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1. Urinary bisphenol A and type-2 diabetes in U.S. adults: data from NHANES 2003-2008.

Author

Monica K Silver, Marie S O'Neill, Maryfran R Sowers, and Sung Kyun Park

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in plastics and other consumer products; exposure may lead to insulin resistance and development of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through over-activation of pancreatic β-cells. Previous studies using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed an inconsistent association between prevalence of self-reported T2DM and urinary BPA. We used a different diagnosis method of T2DM (hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)) with a larger subset of NHANES.We analyzed data from 4,389 adult participants who were part of a sub-study of environmental phenol measurements in urine from three NHANES cycles from 2003 to 2008. T2DM was defined as having a HbA1c ≥ 6.5% or use of diabetes medication. The weighted prevalence of T2DM was 9.2%. Analysis of the total sample revealed that a two-fold increase in urinary BPA was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.08 of T2DM (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 to 1.16), after controlling for potential confounders. However, when we examined each NHANES cycle individually, we only found a statistically significant association in the 2003/04 cycle (n = 1,364, OR = 1.23 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.42) for each doubling in urinary BPA). We found no association in either the NHANES cycle from 2005/06 (n = 1,363, OR = 1.05 (95% CI, 0.94 to 1.18)); or 2007/08 (n = 1,662, OR = 1.06 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.23)). Similar patterns of associations between BPA and continuous HbA1c were also observed.Although higher urinary BPA was associated with elevated HbA1c and T2DM in the pooled analysis, it was driven by data from only one NHANES cycle. Additional studies, especially of a longitudinal design with repeated BPA measurements, are needed to further elucidate the association between BPA and T2DM.

Published
2011
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2. Associations of Testosterone and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin with Adipose Tissue Hormones in Midlife Women

Author

Rachel P. Wildman, Dan Wang, Ivonne Fernandez, Peter Mancuso, Nanette Santoro, Philipp E. Scherer, and MaryFran R. Sowers

Subjects
Adult, Leptin, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medicine (miscellaneous), Article, Endocrinology, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Ethnicity, Humans, Insulin, Testosterone, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, Nutrition and Dietetics, Estrogens, Middle Aged, Molecular Weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Adipose Tissue, Socioeconomic Factors, Androgens, Body Composition, Linear Models, Receptors, Leptin, Female, Adiponectin, Insulin Resistance, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract

Regulators of adipose tissue hormones remain incompletely understood, but may include sex hormones. As adipose tissue hormones have been shown to contribute to numerous metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, understanding their regulation in midlife women is of clinical importance. Therefore, we assessed the associations between testosterone (T) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) with leptin, high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, and the soluble form of the leptin receptor (sOB-R) in healthy midlife women.Cross-sectional analyses were performed using data from 1,881 midlife women (average age 52.6 (±2.7) years) attending the sixth Annual follow-up visit of the multiethnic Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.T was weakly negatively associated with both HMW adiponectin and sOB-R (r = -0.12 and r = -0.10, respectively; P0.001 for both), and positively associated with leptin (r = 0.17; P0.001). SHBG was more strongly and positively associated with both HMW adiponectin and sOB-R (r = 0.29 and r = 0.24, respectively; P0.001 for both), and more strongly and negatively associated with leptin (r = -0.27; P0.001). Adjustment for fat mass, insulin resistance, or waist circumference only partially diminished associations with HMW adiponectin and sOB-R, but attenuated associations with leptin. In conclusion, in these midlife women, lower SHBG values, and to a lesser extent, higher T levels, were associated with lower, or less favorable, levels of adiponectin and sOB-R, independent of fat mass.These data suggest that variation in these adipose hormones resulting from lower SHBG levels, and possibly, though less likely, greater androgenicity, may contribute to susceptibility for metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes during midlife in women.

