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1. Partial asynchrony of coniferous forest carbon sources and sinks at the intra-annual time scale

Author

Silvestro, Roberto, Mencuccini, Maurizio, García-Valdés, Raúl, Antonucci, Serena, Arzac, Alberto, Biondi, Franco, Buttò, Valentina, Camarero, J. Julio, Campelo, Filipe, Cochard, Hervé, Čufar, Katarina, Cuny, Henri E., de Luis, Martin, Deslauriers, Annie, Drolet, Guillaume, Fonti, Marina V., Fonti, Patrick, Giovannelli, Alessio, Gričar, Jožica, Gruber, Andreas, Gryc, Vladimír, Guerrieri, Rossella, Güney, Aylin, Guo, Xiali, Huang, Jian-Guo, Jyske, Tuula, Kašpar, Jakub, Kirdyanov, Alexander V., Klein, Tamir, Lemay, Audrey, Li, Xiaoxia, Liang, Eryuan, Lintunen, Anna, Liu, Feng, Lombardi, Fabio, Ma, Qianqian, Mäkinen, Harri, Malik, Rayees A., Martinez del Castillo, Edurne, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mayr, Stefan, Morin, Hubert, Nabais, Cristina, Nöjd, Pekka, Oberhuber, Walter, Olano, José M., Ouimette, Andrew P., Paljakka, Teemu V. S., Peltoniemi, Mikko, Peters, Richard L., Ren, Ping, Prislan, Peter, Rathgeber, Cyrille B. K., Sala, Anna, Saracino, Antonio, Saulino, Luigi, Schiestl-Aalto, Piia, Shishov, Vladimir V., Stokes, Alexia, Sukumar, Raman, Sylvain, Jean-Daniel, Tognetti, Roberto, Treml, Václav, Urban, Josef, Vavrčík, Hanuš, Vieira, Joana, von Arx, Georg, Wang, Yan, Yang, Bao, Zeng, Qiao, Zhang, Shaokang, Ziaco, Emanuele, and Rossi, Sergio

Published
2024
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3. Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content

Author

Konings, Alexandra G, Saatchi, Sassan S, Frankenberg, Christian, Keller, Michael, Leshyk, Victor, Anderegg, William RL, Humphrey, Vincent, Matheny, Ashley M, Trugman, Anna, Sack, Lawren, Agee, Elizabeth, Barnes, Mallory L, Binks, Oliver, Cawse‐Nicholson, Kerry, Christoffersen, Bradley O, Entekhabi, Dara, Gentine, Pierre, Holtzman, Nataniel M, Katul, Gabriel G, Liu, Yanlan, Longo, Marcos, Martinez‐Vilalta, Jordi, McDowell, Nate, Meir, Patrick, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Mrad, Assaad, Novick, Kimberly A, Oliveira, Rafael S, Siqueira, Paul, Steele‐Dunne, Susan C, Thompson, David R, Wang, Yujie, Wehr, Richard, Wood, Jeffrey D, Xu, Xiangtao, and Zuidema, Pieter A

Subjects
Climate Action, Droughts, Ecosystem, Forests, Plant Leaves, Trees, Xylem, drought response, drought-induced tree mortality, microwave remote sensing, pressure-volume, vegetation optical depth, vegetation water content, water potential, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Ecology
Abstract

Droughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demanding in situ measurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem-scale analog of the pressure-volume curve, the non-linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem-scale pressure-volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions-which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.

