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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2006.03.003 Byline: V. Martinet (a), L. Doyen (b) Keywords: Exhaustible resource; Sustainability; Viability kernel Abstract: We examine the conditions for the sustainability of a production-consumption system based on the use of an exhaustible natural resource. Instead of studying the environmental and economic interactions in terms of optimal control, we focus on the viability of the system, defined by a set of constraints combining guaranteed consumption and a stock of resources to be preserved at all times, which refers to a Rawlsian intergenerational equity perspective. Using the mathematical concept of viability kernel, which makes it possible to deal with the consistency between constraints and controlled dynamics, we exhibit the sustainable technological configurations and, whenever possible, the policy options and environmental-economic states required to obtain a perennial system. We point out the flexibility of the sustainable 'extraction-consumption' choices and we show how they are neither reduced to constant consumption paths nor to Hartwick's rule. Numerical simulations illustrate the general results. Author Affiliation: (a) EconomiX (UMR 7166 CNRS-UPX), Universite Paris X-Nanterre, 200 Avenue de la Republique, 92001 Nanterre Cedex, France (b) CERSP (UMR 5173 CNRS-MNHN), Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Article History: Received 25 November 2003; Revised 23 September 2005; Accepted 7 March 2006

The onset of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) occurs after 50 years of age in less than 2% of the cases. In older adults, the diagnosis is often delayed due to the presence of neurological degenerative and inflammatory comorbidities and overlapping sleep disorders. We report the case of a 63-year-old man with a 5-year history of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and a 2-year diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), which. OSAS was confirmed by respiratory polygraphy that showed an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 71 events/hour of sleep associated with significant nocturnal hypoxemia (lowest oxygen saturation: 53%), which lead to the initiation of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Cognitive complaints, unexplained spells of dizziness, and lack of improvement in EDS with CPAP led to further diagnostic investigation of infectious, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disorders. Low hypocretin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) confirmed the diagnosis of NT1, and the patient's symptoms improved with the treatment with pitolisant. Though exceptional in older adults, NT1 should be suspected in the presence of atypical EDS with neurological complaints, unexplained dizzy spells, or OSAS that resists the CPAP treatment. Low levels of hypocretin in the CSF are highly specific and rule out other neurological and sleep disorders., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Brazilian Sleep Association. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

In 2023, the European Union will vote on the reauthorization of glyphosate use, renewed in 2017 despite concern on impacts on the environment and public health. A ban is supported by several Member States but rejected by most farmers. What are citizens' preferences to phase out glyphosate? To assess whether taxation could be an alternative to a ban, we conducted a discrete choice experiment in five European countries. Our results reveal that the general public is strongly willing to pay for a reduction in glyphosate use. However, while 75.5% of respondents stated to support a ban in the pre-experimental survey, experimental results reveal that in 73.35% of cases, earmarked taxation schemes are preferred when they lead to a strong reduction in glyphosate use for an increase in food price lower than that induced by a ban. When glyphosate reduction is balanced against its costs, a tax may be preferred., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Bjørnåvold et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: In older people, dementia is a well-established risk factor for falls. However, the association and the causal relationship between falls and the earlier stages of cognitive impairment remains unclear. The purpose of the study was to review the literature data on the association between falls and cognitive impairment, no dementia, including Mild Cognitive Impairment., Methods: According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched five electronic databases (EMBASE, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, and PsychINFO) for articles published between January 2011 and August 2022 on observational studies of older people with a cognitive assessment and/or cognitive impairment diagnosis and a recording of falls. Their quality was reviewed according to the STROBE checklist., Results: We selected 42 of the 4934 initially retrieved publications. In 24 retrospective studies, a statistically significant association between falls and cognitive status was found in only 15 of the 32 comparisons (47%). Of the 27 cross-sectional analyses in prospective studies, only eight (30%) were positive and significant. We counted four longitudinal analyses, half of which suggested a causal relationship between falls and cognitive impairment. The investigational methods varied markedly from one study to another., Conclusion: It is still not clear whether falls are associated with cognitive impairment, no dementia. Data in favor of a causal relationship are scarce. Further studies are needed to clarify their relationship.

This data article contains annotation data characterizing Multi Criteria Assessment (MCA) Methods proposed in the agri-food sector by researchers from INRA, Europe's largest agricultural research institute (INRA, http://institut.inra.fr/en). MCA can be used to assess and compare agricultural and food systems, and support multi-actor decision making and design of innovative systems for crop production, animal production and processing of agricultural products. These data are stored in a public repository managed by INRA (https://data.inra.fr/; https://doi.org/10.15454/WB51LL).