Published
2013

3. Contributors

Author

Robert A. Adler, Dennis E. Anderson, Asma Arabi, Timothy R. Arnett, Laura K. Bachrach, Ghada Ballane, Daniel Baran, George L. Barnes, Roland Baron, Douglas C. Bauer, William A. Bauman, Theresa J. Berndt, Sarah D. Berry, John P. Bilezikian, Kate A. Bolam, Lynda F. Bonewald, Sydney Lou Bonnick, Steven Boonen†, Adele L. Boskey, Roger Bouillon, Mary L. Bouxsein, Todd T. Brown, Susan B. Broy, Alexander G. Bruno, Susan V. Bukata, David B. Burr, Ernesto Canalis, Christopher P. Cardozo, Alesha B. Castillo, Jane A. Cauley, Jacqueline R. Center, Julia C. Chen, Roberto Civitelli, Adi Cohen, Robert Coleman, Juliet Compston, Felicia Cosman, Aline Costa, Natalie E. Cusano, Robin M. Daly, Michelle E. Danielson, Roger Dansey, Francisco J.A. de Paula, Kim Delbaere, David W. Dempster, Dima L. Diab, Ingrid Dick-de-Paula, Linda A. DiMeglio, Thomas A. Einhorn, Grahame J. Elder, Kristine E. Ensrud, Bruce Ettinger, David Feldman, Francesca Ferraro, Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick, Ghada El-Hajj Fuleihan, Daniel A. Galvão, Margery L.S. Gass, Harry K. Genant, Deborah T. Gold, Steven R. Goldring, Francesca Gori, Gail A. Greendale, James F. Griffith, Robert P. Heaney, Hunter Heath, Christopher J. Hernandez, Jonathan Hoggatt, Christa L. Hoy, Amira I. Hussein, Urszula T. Iwaniec, Christopher R. Jacobs, Marjorie K. Jeffcoat, Helena Johansson, Stefan Judex, John A. Kanis, Lamya Karim, Masanobu Kawai, Karen L. Kemmis, Sobia Khan, Sundeep Khosla, Douglas P. Kiel, Paul Kostenuik, Aruna V. Krishnan, Henry Kronenberg, Rajiv Kumar, Mary B. Leonard, E. Michael Lewiecki, Jane B. Lian, Robert Lindsay, Allan Lipton, Stephen R. Lord, Joseph Lorenzo, Marjorie Luckey, Heather M. Macdonald, Robert Marcus, T. John Martin, Eugene V. McCloskey, Michael R. McClung, Donald P. McDonnell, Heather A. McKay, Paul Miller, Elise F. Morgan, M. Zulf Mughal, Mona Al Mukaddam, Erik R. Nelson, Dorothy A. Nelson, Jeri W. Nieves, Robert A. Nissenson, B.E. Christopher Nordin, Anders Odén, Eric S. Orwoll, Susan M. Ott, Roberto Pacifici, Alison M. Pack, A. Michael Parfitt, Dongsu Park, Melissa Premaor, Sylvain Provot, Yi-Xian Qin, John F. Randolph, Ian R. Reid, Fernando Rivadeneira, René Rizzoli, Pamela Gehron Robey, G. David Roodman, Clifford J. Rosen, Clinton T. Rubin, Janet Rubin, Kenneth G. Saag, Philip J. Saylor, David T. Scadden, Ernestina Schipani, Elizabeth Shane, Jay R. Shapiro, Catherine Sherrington, Rebecca Silbermann, Barbara C. Silva, Shonni J. Silverberg, Matthew R. Smith, Peter J. Snyder, MaryFran R. Sowers, Gary S. Stein, Emily Stein, Paula H. Stern, Cynthia A. Stuenkel, Harri Suominen, Srilatha Swami, Pawel Szulc, Dennis R. Taaffe, Brent C. Taylor, Peter J. Tebben, Russell T. Turner, André G. Uitterlinden, Jeroen van de Peppel, Bram C.J. Van der Eerden, Marjolein C.H. van der Meulen, Johannes P.T.M. van Leeuwen, Dirk Vanderschueren, Rachel B. Wagman, Leanne Ward, Suzanne E. Wardell, Nelson B. Watts, Robert S. Weinstein, Kristine M. Wiren, Joy Y. Wu, Michael T. Yin, Hua Zhou, and M. Carola Zillikens

