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Memoria final del Proyecto de innovación docente titulado "Conversión del Trabajo de Fin de Asignatura (TFA) en aportación de calidad al conocimiento social (V)" en el que se desarrollan metodologías activas de trabajo tutorizado de estudiantes para su transformación en artículos o mejoras de artículos de la Enciclopedia Virtual Wikipedia.

The genetic profile of the Varroa destructor mite infesting Apis mellifera iberiensis colonies located in the Iberian Peninsula and also on Canarian and Balearic islands was determined through standard molecular assays (RFLP of the mitochondrial cox1 fragment). The V. destructor Korea haplotype was found in all of the 575 samples analyzed except in one, confirming the worldwide expansion of the more virulent haplotype. The mitochondrial haplotypes of the honey bees from an apiary where the Japan haplotype was detected were also determined, but no significant relationship was observed in the parasite-host haplotype distribution., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), Depto. de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Las abejas melíferas son fundamentales para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en ecosistemas agrarios y naturales por su papel polinizador de cultivos y plantas silvestres, además de su interés por la elaboración de alimentos y otros productos de consumo humano. Estos insectos sociales son susceptibles de sufrir la infección de muchos patógenos que ponen en peligro la viabilidad de las colonias. Entre ellos, el microsporidio Nosema ceranae, agente causante de la nosemosis tipo C, es uno de los más prevalentes a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, a pesar de su amplia distribución y de las importantes repercusiones patológicas que tiene sobre las colonias de abejas, todavía se desconocen importantes aspectos de su epidemiología y, sobre todo, de su posible interacción con otros factores bióticos. Por este motivo, en la presente Tesis Doctoral se ha estudiado el papel de diversos factores involucrados en la infección utilizando colonias infectadas por N. ceranae de manera natural, con el fin de comparar el desarrollo de la infección a diferentes niveles (apiario, colonia y abejas individuales). Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio comparativo de la infección en seis colmenares distribuidos en cuatro países mediterráneos para analizar cómo varía la infección a lo largo del tiempo durante un período de veinte meses. Se comprobó que las condiciones de cada apiario y el manejo apícola influyen en el desarrollo de la infección afectando de forma significativa tanto el porcentaje de parasitación dentro de la colonia como la mortalidad de las colmenas. También se estudió el papel de las condiciones climáticas y, pese a que se intuye cierta influencia, no se ha podido establecer ninguna relación entre éstas y la parasitación del microsporidio dentro de la colonia. También cabe destacar que la mortalidad de las colonias registradas a lo largo del tiempo en los colmenares parece obedecer a un conjunto de factores y no solamente a la parasitación por N. ceranae..., Honey bees are essential to maintain biodiversity in agricultural and natural ecosystems due to their role as pollinators of crops and wild plants, in addition to their interest in the production of food and other products for human consumption. These social insects are susceptible to infection by many pathogens that threaten the viability of colonies. Among them, the microsporidium Nosema ceranae, the causative agent of nosemosis type C, is one of the most prevalent worldwide. However, despite its wide distribution and the important pathological impact it has on honey bee colonies, important aspects of its epidemiology and especially its possible interaction with other biotic factors are still unknown.For this reason, in this PhD Thesis the role of several factors involved in the infection have been studied using colonies naturally infected by N. ceranae, in order to compare the development of infection at different levels (apiary, colony and individual honey bees).In order to do this, a comparative study of the infection was carried out in six apiaries distributed in four Mediterranean countries to analyse how the infection varies over time during a period of twenty months. It was found that the conditions of each apiary and the beekeeping management influence the development of the infection, significantly affecting both the percentage of parasitization within the colony and the mortality of the colonies. The role of climatic conditions were also studied and, although some influence is suspected, it has not been possible to establish any relationships between these and the levels of the microsporidium within the colony. It is also noteworthy that the mortality of the colonies recorded over time in the apiaries seems to be due to a combination of factors and not only by N. ceranae infection...

