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In this research the metaphase chromosome number and karyotype of Astragalus stenosemioides species growing naturally in Turkey are studied. The study revealed that the chromosome number of A. stenosemioides is 2n = 16. The basic chromosome number of species is determined as x = 8. The karyotype formula of A. stenosemioides is 8m. The total length of the somatic chromosomes of A. stenosemioides ranges between 1.96 - 3.38 μm. The total haploid chromosome length of A. stenosemioides is determined as 21.36 μm. In addition, the karyotype asymmetry of the species was evaluated by different methods; Stebbins classification, TF%, AsK%, Syi and Rec, A1, A2, DI, A, and AI., Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de doğal olarak yetişen Astragalus stenosemioides türünün metafaz kromozom sayısı ve karyotipi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada A. stenosemioides'in kromozom sayısının 2n = 16 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Türün temel kromozom sayısı x = 8 olarak belirlenmiştir. A. stenosemioides'in karyotip formülü 8m'dir. Astragalus stenosemioides'in somatik kromozomlarının toplam uzunluğu 1.96 - 3.38 µm arasında değişmektedir. A. stenosemioides'in toplam haploid kromozom uzunluğu 21.36 µm olarak belirlenmiştir Ayrıca türün karyotip asimetrisi; Stebbins sınıflandırması, %TF, %AsK, Syi ve Rec, A1, A2, DI, A ve AI gibi farklı yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiştir.

In this study, the anatomical, micromorphological and karyological features of Rindera cetineri Yıldırım (Boraginaceae), an endemic species in Denizli, were investigated. In anatomical studies, cross sections for root and stem measurements, and cross and superficial sections for leaf measurements (base and stem leaf) were taken. The stomatal index was calculated by counting the stomata and epidermis cells on the upper and lower surfaces of the superficial sections taken from the leaves. In micromorphological studies, pollen type and surface ornamentation, seed shape, and surface ornamentation were determined. The pollen type of R. cetineri is 6-heterocolpate, the pollen shape is prolate-spheroidal, subprolate and the surface ornamentation is microgranulate. As a result of the karyological study, the somatic chromosome number of R. cetineri was determined as 2n=24., Bu çalışmada Denizli’de yayılış gösteren lokal endemik Rindera cetineri Yıldırım türünün anatomik, mikromorfolojik ve karyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Anatomik çalışmalarda kök ve gövde ölçümleri için enine kesitler, yaprak (taban ve gövde yaprağı) ölçümleri için enine ve yüzeysel kesitler alınmıştır. Yapraklardan alınan yüzeysel kesitlerde alt ve üst yüzeyde bulunan stoma ve epidermis hücreleri sayılarak stoma indeksi hesaplanmıştır. Mikromorfolojik çalışmalarda ise polen tipi ve yüzey ornamentasyonu ile tohum şekli ve yüzey ornamentasyonu belirlenmiştir. R. cetineri türünün polen tipi 6- heterokolpat olup polen şekli prolat-sferoidal, subprolat ve yüzey ornamentasyonu ise mikrogranulattır. Karyolojik çalışmalar sonucunda, R. cetineri türünün somatik kromozom sayısı 2n=24 olarak belirlenmiştir.

In section Dentati, the chromosome numbers were reported from only eight of 30 taxa. There is no chromosomal record relating to the other 22 taxa. In the present study, it is intended to detect the chromosome numbers of section Dentati taxa. Chromosome numbers of 15 taxa were obtained, 13 of which were reported for the first time and two numbers agreed with the previous reports. 14 taxa were diploid with 2x = 30 and only one taxon was polyploid with 4x = 60. Polyploidy might have played a role in the karyotype evolution of the genus. Although polyploidy was seen, there was no dysploidy causing to change in the basic chromosome number. According to all chromosomal data on Dianthus, the basic chromosome number was only one (x = 15). In conclusion, this study presents new data into the karyological characteristics of section Dentati (genus Dianthus) that may be useful for understanding or interpreting relationships among the sections., Dentati seksiyonunda, toplam 30 taksonun sadece sekizinin kromozom sayıları rapor edilmiştir. Diğer 22 taksona ait kromozomal kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Dentati seksiyonu taksonlarının kromozom sayılarının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. On üçü ilk kez rapor edilen, iki tanesi de önceki raporlarla uyumlu olan 15 taksonun kromozom sayısı elde edilmiştir. 14 takson 2x = 30 ile diploid ve sadece bir takson 4x = 60 ile poliploiddir. Poliploidi, cinsin karyotip evriminde rol oynamış olabilir. Poliploidi görülmesine rağmen, temel kromozom sayısını değiştirmeye neden olan disploidi yoktur. Dianthus'taki tüm kromozomal verilere göre, temel kromozom sayısı yalnızca bir tanedir (x = 15). Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, Dentati (cins Dianthus) seksiyonunun karyolojik özelliklerine, seksiyonlar arasındaki ilişkileri anlamak veya yorumlamak için faydalı olabilecek yeni veriler sunmaktadır.

