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This study aimed to assess the physical fitness and upper body asymmetries of young padel players aged between 13 and 16 years and to determine the possible differences between genders and categories. A total of 60 padel players were divided into four groups: under-14 male (n = 15; age: 13.75 ± 0.45 years; height: 1.64 ± 0.07 m; weight: 54.7 ± 8.3 kg), under-14 female (n = 15; age: 13.75 ± 0.44 years; height: 1.60 ± 0.05 m; weight: 51.5 ± 6.0 kg), under-16 male (n = 15; age: 15.44 ± 0.51 years; height:1.71 ± 0.04 m; weight: 63.88 ± 6.2 kg) and under-16 female (n = 15; age:15.46 ± 0.52 years; height:1.63 ± 0.05 m; weight: 55.08 ± 3.6 kg). Handgrip strength, ischiosural flexibility, gestural speed of the dominant arm, vertical jump, cardiorespiratory capacity, lateral movement, lateral acceleration and reaction time were measured. Male players showed better results in manual grip strength, vertical jump power, cardiorespiratory capacity and lateral movement (p < 0.05). Moreover, males presented a higher percentage of asymmetry in upper limb strength. Female players showed better reaction time and greater flexibility (p < 0.05). Regarding the differences between categories, the under-16 players showed greater flexibility, gestural speed, vertical jump power, cardiorespiratory capacity and lateral movement compared to the under-14 players. These results can be used as reference values for coaches/physical trainers of younger categories to improve health control and physical performance planning.

Resulta de gran relevancia en el deporte conocer el impacto que provoca el entrenamiento y la competición sobre el organismo. Evaluar la respuesta metabólica y fisiológica en competición o laboratorio es muy importante para analizar el nivel de los deportistas y su rendimiento. El objetivo de la revisión sistemática fue averiguar cuáles son los marcadores que despiertan más interés en diferentes deportes de raqueta y pala (bádminton, pádel, squash, tenis y tenis de mesa). Se realizó una revisión hasta diciembre de 2017 en las bases de datos Sport Discus y Pubmed. Los resultados indican que a nivel metabólico los marcadores mas analizados son el lactato y algunas hormonas, mientras que a nivel fisiológico las variables consideradas son la respuesta cardíaca y ventilatoria. El tenis es el deporte más analizado y el pádel el que menos. Existen muy pocos estudios que analicen este tipo de marcadores en mujeres. It is of great importance in sport to know the impact of training and competition on the body. Evaluating the metabolic and physiological response in competition or laboratory is very important to analyze the level of athletes and their performance. The objective of the systematic review was to find out which are the markers that arouse the most interest in different racquet and racket sports (badminton, padel, squash, tennis and table tennis). A review was carried out until December 2017 in the Sport Discus and Pubmed databases. The results indicate that at the metabolic level the most analyzed markers are lactate and some hormones, while at the physiological level the variables considered are cardiac and ventilatory response. Tennis is the most analyzed sport and paddle tennis is the least. There are very few studies that analyze this type of marker in women.

Controlled vocabularies are increasingly used by databases to describe genes and gene products because they facilitate identification of similar genes within an organism or among different organisms. One of The Arabidopsis Information Resource's goals is to associate all Arabidopsis genes with terms developed by the Gene Ontology Consortium that describe the molecular function, biological process, and subcellular location of a gene product. We have also developed terms describing Arabidopsis anatomy and developmental stages and use these to annotate published gene expression data. As of March 2004, we used computational and manual annotation methods to make 85,666 annotations representing 26,624 unique loci. We focus on associating genes to controlled vocabulary terms based on experimental data from the literature and use The Arabidopsis Information Resource-developed PubSearch software to facilitate this process. Each annotation is tagged with a combination of evidence codes, evidence descriptions, and references that provide a robust means to assess data quality. Annotation of all Arabidopsis genes will allow quantitative comparisons between sets of genes derived from sources such as microarray experiments. The Arabidopsis annotation data will also facilitate annotation of newly sequenced plant genomes by using sequence similarity to transfer annotations to homologous genes. In addition, complete and up-to-date annotations will make unknown genes easy to identify and target for experimentation. Here, we describe the process of Arabidopsis functional annotation using a variety of data sources and illustrate several ways in which this information can be accessed and used to infer knowledge about Arabidopsis and other plant species.