El objetivo principal de la presente tesis es determinar qué características son las que debe tener una carta privada de los primeros siglos de nuestra era para poder considerarla procedente de un entorno cristiano. Para ello ha sido necesario avanzar en la investigación en dos vías interrelacionadas: por una parte recopilar y analizar las investigaciones anteriores acerca de las cartas privadas escritas en griego por los cristianos y por otra parte, recopilar un corpus de cartas que permitiera confirmar o desmentir si en ellas se encontraban las características necesarias para adscribir a los remitentes correspondientes a la religión cristiana. La tesis se inicia con un estado de la cuestión de la investigación acerca de las cartas privadas cristianas conservadas en papiro, para posteriormente analizar el concepto de carta en la Antigüedad, su estudio y enseñanza, la disquisición entre cartas públicas y privadas y comprobar las similitudes y diferencias entre las cartas privadas cristianas y las de los ámbitos y culturas cercanas. Una parte indispensable es la presentación y explicación de la estructura y fórmulas empleadas en las cartas privadas cristianas, con el objetivo de comprobar si hay características estructurales y formales específicamente cristianas o estas son adaptaciones y herencias de la epistolografía anterior..., The main objective of the present thesis is to determine what characteristics a private letter of the first centuries of our era must have in order to be considered as coming from a Christian environment. For this purpose, it has been necessary to advance in the researchin two interrelated ways: on the one hand, to compile and analyze previous research on private letters written in Greek by Christians and, on the other hand, to compile a corpus of letters that would allow us to confirm or deny whether they had the necessary characteristics to ascribe the corresponding senders to the Christian religion. The thesis begins with a state of the art of the research on private Christian letters preserved in papyrus, to later analyze the concept of letter in Antiquity, its study and teaching, the disquisition between public and private letters and to verify the similarities and differences between private Christian letters and those of neighboring spheres and cultures. An indispensable part is the presentation and explanation of the structure and formulas used in Christian private letters, with the objective of verifying if there are specifically Christian structural and formal characteristics or if these are adaptations and inheritances of the previous epistolography...

El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es investigar sobre «La identificación del muerto con Osiris durante el Egipto ptolemaico». El dios Osiris era uno de los más importantes del Antiguo Egipto y su popularidad se diseminó en el Mediterráneo debido a su mujer y hermana Isis. Además, los rituales funerarios en Egipto estaban ligados al mito osiriano, específicamente al proceso de embalsamamiento. La momificación era un ritual que se realizaba para conservar el cuerpo y, desde el Reino Medio, cumplía el propósito de identificar al difunto con Osiris a través de esta ceremonia. En algunos casos, pero no de forma tan habitual como se pensó en un primer momento en el ámbito de la egiptología, las mujeres se identificaban con la diosa de la fertilidad Hathor. La momificación continúa siendo el ritual funerario principal en el Egipto ptolemaico. Ser enterrado de cierta manera implica aceptar esta forma para la eternidad, lo cual se relaciona directamente con las creencias funerarias y con la identidad mortuoria. Esta última no se limita a un único aspecto, hay multitud de identidades en nosotros, pero la identidad funeraria solo es elegida una vez y dura para siempre. Debido a la multiplicidad de identidades, no es extraño que las personas que se identificaban como griegos en algunos aspectos de su vida diaria en el Egipto ptolemaico pudiesen elegir el ritual funerario egipcio para ser enterrados. Al contrario de lo que se solía pensar, los griegos y los egipcios no fueron dos grupos separados durante este periodo de la historia..., The aim of this dissertation is to investigate about «The identification of the dead with Osiris during the Ptolemaic Egypt». The god Osiris was one of the most important gods in Ancient Egypt, and its popularity widespread through the Mediterranean due to his wife and sister, Isis. Also, funerary rituals in Egypt were linked to the Osirian myth, specifically the embalming process. Mummification was an Egyptian ritual performed to preserve the body and, from the Middle Kingdom onwards, served the purpose of identifying the dead with Osiris through this ceremony. In some cases, but not as usual as Egyptology thought in the first place, women identified with the fertility goddess Hathor.Mummification in Ptolemaic Egypt continues to be the main funerary ritual. To be buried in a certain way is to accept this condition for eternity, that is directly related to funerary beliefs and mortuary identity. The latter is not restricted to a single aspect, there are a multitude of identities in us, but the funerary identity is only chosen once and lasts forever.Due to the multiplicity of cultural identities, it is not strange that people who identified as Greek in some aspects of their daily life in Ptolemaic Egypt would choose an Egyptian funerary ritual to be buried. As opposed to what we used to think, Greeks and Egyptians were not two separate social groups during this period of history...