CD8(+) T-cell memory phenotype and function are acquired after antigen-driven activation. Memory-like cells may also arise in absence of antigenic exposure in the thymus or in the periphery. Eomesodermin (Eomes) is a key transcription factor for the development of these unconventional memory cells. Herein, we show that type I interferon signalling in CD8(+) T cells directly activates Eomes gene expression. Consistent with this observation, the phenotype, function and age-dependent expansion of 'virtual memory' CD8(+) T cells are strongly affected in absence of type I interferon signalling. In addition, type I interferons induce a sustained expansion of 'virtual memory' CD8(+) T cells in an Eomes-dependent fashion. We further show that the development of 'innate thymic' CD8(+) T cells is dependent on the same pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrate that type I interferon signalling in CD8(+) T cells drives Eomes expression and thereby regulates the function and homeostasis of memory-like CD8(+) T cells.

Economic analysis addresses risk and long-term issues with discounted expected utility, focusing on optimality. Viability theory is rooted on satisfying sustainability constraints over time, focusing on feasibility. We build a bridge between these two approaches by establishing that viability is equivalent to an array of degenerate intertemporal optimization problems. First, we focus our attention on the deterministic case. We highlight the connections between the viability kernel and the minimum time of crisis. Carrying on, we lay out stochastic viability, turning the spotlight onto the notions of viable scenario and maximal viability probability. Our conceptual results bring the viability approach closer to the economic approach, especially in the stochastic case and regarding efficiency. We discuss the possible use of viability as a theoretical framework for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management and climate change issues.

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 plays a key role in innate responses against viruses. Indeed, activation of this transcription factor triggers the expression of type I interferons and downstream interferon-stimulated genes in infected cells. Recent evidences indicate that this pathway also modulates adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the different mechanisms that are implicated in this process. We discuss the role of IRF3 within antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes in the polarization of the cellular immune response and its implication in the pathogenesis of immune disorders.

Aims: To describe retinal and choroidal changes in acute and quiescent central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) observed with 'En face' spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) combined with enhanced-depth imaging (EDI)., Methods: A prospective and descriptive study at the Rothschild Ophthalmologic Foundation (Paris, France) between September 2011 and February 2012. Eyes with a clinical diagnosis of CSC were examined using SD OCT with EDI, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography. 3D reconstruction of 197 transverse sections with SD OCT, spaced of 30 μ, provided a virtual macular brick through which 496 sections in the coronal plane resulted in a C-scan or En face OCT image., Results: 23 of 29 eyes (79%) had serous retinal detachment (all active CSC) and 22 had pigment epithelial detachment (75%). Pigment epithelial hyperplasia was visualised in nine eyes (31%). Posterior cystoid retinal degenerations were present in five eyes (17%). The mean choroidal thickness was 491.5 μ. In 11 eyes (38%), En face OCT showed multiple hyper reflective points located at the level of the choriocapillary layer and choroidal cavitations were found in two patients., Conclusions: En face OCT imaging using SD OCT is an easy, reproducible, non-invasive and effective tool to understand choroidal changes in acute and quiescent CSCR. It provides complementary morphological information, describes new semiological entities and might substitute other exams in the future.

IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 plays a key role in innate responses against viruses. Herein we assessed its contribution to T-cell activation. We observed that poly(I:C)-induced IRF3 activation in CD8 T cells represses IL-17 expression in a type I IFN-independent fashion. Even in the absence of poly(I:C), polyclonally activated naïve IRF3(-/-) CD8 T cells expressed high levels of IL-17 and IL-23R in comparison with wild-type cells. Furthermore, IRF3(-/-) OT1 cells adoptively transferred into wild-type hosts also produced higher IL-17 levels upon immunization than their wild-type counterparts. This phenotype could be reversed by ectopic expression of IRF3, confirming that this effect is intrinsic to T cells. We show that IRF3 directly interacts with RORγt in the cytoplasm through its IRF interaction domain and limits its ability to bind and transactivate the IL-17 promoter. These observations uncover an unexpected role of IRF3 in the control of CD8 T-cell polarization., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

To analyze the characteristics and the course of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to determine correlations between clinical, tomographic and angiographic data, in particular including retinal ischemia. In this retrospective study, 53 consecutive patients with CRVO were included. At each follow-up visit, patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and OCT. Fluorescein angiography was performed at baseline and on demand during follow-up. 243 OCTs were analyzed. Mean age was 61 years and mean follow-up 13 months. The first structural change, observed very early after the onset of the occlusion, was a diffuse increase at the level of the outer nuclear layer without change at the level of the inner retina. This early change seemed characteristic of retinal vein occlusion. Cystoid spaces were subsequently observed in all retinal layers and were combined with serous retinal detachment in 51 %. During the first 6 months, central retinal thickness was higher in ischemic CRVO (mean, 691 μm) than in non-ischemic CRVO (mean, 440 μm, p < 0.01). In eyes with foveal thickness (central retinal thickness without subretinal fluid) of 700 μm or greater, peripheral ischemia was present in 69 % of eyes, final BCVA was 20/200 or less in 75 % and never reached 20/40 during follow-up. The integrity of the junction of the photoreceptors' inner and outer segments was correlated with a better prognosis (p < 0.05). Foveal thickness was inversely correlated to BCVA at each visit and could have a prognostic value. OCT examination in CRVO revealed useful data for the diagnosis of CRVO and its prognosis. The largest macular edemas seemed to be the hallmark of ischemic CRVO.

