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Increased demand for customized products and reduced manufacturing times are key drivers towards modern, automated manufacturing systems. Manufacturing companies increasingly rely on simulation models of their manufacturing systems, with the goal to optimize critical production parameters and programming of their industrial assets. Simulation driven optimization concepts like digital twin and virtual commissioning are gaining popularity among manufacturing units to drive production rates higher. Manufacturing systems in the aerospace domain are highly complex, due to component size, tight tolerance requirements, and multi-tier manufacturing processes. Accurate simulations of robots and other programmable assets are needed, in order to lower the risk of collisions and manufacturing down times.In practice, this leads to inhomogeneous and even proprietary simulation environments, with different software interfaces. In this paper we introduce an accurate robotic arm simulation for industrial manufacturing robots that is based on open standards. This simulation environment is based on two open access standards, namely the Functional Mock-up Interface (FMI) and the Distributed Co-Simulation Protocol (DCP). In such a virtualized manufacturing process, the number of involved stakeholders is significantly higher. It includes software and simulation tool vendors, as well as robotic system providers. In such an environment, a modular software architecture based on open access standards is considered beneficial. The high number of aircraft customizations leads to continuous reprogramming of the involved systems. The challenge is to keep up with constant-quality manufacturing processes for aircraft components, requiring high levels of accuracy and reliability.

Co-simulation techniques have evolved significantly over the last 10 years. System simulation and hardware-in-the-loop testing are used to develop innovative products in many industrial sectors. Despite the success of these simulation techniques, their efficient application requires a systematic approach. In practice the integration and coupling of heterogeneous systems still require enormous efforts. At this point in time no unified process for integration and simulation of DCP-based co-simulation scenarios is available. In this article we present ProMECoS, a process model for efficient, standard-driven distributed co-simulation. It defines the necessary tasks required to prepare, instantiate and execute distributed co-simulations according to the DCP standard. Furthermore, it enables the exploitation of front-loading benefits, thus reducing the overall system development effort. ProMECoS is based on the IEEE 1730 standard for Distributed Simulation Engineering and Execution Process. It adopts the artefacts of the DCP specification, and defines additional process artefacts. The DCP specification and its associated default integration methodology were developed by a balanced consortium in context of the ITEA 3 project ACOSAR. The DCP is compatible to the well-adopted FMI standard. Therefore both standards can be used together for seamless development using models, software, and real components. ProMECoS provides the necessary guidance for efficient product development and testing.

Traditional timber construction has been increasingly transformed by industrial production; its characteristics, principles and possibilities have changed considerably. In order to develop the timber architecture of tomorrow, design and planning should be based on current production methods. Thus it can be expressive, economical and sustainable. This publication provides architects with design methods for contemporary, industrial timber construction. The focus is on an application-oriented teaching of basic principles for planning practice. The central question is: Under what conditions and according to what rules is modern timber construction ideally created? Editors and authors - experts from the field of execution and research - explain design and planning strategies against the background of their professional practice. The numerous references to applications can therefore be used directly for their own projects and planning. The book focuses on the design process. In the introductory part, the essential conditions of the material, general connections between production or design and planning are presented. With contributions from: Marianne Burkhalter and Christian Sumi, Claudia Escudero, Judith Gessler, Mathias Heinz, Richard Jussel, Hermann Kaufmann, Frank Lattke, Peter Makiol, Sandra König, Martin Krammer, Katharina Lehmann, Anja Meyer, Mario Rinke, Julia Selberherr, Kai Strehlke, Nikolas Wälli, Agnes Weilandt, Yves Weinand, Thomas Wehrle, Jan Willmann, Mark Aurel Wyss.

Today co-simulation methodologies are widely used for automotive system development. This approach supports distributed development and test of subsystems, which are engineered by different suppliers. The Functional Mock-Up Interface (FMI) as an open standard enables seamless integration of simulation models, tools and solvers. The recently published Distributed Co-Simulation Protocol (DCP) is an open standard application layer communication protocol. It represents a solution for the integration of models or real-time systems into simulation environments. While the DCP was designed for low overhead and realtime capable operation, it does not specify the exchange of time information during simulation. The DCP currently relies on external mechanisms for time synchronization. In this paper, we propose an extension to the DCP, enabling time synchronization between DCP slaves and the master. This enables time triggered exchange of simulation data, applicable to the DCP's real-time and non-real-time operating modes. Therefore it becomes possible to synchronize time between participants of a distributed co-simulation scenario. Many applications may benefit from our approach, including hardware- or software-in-the-loop scenarios, or mixed real-virtual prototypes for e.g. automated driving. We demonstrate the functionality of our extension with a use case from the automotive domain, which implements a lane keeping assist system.

