, and to date, no other treatment has been approved for STGD1.

The paired-domain transcription factor paired box gene 6 (PAX6) causes a wide spectrum of ocular developmental anomalies, including congenital aniridia, Peters anomaly and microphthalmia. Here, we aimed to functionally assess the involvement of seven potentially non-canonical splicing variants on missplicing of exon 6, which represents the main hotspot region for loss-of-functionBy locus-specific analysis ofFive out seven variants, including three synonymous changes, one small exonic deletion and one non-canonical splice variant, showed anomalous splicing patterns yielding partial exon skipping and/or elongation.We describe new spliceogenic mechanisms for

To assess the potential of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to characterize cases diagnosed with autosomal recessive (ar) or sporadic (s) macular dystrophies (ar/sMD) and describe their mutational spectrum.A cohort of 1036 families was classified according to their suspected clinical diagnosis-Stargardt disease (STGD), cone and cone-rod dystrophy (CCRD) or other maculopathies (otherMD). Molecular studies included genotyping microarrays, Sanger sequencing, NGS, and sequencing of intronic regions of the ABCA4 gene. Clinical reclassification was done after the genetic study.At the end of the study, 677 patients (65%) had a confirmed genetic diagnosis, representing 78%, 63%, and 38% of STGD, CCRD, and otherMD groups of patients, respectively. ABCA4 is the most mutated gene in all groups, and a second pathogenic variant was found in 76% of STGD patients with one previously identified mutated ABCA4 allele. Autosomal dominant or X-linked mutations were found in 5% of cases together with not-MD genes (CHM, EYS, RHO, RPGR, RLBP1, OPA1, and USH2A among others) leading to their reclassification. Novel variants in the very rare genes PLA2G5 and TTLL5 revealed additional phenotypic associations.This study provides for the first time a genetic landscape of 1036 ar/sMD families according to their suspected diagnosis. The analysis of200 genes associated with retinal dystrophies and the entire locus of ABCA4 increase the rate of characterization, even regardless of available clinical and familiar data. The use of the suspected a priori diagnosis referred by the clinicians, especially in the past, could lead to clinical reclassifications to other inherited retinal dystrophies.

Inversions are structural variants that are generally balanced. However, they could lead to gene disruptions or have positional effects leading to diseases. Mutations in the NHS gene cause Nance-Horan syndrome, an X-linked disorder characterised by congenital cataracts and dental anomalies. Here, we aimed to characterise a balanced pericentric inversion X(p22q27), maternally inherited, in a child with syndromic bilateral cataracts by breakpoint mapping using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). 30× Illumina paired-end WGS was performed in the proband, and breakpoints were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. EdU assays and FISH analysis were used to assess skewed X-inactivation patterns. RNA expression of involved genes in the breakpoint boundaries was evaluated by droplet-digital PCR. We defined the breakpoint position of the inversion at Xp22.13, with a 15 bp deletion, disrupting the unusually large intron 1 of the canonical NHS isoform, and also perturbing topologically-associated domains (TADs). Moreover, a microhomology region of 5 bp was found on both sides. RNA analysis confirmed null and reduced NHS expression in the proband and his unaffected mother, respectively. In conclusion, we report the first chromosomal inversion disrupting NHS, fine-mapped by WGS. Our data expand the clinical spectrum and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the NHS defects.