Aims: Drusen are rarely observed in patients < 50 years of age. Two types of early onset drusen (EOD) are commonly described: basal laminar drusen (BLD) and drusen associated with Malattia Leventinese (ML). Our purpose was to classify the phenotype of EOD on the basis of fundus examination, and fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) features., Methods: We performed a prospective study including 48 consecutive EOD patients. All of them had a complete ophthalmologic examination including FA and ICGA., Results: BLD (67%) were extremely hyperfluorescent on FA and ICGA. ML (10%) was characterised by a combination of small radial and large round drusen with differences in staining in both FA and ICGA. We evidenced a third type of EOD (23%) harbouring an aspect of large colloid drusen (LCD), mildly hyperfluorescent in the early phases of FA, with a progressive staining in late phases. In intermediate and late phases of ICGA, LCD presented as hypofluorescent dot surrounded by a hyperfluorescent halo bordered by a thin hypofluorescent ring., Conclusion: Three types of EOD are distinguished by their FA and ICGA features. We report a new kind of juvenile drusen, distinct from BLD and ML, named LCD, associated with a good vision and absence of complications.

Purpose: Vitreoretinal dysplasia is characterized by a congenital bilateral nonattachment of the retina. In some cases, anteroposition of the iris and lens can lead to corneolenticular contact and corneal opacity, masquerading as Peters' anomaly. We report 3 cases of vitreoretinal dysplasia initially diagnosed as Peters' anomaly., Methods: Case report., Results: Case 1: In a 3-year-old boy with bilateral corneal opacities, high frequency ultrasound showed iridolenticular adherences as in Peters' anomaly, but color Doppler imaging of the posterior pole revealed a bilateral total retinal detachment. Case 2: In an 18-month-old boy with bilateral corneal opacity and dense cataract, ultrasound revealed a shallow anterior chamber and bilateral vitreous hemorrhage with retinal detachment. Case 3: In a 6-month-old girl with bilateral central corneal opacity, shallow anterior chamber, iridocorneal synechiae, and a cataract, ultrasound revealed a total retinal detachment in the right eye, and was uncertain in the left eye. Corneal transplantation was attempted in the left eye, but a retinal detachment was discovered peroperatively. There were associated central nervous system anomalies., Conclusions: Vitreoretinal dysplasia is a potentially evolving disease and can lead to anterior chamber thinning, corneal opacity, and secondary glaucoma. Anterior and posterior segment ultrasound is essential to fix the correct diagnosis and prognosis.

Multiple white evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) and acute idiopathic blind spot syndrome enlargement (AIBSE) are two acute retinopathies occurring in young patients: improvement is the rule. The present review describes two cases: one case of MEWDS and one of AIBSE. We observed these patients from the acute phase until absolute recovery. Comparing these two reports, we noted differences in ophthalmoscopic, fluorescein angiographics, and multifocal electroretinographic (mERG) analysis, but common findings were observed in clinical presentation and indocyanine green imagery. The first and recent description of these two disorders dates from less than 25 years ago. Although the pathophysiology is still unknown, some authors suggest that these two syndromes could be two different expressions of the same disease, depending on the patient's sensitivity. In our two case reports, multifocal ERG anomalies were directly related to visual impairment and visual field alterations. MEWDS and AIBSE are two acute retinopathies that must be recognized, because of the spontaneous visual recovery that the patient needs to understand for a good follow-up.

Background: Our aim was to compare the ovarian response of HIV-positive and -negative patients during IVF., Methods: Setting - HIV and IVF reference university hospital. Twenty-seven HIV-infected patients who had undergone IVF between March 2000 and March 2005 were matched with 77 HIV-negative patients for age, aetiology of infertility, whether it was primary or secondary infertility, duration of infertility, history of pelvic surgery and type of pituitary inhibition. Outcome - poor responders were defined using one of the following criteria: a cancelled cycle (for insufficient ovarian response), less than four mature follicles (> or = 16 mm), peak serum levels of E2 lower than 1000 pg/ml., Results: There were no differences between the two groups of patients for the matched criteria. The proportion of African women and of women with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease was significantly higher among HIV patients than among the control group. With the exception of a lower number of transferred embryos among HIV-positive patients versus HIV-negative ones (1.3 versus 1.9; P = 0.035), there was no significant difference between the two groups of patients regarding ovarian response parameters., Conclusion: HIV-infected patients who are in good general condition and who are matched to a control group present a similar ovarian response to stimulation, suggesting the existence of a similar ovarian reserve.