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New organic compounds were prepared with two groups of azetidine-2-one, respectively.And that through the first two steps: New compounds were prepared with two groups of azomethine, by reacting benzaldehyde derivatives with primary amino compounds with di-amino groups. The result was diagnosed by following TLC, M.P, FT.IR.The second step: The azomethine compounds prepared in the previous step reacted with acetic acid dichloride with different molar numbers (1:2) and were diagnosed spectroscopically and physically by (TLC, M.P, FT.IR,H1NMR,C13.NMR.C.H.N.X.) to confirm the correctness of the structural formula of the resulting compounds. Finally, the effect of these prepared compounds on types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus P.aeruginosa.) was studied and the results were compared with types of drugs available in pharmacies (Cefotaxime (C.C.X 10) 5 mg/ disc, Chloramphenicol (C.C.30) 30mg/ disc, Cefixime (C.F.M5) 10mg/ disc, Amoxicillin (A.M.C30) 30 mg/ disc). The results were very satisfactory against the growth of types of bacteria, and the reason was due to the increase in the number of azetidine-2-one rings, meaning the greater the number of these rings, the greater the killing of bacteria.

Dans la lignée de la réflexion de Michel Foucault sur la pénalité, l’idée de « gestion différentielle des illégalismes » a principalement donné lieu à des travaux sur le système judiciaire et carcéral avant de s’étendre à d’autres dispositifs de contrôle social. Sans être réellement suivi sur ce point, Michel Foucault a également suggéré de prendre en compte la relation dialectique entre pénalité et espaces de la délinquance. Une démarche initiée dans cet article à travers l’examen de l’histoire, de l’expérience et des combats de Stéphanie Saint-Clair, une femme noire, française, devenue une figure centrale du monde des loteries illégales d’Harlem à New York au début du 20ème siècle. De cette étude de cas, un certain nombre d’enjeux théorique et méthodologique sont soulignés afin d’esquisser un cadre d’analyse réarticulant différemment la place de la pénalité et de la délinquance dans l’étude de la domination sociale.

تنوعت مصادر التشريع بين ما نُقِلَ عن الله ورسوله وبين ما دلّا عليه كالقياس وغيره، ولهذا كان الأصل أن يقدم الدّال وهو الكتاب والسنة على المدلول عليه وهو القياس؛ إلا أنه ظهر الخلاف بين أهل العلم عند تعارض ما كان ثبوته ظنيا من السنة وهو سنة الآحاد مع القياس في أيهما يقدم، ولهذا رغبت في تحرير الخلاف في هذه المسألة، لما لها من أثر في استنباط الأحكام،وقد تناولتها تحت عنوان: "حكم خبر الواحد إذا خالف القياس"، وذلك في ثلاثة مباحث، واتبعت في ذلك المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي، وخلصت إلى نتائج كان أهمها أنه لا تعارض بين الأدلة من حيث الحقيقة، وما وقع من ذلك إنما هو في ظن المجتهد، وأما بالنسبة للتعارض الظاهر بين خبر الواحد والقياس فهناك حالة يمكن الجمع فيها بينهما، وحالة لا يمكن الجمع فيها بينهما، وقد اختلف العلماء في كلتا الحالتين، أما الجمع فيكون بتخصيص العلة وهي مناط الحكم بخبر الواحد، أو تخصيص خبر الواحد بالعلة، وأما عند تعذر الجمع والتعارض بالكلية فالمرجح فيه تغليب ظن الخبر على ظن القياس،أي تقديم الخبر عليه، وهو مذهب الإمام أبي حنيفة سواء أكان الحديث صحيحا أم ضعيفا، وأما الإمام مالك فقد قدّم القياس في بعض الحالات، والتي قد يكون القياس فيها أقوى من خبر الواحد من جهة القطع والظن، وهو ما يفسر اختلاف النقل عنه.

إنَّ مما هو معلوم أن أكثر مباحث علم أصول الفقه الذي أسّسه الإمام الشافعي متعلقة باللغة العربية، وأنَّ علوم اللغة العربية عموما وعلمي المعاني والبيان خصوصا قائمةٌ على أساس استقراء اللغة ذاتها، إلَّا أنَّ استقراء الأصوليين لها مستقلٌّ ومختلفٌ عن استقراء غيرهم من علماء اللغة؛ وذلك لاختلاف الغاية، فهدف الأصوليين هو استخلاص قواعد تُعِينُ على معرفة الأحكام التي تتضمَّنها النصوص، ولمَّا كان استقراؤهم معتبرًا عند أهل اللغة -حيثُ امتلأت كتب البلاغة منذ القرن السابع الهجري حتى عصرنا الحالي بآرائهم بصور شتى- حاولتُ إبراز بعض من صور ذلك الاعتبار في هذا البحث، وقد تمثلتْ بنقل أقوالهم وجعلها في بعض الأحيان في مقابل أقوال البيانيين؛ بل وترجيحها في أحيان أخرى، وكذا ذكر مصطلحاتهم، والاقتباس من كتبهم والإحالة إليها، وفكرة البحث محاولة للفت الأنظار إلى أهمية علم أصول الفقه للمتخصِّصين في علوم اللغة العربية.