Published
2021

6. Pre- and post-drought conditions drive resilience of Pinus halepensis across its distribution range

Author

Veuillen, Léa, Prévosto, Bernard, Alfaro-Sánchez, Raquel, Badeau, Vincent, Battipaglia, Giovanna, Beguería, Santiago, Bravo, Felipe, Boivin, Thomas, Camarero, J. Julio, Čufar, Katarina, Davi, Hendrik, De Luis, Martin, Del Campo, Antonio, Del Rio, Miren, Di Filippo, Alfredo, Dorman, Michael, Durand-Gillmann, Marion, Ferrio, Juan Pedro, Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo, González-Sanchis, Maria, Granda, Elena, Guibal, Frederic, Gutierrez, Emilia, Helluy, Manon, El Khorchani, Ali, Klein, Tamir, Levillain, Joseph, Linares, Juan Carlos, Manrique-Alba, Angela, Martinez Vilalta, Jordi, Molina, Antonio J., Moreno‐Gutiérrez, Cristina, Nicault, Antoine, Olivar, Jorge, Papadopoulos, Andreas, Perevolotsky, Avi, Rathgeber, Cyrille, Ribas, Montse, Ripullone, Francesco, Ruano, Irene, Saintonge, Francois-Xavier, Sánchez-Salguero, Raul, Sarris, Dimitrios, Serra-Maluquer, Xavier, Svoray, Tal, Tallieu, Clara, Valor, Teresa, Vennetier, Michel, Voltas, Jordi, and Cailleret, Maxime

Published
2023
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9. The 2018 European heatwave led to stem dehydration but not to consistent growth reductions in forests

Author

Salomón, Roberto L., Peters, Richard L., Zweifel, Roman, Sass-Klaassen, Ute G. W., Stegehuis, Annemiek I., Smiljanic, Marko, Poyatos, Rafael, Babst, Flurin, Cienciala, Emil, Fonti, Patrick, Lerink, Bas J. W., Lindner, Marcus, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, van der Maaten, Ernst, von Arx, Georg, Bär, Andreas, Akhmetzyanov, Linar, Balanzategui, Daniel, Bellan, Michal, Bendix, Jörg, Berveiller, Daniel, Blaženec, Miroslav, Čada, Vojtěch, Carraro, Vinicio, Cecchini, Sébastien, Chan, Tommy, Conedera, Marco, Delpierre, Nicolas, Delzon, Sylvain, Ditmarová, Ľubica, Dolezal, Jiri, Dufrêne, Eric, Edvardsson, Johannes, Ehekircher, Stefan, Forner, Alicia, Frouz, Jan, Ganthaler, Andrea, Gryc, Vladimír, Güney, Aylin, Heinrich, Ingo, Hentschel, Rainer, Janda, Pavel, Ježík, Marek, Kahle, Hans-Peter, Knüsel, Simon, Krejza, Jan, Kuberski, Łukasz, Kučera, Jiří, Lebourgeois, François, Mikoláš, Martin, Matula, Radim, Mayr, Stefan, Oberhuber, Walter, Obojes, Nikolaus, Osborne, Bruce, Paljakka, Teemu, Plichta, Roman, Rabbel, Inken, Rathgeber, Cyrille B. K., Salmon, Yann, Saunders, Matthew, Scharnweber, Tobias, Sitková, Zuzana, Stangler, Dominik Florian, Stereńczak, Krzysztof, Stojanović, Marko, Střelcová, Katarína, Světlík, Jan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tobin, Brian, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Urban, Josef, Valladares, Fernando, Vavrčík, Hanuš, Vejpustková, Monika, Walthert, Lorenz, Wilmking, Martin, Zin, Ewa, Zou, Junliang, and Steppe, Kathy

Published
2022
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14. The impacts of rising vapour pressure deficit in natural and managed ecosystems

Author

Novick, Kimberly A., Ficklin, Darren L., Grossiord, Charlotte, Konings, Alexandra G., Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Sadok, Walid, Trugman, Anna T., Williams, A. Park, Wright, Alexandra J., Abatzoglou, John T., Dannenberg, Matthew P., Gentine, Pierre, Guan, Kaiyu, Johnston, Miriam R., Lowman, Lauren E. L., Moore, David J. P., Mcdowell, Nate G., Novick, Kimberly A., Ficklin, Darren L., Grossiord, Charlotte, Konings, Alexandra G., Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Sadok, Walid, Trugman, Anna T., Williams, A. Park, Wright, Alexandra J., Abatzoglou, John T., Dannenberg, Matthew P., Gentine, Pierre, Guan, Kaiyu, Johnston, Miriam R., Lowman, Lauren E. L., Moore, David J. P., and Mcdowell, Nate G.