OriganumL. is one of the high-value medicinal and aromatic plants generally used for various purposes in the field of food and health. This study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract, hydrosol and essential oil forms of sevenOriganumtaxa including three endemic species in fresh-cut mushroom samples in order to prevent polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Food samples were treated with these natural preservatives (aqueous extract, hydrosol, and essantial oil) and stored at 4 degrees C temperature for a maximum of 5 days. It was found that the extract form ofOriganum vulgareL. subsp.hirtum(Link) Ietsw. provided maximum PPO inhibition with 64.50% of reduction on 3rd day. Similarly, 3-fold reduction in hydrosol application was observed withOriganum bilgeriP. H. Davis which is the endemic plant. These results were conducted with the extract forms containing water are more effective than essential oil form to inhibit PPO activity. Practical applications In this study, we have investigated alternative usage of someOriganumplants as natural anti-browning food additives in mushroom samples. The samples separately treated with aqueous extract, hydrosol, and essential oil forms of differentOriganumplants were stored until 5 days. PPO activities of samples on 1st, 3rd, and 5th days were used to determinate the shelf life of mushrooms associating with their browness.

In this study, three hybrids of Origanum (Lamiaceae) were examined in detail using morphological, karyological, palynological and molecular approaches. One of the three hybrids, O. x aytacii, is here described for the first time, and is compared with its putative parents, O. sipyleum and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. In addition to morphological, karyological and palynological features, we also examined nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) sequences of O. x intermedium (O. onites x O. sipyleum), O. x intercedens (O. onites x O. vulgare subsp. hirtum) and their purported parental species that share the same area with the new hybrid. Pollen grains were hexacolpate and isopolar. The range of Polar/Equatorial ratio (P/E) of pollen for investigated taxa varied from 0.74 to 0.99. All investigated taxa are diploid with a chromosome number as 2n = 30. According to molecular results, O. x aytacii was the most polymorphic taxon. In addition, DNA sequences showed that O. x intercedens was more similar to O. vulgare subsp. hirtum than to O. onites, and O. x intermedium was more similar to O. onites than to O. sipyleum. Furthermore, O. onites and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum have many different ITS haplotypes, probably resulting from backcrossing with different individuals. Results obtained in this study demonstrate that hybridization has played a major role in the process of Origanum speciation.

Inthis study, karyotype analyses of three species belonging to the genus SisymbriumL. (Brassicaceae) and grown naturally in Turkey were conducted. These taxa areS. officinale (L.) Scop., S. runcinatum Lag. ex DC. and S.orientale L. The somatic chromosome number of 2n = 14 was reported forall species. Total chromosome lengths are between 1.33 and 2.43 µm in S.officinale, 1.30 and 2.48 µm in S. orientale, 1.02 and 2.18µm in S. runcinatum. The karyotypes are as follows: S. officinaleconsists of 12m + 2sm, S. orientale consists of 10m + 4sm and S. runcinatum consistsof 10m + 4sm chromosome pairs. S. runcinatum is the most asymmetricalkaryotype based on all index values., Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de doğalolarak yetişen Sisymbrium L.(Brassicaceae) cinsine ait üç türün karyotip analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu taksonlarS. officinale (L.) Scop., S. orientale L. ve S. runcinatum Lag. DC. taksonlarıdır. Tüm türler için somatikkromozom sayısı 2n = 14 olarakbildirilmiştir. Toplam kromozom uzunlukları, S. officinale'de 1.33 ve2.43 µm, S. orientale'de 1.30 ve 2.48 µm, S. runcinatum'da 1.02 ve2.18 µm arasındadır. Karyotipler aşağıdaki gibidir: S. officinale 12m + 2sm, S.orientale 10m + 4sm ve S. runcinatum10m + 4sm kromozom çiftinden oluşur S. runcinatum, tümendeks değerlerine göre en asimetrik karyotiptir.

Origanum munzurense Kit Tan & Sorger (Sect. Brevifilamentum Ietsw.) was described by Kit Tan & Sorger in 1984, and it is an accepted species related to O. acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietsw. belonging to sect. Brevifilamentum. It is morphologically intermediate between O. acutidens and O. vulgare L. subsp. gracile (K.Koch) Ietsw., and its type locality lies in the overlap zone between the geographic distributions of these two taxa. We hypothesized that O. munzurense is in fact a hybrid between the two aforementioned taxa and we tested this hypothesis with the general morphology, chromosome features, and nuclear (ITS1-ITS2) and chloroplast (rpl32) DNA sequences of specimens of O. munzurense and its putative parental species, O. vulgare subsp. gracile and O. acutidens. The somatic chromosome number of O. munzurense, O. vulgare subsp. gracile and O. acutidens were counted as 2n=30. Origanum munzurense presented polymorphic sites in the nuclear ITS region, but the chloroplast markers did not allow us to identify the putative maternal of O. munzurense. Our results suggest that O. munzurense is indeed a hybrid, and its rearrangement as a new homoploid hybrid (O. xmunzurense) would be more accurate. These present results support previous reports for the speciation of Origanum members via hybridization.