This article presents managed honey bee colony loss rates over winter 2019/20 resulting from using the standardised COLOSS questionnaire in 37 countries. Six countries were from outside Europe, including, for the first time in this series of articles, New Zealand. The 30,491 beekeepers outside New Zealand reported 4.5% of colonies with unsolvable queen problems, 11.1% of colonies dead after winter and 2.6% lost through natural disaster. This gave an overall colony winter loss rate of 18.1%, higher than in the previous year. The winter loss rates varied greatly between countries, from 7.4% to 36.5%. 3216 beekeepers from New Zealand managing 297,345 colonies reported 10.5% losses for their 2019 winter (six months earlier than for other, Northern Hemisphere, countries). We modelled the risk of loss as a dead/empty colony or from unresolvable queen problems, for all countries except New Zealand. Overall, larger beekeeping operations with more than 50 colonies experienced significantly lower losses (p < 0.001). Migration was also highly significant (p < 0.001), with lower loss rates for operations migrating their colonies in the previous season. A higher proportion of new queens reduced the risk of colony winter loss (p < 0.001), suggesting that more queen replacement is better. All three factors, operation size, migration and proportion of young queens, were also included in a multivariable main effects quasi-binomial GLM and all three remained highly significant (p < 0.001). Detailed results for each country and overall are given in a table, and a map shows relative risks of winter loss at the regional level.

In the Mediterranean basin, the tick species Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch stands out among other species of the Hyalomma genus due to its wide distribution, and there is great concern about its potential role as a vector and/or reservoir and its continuous expansion to new areas because of climate warming and human and other animal movements. This review aims to consolidate all the information on H. lusitanicum, including taxonomy and evolution, morphological and molecular identification, life cycle, sampling methods, rearing under laboratory conditions, ecology, hosts, geographical distribution, seasonality, vector role and control methods. The availability of adequate data is extremely relevant to the development of appropriate control strategies in areas where this tick is currently distributed as well as in new areas where it could become established in the near future.

(1) Background: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii that have cases reported in humans and animals almost everywhere. The aim of this study was to describe the seasonality of Coxiella burnetii in the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum in a meso-Mediterranean ecosystem. (2) Methods: two populations of wild rabbits that differ in whether or not they share habitat with ungulates, mainly red deer (Cervus elaphus) were sampled for a year to collect ticks, blood and vaginal or anal swabs. Presence of C. burnetii DNA in swabs and the tick H. lusitanicum was determined by PCR and serum antibodies by ELISA. (3) Results: C. burnetii DNA was detected in 47.2% of 583 rabbits, in 65.5% of sera, and in more than half of the H. lusitanicum. There were small variations according to sex and age of the rabbits but significant according to the habitat (4) Conclusions: The results indicate that C. burnetii circulates freely between wild rabbits and H. lusitanicum and the sylvatic cycle in meso-Mediterranean environments relies in the presence of wild rabbits and H. lusitanicum above all if sharing habitat with red deer.

In this case report, we analyze the possible causes of the poor health status of a professional Apis mellifera iberiensis apiary located in Gajanejos (Guadalajara, Spain). Several factors that potentially favor colony collapse were identified, including Nosema ceranae infection, alone or in combination with other factors (e.g., BQCV and DWV infection), and the accumulation of acaricides commonly used to control Varroa destructor in the beebread (coumaphos and tau-fluvalinate). Based on the levels of residues, the average toxic unit estimated for the apiary suggests a possible increase in vulnerability to infection by N. ceranae due to the presence of high levels of acaricides and the unusual climatic conditions of the year of the collapse event. These data highlight the importance of evaluating these factors in future monitoring programs, as well as the need to adopt adequate preventive measures as part of national and international welfare programs aimed at guaranteeing the health and fitness of bees.