Abstract

An exponential rise in the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the most consequential impacts of climate change in terrestrial ecosystems. Rising VPD has negative and cascading effects on nearly all aspects of plant function including photosynthesis, water status, growth and survival. These responses are exacerbated by land-atmosphere interactions that couple VPD to soil water and govern the evolution of drought, affecting a range of ecosystem services including carbon uptake, biodiversity, the provisioning of water resources and crop yields. However, despite the global nature of this phenomenon, research on how to incorporate these impacts into resilient management regimes is largely in its infancy, due in part to the entanglement of VPD trends with those of other co-evolving climate drivers. Here, we review the mechanistic bases of VPD impacts at a range of spatial scales, paying particular attention to the independent and interactive influence of VPD in the context of other environmental changes. We then evaluate the consequences of these impacts within key management contexts, including water resources, croplands, wildfire risk mitigation and management of natural grasslands and forests. We conclude with recommendations describing how management regimes could be altered to mitigate the otherwise highly deleterious consequences of rising VPD.|Rising atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (or VPD) is one of the most widespread and significant consequences of climate warming for terrestrial ecosystems. This article reviews the mechanistic bases of these usually deleterious impacts and synthesises that information into a set of management recommendations to mitigate them.

Published
2024
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15. Community assembly influences plant trait economic spectra and functional trade-offs at ecosystem scales.

Author

Anderegg, William R. L., Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mencuccini, Maurizio, and Poyatos, Rafael

Subjects
*SOCIAL influence, *CLIMATE feedbacks, *ECOSYSTEM dynamics, *CARBON cycle, *ECOSYSTEMS, *PLANTATIONS, *WATER shortages
Abstract

Plant functional traits hold the potential to greatly improve the understanding and prediction of climate impacts on ecosystems and carbon cycle feedback to climate change. Traits are commonly used to place species along a global conservative-acquisitive trade-off, yet how and if functional traits and conservative-acquisitive trade-offs scale up to mediate community and ecosystem fluxes is largely unknown. Here, we combine functional trait datasets and multibiome datasets of forest water and carbon fluxes at the species, community, and ecosystem-levels to quantify the scaling of the tradeoff between maximum flux and sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit. We find a strong conservative-acquisitive trade-off at the species scale, which weakens modestly at the community scale and largely disappears at the ecosystem scale. Functional traits, particularly plant water transport (hydraulic) traits, are strongly associated with the key dimensions of the conservative-acquisitive trade-off at community and ecosystem scales, highlighting that trait composition appears to influence community and ecosystem flux dynamics. Our findings provide a foundation for improving carbon cycle models by revealing i) that plant hydraulic traits are most strongly associated with community-and ecosystem scale flux dynamics and ii) community assembly dynamics likely need to be considered explicitly, as they give rise to ecosystem-level flux dynamics that differ substantially from trade-offs identified at the species-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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16. Challenges for drought assessment in the Mediterranean region under future climate scenarios

Author

Tramblay, Yves, Koutroulis, Aristeidis, Samaniego, Luis, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., Volaire, Florence, Boone, Aaron, Le Page, Michel, Llasat, Maria Carmen, Albergel, Clement, Burak, Selmin, Cailleret, Maxime, Kalin, Ksenija Cindrić, Davi, Hendrik, Dupuy, Jean-Luc, Greve, Peter, Grillakis, Manolis, Hanich, Lahoucine, Jarlan, Lionel, Martin-StPaul, Nicolas, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mouillot, Florent, Pulido-Velazquez, David, Quintana-Seguí, Pere, Renard, Delphine, Turco, Marco, Türkeş, Murat, Trigo, Ricardo, Vidal, Jean-Philippe, Vilagrosa, Alberto, Zribi, Mehrez, and Polcher, Jan

Published
2020
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17. When a Tree Dies in the Forest: Scaling Climate-Driven Tree Mortality to Ecosystem Water and Carbon Fluxes

