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2. Comparison Between Young Male Drivers’ Self-assessed and Objectively Measured Driving Skills

Author

Martinussen, Laila M., Møller, Mette, Prato, Carlo G., Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory editor, and Stanton, Neville A, editor

Published
2018
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11. Preliminary results from the project 'Slow On the Bottle – Enjoy the Road (SOBER)'

Author

MArtinussen, Laila M. and Sømhovd, Mikael J.

Abstract

Attitude-based interventions are often a key element in attempts to change behavior, but do not always have the expected effect. A reason for the lack of success may be that people have two types of attitudes, explicit (introspectively accessible, what people say they mean) and implicit attitudes (not accessible to conscious introspection, cannot be measured by questionnaires, but by other experiments methods). Implicit attitudes are assessed by measuring participants implicit associations between a target category (here drunk-driving and sober-driving) and valence categories (here good and bad words). International research shows that a person’s implicit associations’ sensitivity can be changed by relatively simple behavioral methods. This study aims to adjust existing methods of implicit associations’ measurement and of implicit associations change, to measure and change implicit associations towards drunk-driving. As a first step, implicit associations towards drunk-driving and sober-driving were measured with the Go/No-Go Associations Task (GNAT), and the implicit associations change was performed with behavioral training method, the Avoid/Approach Task (AAT). The preliminary results show that the GNAT successfully measures implicit associations towards drunk-driving and sober-driving. Also, the preliminary results show that the implicit associations towards drunk-driving and sober-driving were changed with the AAT. The results are promising as it looks like both instruments are applicable. The study has both national and international value, as the first study that measures implicit attitudes towards drunk-driving and also the first to try to change drunk-driving implicit attitudes. Pending a complete sample and further analysis, the results will reveal drunk-driving attitudes and if these attitudes can be changed in a socially beneficial ways., Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Vol. 24 No. 1 (2017): Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University

Published
2017
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15. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III and the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Short Form: a confirmatory factor analysis.

Author

Vambheim, Sara M., Lyby, Peter Solvoll, Aslaksen, Per M., Flaten, Magne Arve, Åsli, Ole, and Martinussen, Laila M.

Subjects
CONFIRMATORY factor analysis, PAIN management, PAIN, TOOTHACHE, ANALGESIA
Abstract

Background: The Fear of Pain Questionnaire-III (FPQ-III) is a widely used instrument to assess the fear of pain (FOP) in clinical and nonclinical samples. The FPQ-III has 30 items and is divided into three subscales: Severe Pain, Minor Pain and Medical Pain. Due to findings of poor fit of the original three-factor FPQ-III model, the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (FPQ-SF) four-factor model has been suggested as an alternative. The FPQ-SF is a revised version of the FPQ-III, reduced to 20 items and subdivided into four subscales: Severe Pain, Minor Pain, Injection Pain and Dental Pain. Aims and methods: The purpose of the study was to investigate the model fit, reliability and validity of the FPQ-III and the FPQ-SF in a Norwegian nonclinical sample, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The second aim was to explore the model fit of the two scales in male and female subgroups separately, since previous studies have uncovered differences in how well the questionnaires measure FOP across sex; thus, the questionnaires might not be sex neutral. It has been argued that the FPQ-SF model is better because of the higher fit to the data across sex. To explore model fit across sex within the questionnaires, the model fit, validity and reliability were compared across sex using CFA. Results: The results revealed that both models' original factor structures had poor fit. However, the FPQ-SF had a better fit overall, compared to the FPQ-III. The model fit of the two models differed across sex, with better fit for males on the FPQ-III and for females on the FPQ-SF. Conclusion: The FPQ-SF is a better questionnaire than the FPQ-III for measurement of FOP in Norwegian samples and across sex subgroups. However, the FPQ-III is a better questionnaire for males than for females, whereas the FPQ-SF is a better questionnaire for females than for males. The findings are discussed and directions for future investigations outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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16. Driver style and driver skill : clustering sub-groups of drivers differing in their potential danger in traffic

Author

Martinussen, Laila M, Møller, Mette, Prato, Carlo G, Martinussen, Laila M, Møller, Mette, and Prato, Carlo G

Abstract

The Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and the Driver Skill Inventory (DSI) are two of the most frequently used measures of self-reported driving style and driving skill. The motivation behind the present study was to test drivers’ consistency or judgment of their own self-reported driving ability based on a combined use of the DBQ and the DSI. Moreover, the joint use of the two instruments was applied to identify sub-groups of drivers that differ in their potential danger in traffic (as measured by frequency of aberrant driving behaviors and level of driving skills), as well as to test whether the sub-groups of drivers differed in characteristics such as age, gender, annual mileage and accident involvement. 3908 drivers aged 18–84 participated in the survey. The results suggested that the drivers are consistent in their reporting of driving ability, as the self-reported driving skill level mirrored the self-reported frequency of aberrant driving behaviors. K-means cluster analysis revealed four distinct clusters that differed in the frequency of aberrant driving behavior and driving skills, as well as individual characteristics and driving related factors such as annual mileage, accident frequency and number of tickets and fines. These differences between the clusters suggest that two of the sub-groups are less safe than the two others, as well as heterogeneity across the population was observed. The present findings highlight the need to look into driver’s attitudes towards safety, in order to improve the motivation to drive safely. Information from this study is useful for interventions to be able to target specific problematic groups of the population in the attempt to improve road safety nationwide.

Published
2013

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