This study aims to explore the main components of bitumen in western Iraq as a natural resource of heavy oil. The raw bitumen studied was fractionated into asphaltene and maltene, and then the maltene was separated into saturated, aromatic and polar fractions. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), 13C NMR, Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive (SEM–EDX) and Gas Chromatography (GC) were used to characterize the organic components of the bitumen. Hypothetical average molecules have been diagnosed including bitumen, asphaltene and aromatic according to 13C NMR methods. The results indicate that the saturated, aromatic and polar compounds in bitumen are 8.24%, 55.67% and 9.93% respectively, while the asphaltene is 26.56%. The bitumen studied contains a relatively high amount of asphaltenes and aromatics fractions, potentially due to a thermal maturation of organic material in the well. However, it may be modified as crude oil derivatives because it contains certain aliphatic hydrocarbons.

International audience

The characteristics and behavior of the H2S pollution plume in the emission zone of spring water and wastewater are determined by a total of 120 readings of H2S in the air and 24 samples of dissolved gas analysis during the observation period. Monitoring data is adjusted to determine the behavior of air pollution plumes and their relationship to emission sources by using statistical techniques and spatial analysis. The value of H2S emissions to the atmosphere was 6.62 kg/year by an emission factor of 0.0055 mg/s. The study revealed an important correlation between the continuous emission of H2S and its sources from springs and wastewater that is explained by exponential relation Fit (Y = a ebX), [H2S concentration. In air (mg/1000 cc)] = 0.00015 exp {0.0107 (H2S conc. In water mg/l)}. The spatial distribution maps of H2S showed that 38% of Hit's space is exposed to H2S concentration under the influence of the unpleasant odor, eye irritation, and corrosion in infrastructure parts (air conditioning apparatus). The characteristics of the H2S pollution plume, which were reflected in the behavior of H2S distribution of the exposed area, varied due to the variation of dispersion processes resulting from wind speed change. The concentration of H2S was 11.6 times when the wind speed decreased by 15.7 times. The wind speed affected the results of the mechanical dispersion coefficient in a positive relationship. Vertical and horizontal mechanical dispersion values in unstable weather conditions increased by 192 times and 243 times than in extremely stable weather conditions.