Author

Anderegg, William RL, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Cailleret, Maxime, Camarero, Jesus Julio, Ewers, Brent E, Galbraith, David, Gessler, Arthur, Grote, Rüdiger, Huang, Cho-ying, Levick, Shaun R, Powell, Thomas L, Rowland, Lucy, Sánchez-Salguero, Raúl, and Trotsiuk, Volodymyr

Subjects
Zoology, Biological Sciences, Climate Action, disturbance, recovery, resilience, productivity, biodiversity, carbon and water fluxes, Environmental Sciences, Ecology
Abstract

Drought- and heat-driven tree mortality, along with associated insect outbreaks, have been observed globally in recent decades and are expected to increase in future climates. Despite its potential to profoundly alter ecosystem carbon and water cycles, how tree mortality scales up to ecosystem functions and fluxes is uncertain. We describe a framework for this scaling where the effects of mortality are a function of the mortality attributes, such as spatial clustering and functional role of the trees killed, and ecosystem properties, such as productivity and diversity. We draw upon remote-sensing data and ecosystem flux data to illustrate this framework and place climate-driven tree mortality in the context of other major disturbances. We find that emerging evidence suggests that climate-driven tree mortality impacts may be relatively small and recovery times are remarkably fast (~4 years for net ecosystem production). We review the key processes in ecosystem models necessary to simulate the effects of mortality on ecosystem fluxes and highlight key research gaps in modeling. Overall, our results highlight the key axes of variation needed for better monitoring and modeling of the impacts of tree mortality and provide a foundation for including climate-driven tree mortality in a disturbance framework.

Published
2016

23. The Anatomy and Functioning of the Xylem in Oaks

Author

Robert, Elisabeth M. R., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Meinzer, Frederick C., Series editor, Niinemets, Ülo, Series editor, Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio, editor, Peguero-Pina, José Javier, editor, and Sancho-Knapik, Domingo, editor

Published
2017
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36. Networking the forest infrastructure towards near real-time monitoring – A white paper

Author

Zweifel, Roman, Pappas, Christoforos, Peters, Richard L., Babst, Flurin, Balanzategui, Daniel, Basler, David, Bastos, Ana, Beloiu, Mirela, Buchmann, Nina, Bose, Arun K., Braun, Sabine, Damm, Alexander, D'Odorico, Petra, Eitel, Jan U.H., Etzold, Sophia, Fonti, Patrick, Rouholahnejad Freund, Elham, Gessler, Arthur, Haeni, Matthias, Hoch, Günter, Kahmen, Ansgar, Körner, Christian, Krejza, Jan, Krumm, Frank, Leuchner, Michael, Leuschner, Christoph, Lukovic, Mirko, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Matula, Radim, Meesenburg, Henning, Meir, Patrick, Plichta, Roman, Poyatos, Rafael, Rohner, Brigitte, Ruehr, Nadine, Salomón, Roberto L., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schaub, Marcus, Steger, David N., Steppe, Kathy, Still, Christopher, Stojanović, Marko, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Vitasse, Yann, von Arx, Georg, Wilmking, Martin, Zahnd, Cedric, and Sterck, Frank

Published
2023
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43. Mechanisms of woody-plant mortality under rising drought, CO2 and vapour pressure deficit

Author

McDowell, Nate G., Sapes, Gerard, Pivovaroff, Alexandria, Adams, Henry D., Allen, Craig D., Anderegg, William R. L., Arend, Matthias, Breshears, David D., Brodribb, Tim, Choat, Brendan, Cochard, Herve, De Caceres, Miquel, De Kauwe, Martin G., Grossiord, Charlotte, Hammond, William M., Hartmann, Henrik, Hoch, Gunter, Kahmen, Ansgar, Klein, Tamir, Mackay, D. Scott, Mantova, Marylou, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Medlyn, Belinda E., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Nardini, Andrea, Oliveira, Rafael S., Sala, Anna, Tissue, David T., Torres-Ruiz, Jose M., Trowbridge, Amy M., Trugman, Anna T., Wiley, Erin, Xu, Chonggang, McDowell, Nate G., Sapes, Gerard, Pivovaroff, Alexandria, Adams, Henry D., Allen, Craig D., Anderegg, William R. L., Arend, Matthias, Breshears, David D., Brodribb, Tim, Choat, Brendan, Cochard, Herve, De Caceres, Miquel, De Kauwe, Martin G., Grossiord, Charlotte, Hammond, William M., Hartmann, Henrik, Hoch, Gunter, Kahmen, Ansgar, Klein, Tamir, Mackay, D. Scott, Mantova, Marylou, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Medlyn, Belinda E., Mencuccini, Maurizio, Nardini, Andrea, Oliveira, Rafael S., Sala, Anna, Tissue, David T., Torres-Ruiz, Jose M., Trowbridge, Amy M., Trugman, Anna T., Wiley, Erin, and Xu, Chonggang