Future automotive technologies become more and more autonomous and connected. This trend requires a rethinking of validation processes due to the amount of test kilometers needed. To be able to test automated and connected functions in many different traffic scenarios, virtual and mixed real-virtual prototypes will be used. Moreover, due to the complexity of such systems, cross-company cooperation is increasing and demands for common prototypes. Spatially distributed prototypes simplify and enhance cross-company collaboration due to faster provisioning of models and better IP protection. However, the setup of such prototypes is very time consuming due to the high integration effort. Here it is shown that the integration effort of spatially distributed prototypes can be massively reduced by using the Distributed Co-Simulation Protocol (DCP). A demonstrator consisting of a small scale test bed located in Graz and a co-simulation containing Bosch driving functions located in Renningen is presented. The demonstrated integration workflow as well as an analysis of the communication challenges of the coupling can be transferred to any other coupling of this kind.

The exciting new features, such as advanced driver assistance systems, fleet management systems, and autonomous driving, drive the need for built-in security solutions and architectural designs to mitigate emerging security threats. Thus, cybersecurity joins reliability and safety as a cornerstone for success in the automotive industry. As vehicle providers gear up for cybersecurity challenges, they can capitalize on experiences from many other domains, but nevertheless must face several unique challenges. Therefore, this article focuses on the enhancement of state-of-the-art development lifecycle for automotive cyber-physical systems toward the integration of security, safety and reliability engineering methods. Especially, four engineering approaches (HARA at concept level, FMEA and FTA at design level and HSI at implementation level) are extended to integrate security considerations into the development lifecycle.

Future automotive systems will exhibit increased levels of automation as well as ever tighter integration with other vehicles, traffic infrastructure, and cloud services. From safety perspective, this can be perceived as boon or bane - it greatly increases complexity and uncertainty, but at the same time opens up new opportunities for realizing innovative safety functions. Moreover, cybersecurity becomes important as additional concern because attacks are now much more likely and severe. Unfortunately, there is lack of experience with security concerns in context of safety engineering in general and in automotive safety departments in particular. To remediate this problem, we propose a systematic pattern-based approach that interlinks safety and security patterns and provides guidance with respect to selection and combination of both types of patterns in context of system engineering. The application of a combined safety and security pattern engineering workflow is shown and demonstrated by an automotive use case scenario.

In collaboration with ETH Zurich and industry partners, Swiss firm ERNE AG Holzbau has developed one of the largest robots for building component manufacturing in Europe. This multifunctional 7-axes machine can manufacture large building components from many different materials on an industrial scale, making it possible to mass produce complex shapes in an economically feasible way. Due to comprehensive planning and production within a digital chain, size restrictions only become an issue when a length of 48 m is reached.

The functional mockup interface (FMI) is a tool independent standard to support model exchange and cosimulation, as intended by the automotive industry to unify the exchange of simulation models between suppliers and OEMs. The standard defines functional mockup units (FMU) as components which implement the FMI. The creation and exchange of simulation models with customers and suppliers across the automotive supply chain is highly beneficial: In order to support early phases of development (requirement formulation, creation of executable specifications, and rapid prototyping) the creation of FMUs for co-simulation is reasonable. In this paper, we propose a structured method for generation of FMUs for co-simulation which are versatile, highly transportable and fast simulating. We show how to compile FMUs based on SystemC and SystemCAMS, representing digital as well as analog and mixed signal electric and electronic systems. This tool-independent method allows inclusion of existing simulation models with only minimal adaptations. Additionally, no modifications of the standardized libraries are necessary with the outlined approach. The resulting FMUs allow convenient exchange and fast co-simulation of automotive systems, as they may be integrated by any FMI compatible master tool. An automotive battery system use case is shown to highlight these advantages and to demonstrate the simulation performance of the resulting FMUs.

Experiments and finite element simulations have been conducted to characterize the temperature distribution in the specimen/die/punch setup and its evolution during field activated sintering. Significant temperature gradients were found in specimen in both radial and axial directions. The punches experience the highest temperatures, while the minimum is on the outer die surface, which is where the temperature is monitored for control purposes. The temperature difference between the specimen and die surface increases with temperature. In order to know the true specimen temperature, a calibration-based correction with respect to the typically used surface temperature is necessary.