تنوعت مصادر التشريع بين ما نُقِلَ عن الله ورسوله وبين ما دلّا عليه كالقياس وغيره، ولهذا كان الأصل أن يقدم الدّال وهو الكتاب والسنة على المدلول عليه وهو القياس؛ إلا أنه ظهر الخلاف بين أهل العلم عند تعارض ما كان ثبوته ظنيا من السنة وهو سنة الآحاد مع القياس في أيهما يقدم، ولهذا رغبت في تحرير الخلاف في هذه المسألة، لما لها من أثر في استنباط الأحكام،وقد تناولتها تحت عنوان: "حكم خبر الواحد إذا خالف القياس"، وذلك في ثلاثة مباحث، واتبعت في ذلك المنهج الاستقرائي التحليلي، وخلصت إلى نتائج كان أهمها أنه لا تعارض بين الأدلة من حيث الحقيقة، وما وقع من ذلك إنما هو في ظن المجتهد، وأما بالنسبة للتعارض الظاهر بين خبر الواحد والقياس فهناك حالة يمكن الجمع فيها بينهما، وحالة لا يمكن الجمع فيها بينهما، وقد اختلف العلماء في كلتا الحالتين، أما الجمع فيكون بتخصيص العلة وهي مناط الحكم بخبر الواحد، أو تخصيص خبر الواحد بالعلة، وأما عند تعذر الجمع والتعارض بالكلية فالمرجح فيه تغليب ظن الخبر على ظن القياس،أي تقديم الخبر عليه، وهو مذهب الإمام أبي حنيفة سواء أكان الحديث صحيحا أم ضعيفا، وأما الإمام مالك فقد قدّم القياس في بعض الحالات، والتي قد يكون القياس فيها أقوى من خبر الواحد من جهة القطع والظن، وهو ما يفسر اختلاف النقل عنه., Allah Teâlâ ve Hz. Peygamberden (s.a.v.) aktarılanlar ile kıyas ve ona benzer diğer kaynaklar olmak üzere teşri hüküm kaynakları çok çeşitlidir. Bu nedenle, hükümlere asıl kaynak olan Kur’ân ve sünnet kıyasa tercih edilir. Ancak, varlığı zanni olan âhad hadislerin kıyasla çelişmesi halinde hangisinin önceleneceği konusunda bilim insanları arasında ihtilaf çıkmıştır. Hükümlerin ortaya çıkması konusundaki etkisi nedeniyle bu konudaki fikir ayrılığını incelemek istedim. Konu “Kıyasa muhalif âhad hadisin hükmü” adı ile üç ana başlık altında ele alınmış ve endüktif analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma neticesinde; gerçekte deliller arasında herhangi bir çelişkinin olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Böyle bir çelişkinin varlığından söz edilen yerlerde ise bu durumun müçtehidin kendi bakış açısından kaynaklandığı görülmüştür. Kıyas ile âhad hadisin zahirde karşı karşıya geldiği durumlarda ise bu iki durumun bir araya getirilerek birleştirilmesi mümkündür. Birleştirilemeyen durumlarda ise bilim insanları her iki durum için de farklı görüşler ortaya koymuşlardır. Bir araya getirilip birleştirilmesi illetin tahsisi ile gerçekleştirilir ki bu ya hükmü âhad habere dayandırmak suretiyle ya da âhad haberi illet ile tahsis etmek suretiyle gerçekleştirilir. Bu ikisinin birleştirilmesinin mümkün olmadığı durumlarda ise âhad haber kıyasa tercih edilir, yani âhad haber öncelenir. Bu bakış açısı, hadis, sahih veya zayıf olsun, İmam Ebu Hanife’nin görüşüdür. İmam Mâlik ise kıyasın âhad hadislerden daha güçlü olduğu bazı durumlar da kati ve zanni açıdan kıyası öncelemiştir., Islamic Law (sharia provisions) has different sources. These include the Holy Books of Allah, the traditions, and practices of the Prophet Muhammed (peace be upon him) "Sunnah"and the Qiyas.Qiyas, one of the main sources of Islamic Law, is accepted as subservient to the Qur'an and the Sunnah.However, there is a widespread disagreement among Muslim scholars regarding the use of Qiyas especially when it contradicts Ahad Hadiths.I wanted to examine how this disagreement impacts the Islamic law making. Deductive research methodologywas utilized to examine the issue of judgment of the ahad hadith against of qiyas. This study is divided into three main sections.The findings of the study showthat there are no differences between contradictory doctrines. If there is a disagreement, it is due to the opinion of the specific scholar. However, it is doable to adopt the combined methodology ofQiyas and Ahad Hadith when they contradict each other. It is observed that Muslim scholars adopt various solutions when Qiyas and Ahad Hadith contradict each other.The combination of the views is carried out through the foundation of the reason. In this case previous judgment is the basis for the provision or the judgement is made by relying on the reason. Ahad Hadith is prioritized and preferred to comparison when the combination of the views is not possible to established. In other words, Ahad Hadith has the priority. Abu Hanifah recognizes this approach, whether Hadith is sahih or weak while Imam Malik prioritizes. Qiyas when it is stronger than Ahad Hadith.

International audience

Pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) may occur in thyroid disorders, especially in hypothyroidism. However, there is increasing evidence of PHTN in hyperthyroidism (HTH). The etiology, clinical course, management, and factors associated with outcomes of PHTN in the setting of HTH are unascertained. This systematic review consolidates available evidence on patients with HTH who developed PHTN.We conducted a systematic review on English articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar reporting PHTN in patients with hyperthyroidism. Data were analyzed and reported in Microsoft Excel 2020, SPSS version 26, and Jamovi version 1.2.We identified 589 patients with PHTN in the setting of HTH. Etiologies included Grave disease 66.7%), toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG) (16.8%), drug-induced HTH (0.3%), thyroiditis(0.8%), and toxic adenoma(0.1%). Most patients did not receive any specific management for PHTN and were managed by antithyroid treatment (97.4%). Outcomes of PHTN were reported in 181 patients, with a 94% recovery rate. Pulmonary artery pressures (PAP) before and after HTH management ranged from 22.5 to 75 mm Hg and from 24 to 50 mm Hg, respectively. Outcome analysis performed on data from case reports and series with individually identifiable data revealed a 67.6% female preponderance. An estimated 73.5% of the patients had PHTN at the initial presentation of HTH, which was associated with a better resolution rate of PHTN(OR: 12, P-value: 0.048). TRAB was positive in 47% patients with no clinical difference in outcomes. antiTG AB was reported positive in 29.4%, all of whom had an improvement, compared to an 83.3% improvement rate in those with negative antiTG AB. Various etiologies and treatments did not have any significant differences in the outcome of PHTN.PHTN can be present at the initial diagnosis of HTH, which is associated with better outcomes of PHTN. There is a clear female preponderance in the development of PHTN. However, resolution rates seem to be better in males. Although TRAB is associated with the development of PHTN, it does not seem to affect the outcomes. PHTN in patients with HTH does not need any specific management, with90% resolution with antithyroid therapy. Whether any specific antithyroid therapy has a better outcome in PHTN needs to be explored prospectively.