Abstract

Drought-associated woody-plant mortality has been increasing in most regions with multi-decadal records and is projected to increase in the future, impacting terrestrial climate forcing, biodiversity and resource availability. The mechanisms underlying such mortality, however, are debated, owing to complex interactions between the drivers and the processes. In this Review, we synthesize knowledge of drought-related tree mortality under a warming and drying atmosphere with rising atmospheric CO2. Drought-associated mortality results from water and carbon depletion and declines in their fluxes relative to demand by living tissues. These pools and fluxes are interdependent and underlay plant defences against biotic agents. Death via failure to maintain a positive water balance is particularly dependent on soil-to-root conductance, capacitance, vulnerability to hydraulic failure, cuticular water losses and dehydration tolerance, all of which could be exacerbated by reduced carbon supply rates to support cellular survival or the carbon starvation process. The depletion of plant water and carbon pools is accelerated under rising vapour pressure deficit, but increasing CO2 can mitigate these impacts. Advancing knowledge and reducing predictive uncertainties requires the integration of carbon, water and defensive processes, and the use of a range of experimental and modelling approaches., Enhanced drought frequency and magnitude have impacted tree mortality, leading to multiple examples of regional-scale dieback. This Review outlines the mechanisms leading to mortality, including carbon starvation and hydraulic failure.

Published
2022
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44. A Plumber's-Eye View of Xylem Water Transport in Woody Plants

Author

Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi and Pinol, Josep

Abstract

We present a practical for university-level students aimed at measuring and comparing xylem hydraulic properties of co-existing plant species. After sampling branches of several woody species in the field, their main hydraulic properties were measured using a simple set-up. Hydraulic conductivity ("K[subscript h]") was calculated as the ratio between water flow through a plant segment and the pressure gradient driving the flow. The percent reduction in conductivity due to xylem embolism (i.e. air-filled conduits) was estimated by comparing "K[subscript h]" before and after flushing the measure segments to remove all native embolism. Raw hydraulic conductivity was standardised by cross-sectional wood area or supported leaf area to obtain more meaningful measures of conducting capacity. The results showed differences among study species, particularly between conifers and angiosperms. These differences are briefly discussed in terms of wood anatomy and the general biology of the species. Overall the practical provides a good opportunity for students to appreciate the main aspects of xylem water transport and the constraints it imposes on plant water relations. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.)

Published
2004
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49. Make Your Own Transpiring Tree

Author

Martinez Vilalta, Jordi, Sauret, Miquel, Duro, Alicia, and Pinol, Josep

Abstract

In this paper we present a simple set-up that illustrates the mechanism of sap ascent in plants and demonstrates that it can easily draw water up to heights of a few meters. The set-up consists of a tube with the lower end submerged in water and the upper one connected to a filter supported by a standard filter-holder. The evaporation of water from the filter surface causes a tension large enough to pull the water up the column against gravity. The flow of water leaving the system was visualised by continuously weighing the water container with a balance. The set-up worked for at least 4 days before the water column broke, with typical flows of approximately 10 mg min[superscript -1]. Knowledge tests with second year university biology students prior to the activity indicated general ignorance not only of the mechanism of sap ascent but also of transpiration itself. After explaining the mechanism of sap ascent with the aid of the set-up all students were able to explain correctly the main aspects of the cohesion-tension theory. The pedagogical value of the set-up, both at the secondary and university levels, is discussed. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

Published
2003
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