Published
2013

4. List of Contributors

Author

Mary E. Abusief, Dolores Acevedo-Garcia, Christine Albert, D. Lee Alekel, Laia Alemany, Kelli D. Allen, Lauren M. Anderson, Benjamin J. Apelberg, Hani K. Atrash, Donna Day Baird, Noel Bairey C. Merz, Carol M. Baldwin, Robert L. Barbieri, Shirley R. Baron, Shari S. Bassuk, Lisa M. Bates, Jeannette M. Beasley, Iris R. Bell, C.S. Bergeman, Lisa F. Berkman, Jonine L. Bernstein, Leslie Bernstein, Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson, Mieke Beth Thomeer, Toni L. Bisconti, Janet Blair, Robin P. Bonifas, Xavier F. Bosch, Judith Bradford, Freddie Bray, Jennifer D. Brooks, Joyce Bromberger, Joelle M. Brown, Laia Bruni, Cynthia M. Bulik, Ronald T. Burkman, Marcy Burstein, Cheryl Bushnell, Mary K. Buss, Jane A. Cauley, Connie L. Celum, Xinhua Chen, Myriam Chevarie-Davis, Stephanie Chiuve, Patricia O. Chocano-Bedoya, Harjinder Chowdhary, David C. Christiani, Nadia T. Chung, Carolyn M. Clancy, Cari Jo Clark, David Conen, K.H. Costenbader, Amy Devlin, Mireia Diaz, Jeroen Douwes, Mark Drangsholt, Ira Driscoll, Catherine E. DuBeau, Emmeline Edwards, Vera Ehrenstein, Agustín Escalante, Mark A. Espeland, Kathryn C. Fitzgerald, Betsy Foxman, Eduardo Franco, William D. Fraser, Karen I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, Ellen E. Freeman, Melissa C. Friesen, Anne M. Gadermann, Mia M. Gaudet, Emmy Gavrilidis, Charlotte A Gaydos, Kimberly Geronimo, Arline T. Geronimus, Robin Mary Gillespie, Edward Giovannucci, Karen Glanz, Robert J. Glynn, Ellen Gold, Shari Goldfarb, Marlene B. Goldman, Emily W. Gower, David A. Grainger, Adèle C. Green, Catherine L. Haggerty, Rebecca Hardy, Bernard L. Harlow, Siobán D. Harlow, Patricia Hartge, Christine Haskin, Robin Herbert, Victoria L. Holt, Robert N. Hoover, Maria K. Houtchens, Corinne G. Husten, Loris Y. Hwang, Noreen A. Hynes, Peter James, Elizabeth Jewell, Susan K. Johnson, Pamela Joshi, Corinne E. Joshu, Mary L. Kamb, Carrie Karvonen-Gutierrez, Ronald C. Kessler, Maheruh Khandker, Samia J. Khoury, Autumn M. Klein, Natasha A. Koloski, Diana Kuh, Jayashri Kulkarni, Lewis H. Kuller, James V. Lacey, Andrea Z. LaCroix, Francine Laden, Timothy L. Lash, Shannon K. Laughlin-Tommaso, Cathy C. Lee, Ji Youn Lee, Stephanie L. Lee, Linda LeResche, Suzanne G. Leveille, Jannet F. Lewis, Frank R. Lin, Stacy Tessler Lindau, Marja-Liisa Lindbohm, Simin Liu, Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Andrea Lucas, Rachel H. Mackey, Jeanne Mager Stellman, Ann Marie Malarcher, JoAnn E. Manson, Lynette J. Margesson, M. Maria Glymour, Jeanne M. Marrazzo, Karen Matthews, Suzanne E. Mazzeo, Ellen P. McCarthy, Valerie McCormack, Thomas F. McElrath, Romy-Leigh McMaster, Kathleen M. McTigue, Kathleen Ries Merikangas, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Karen Messing, Anthony B. Miller, Daniel R. Mishell, Stacey A. Missmer, Connie Mobley, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Tyler Muffly, Christina A. Muzny, Amanda E. Nelson, Toben F. Nelson, Katharine K. O’Dell, Catherine M. Olsen, Sara H. Olson, Theresa L. Osypuk, Julie R. Palmer, Pangaja Paramsothy, Ann L. Parke, Heather Patrick, Jessica K. Paulus, Lynn Paxton, Neil Pearce, Tara Perti, Lindsay Pitzer, Elizabeth A. Platz, Nancy Potischman, Laura Punnett, Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman, Usha Ranji, Radhai M. Rastogi, Jane F. Reckelhoff, Barbara Resnick, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Ellen S. Rigterink, Eileen Rillamas-Sun, Cara A. Robinson, Jennifer G. Robinson, Mark E. Robson, Anne M. Rompalo, Audrey F. Saftlas, Alina Salganicoff, Markku Sallmén, Silvia de Sanjosé, Gloria E. Sarto, Samantha Sass, Sharon A. Savage, Joellen Schildkraut, Karen Schmaling, Anja Schmitz, Theresa O. Scholl, Jane R. Schwebke, Stacey B. Scott, Soraya Seedat, Mary V. Seeman, Adeline Seow, Rashmee U. Shah, Beth A. Collins Sharp, Hai-Rim Shin, Donna Shoupe, Debra T. Silverman, Rachel C. Snow, Eglacy C. Sophia, MaryFran R. Sowers, Heike Spaderna, Mandy Stahre, Elizabeth G. Stewart, Cynthia A. Stuenkel, Barbara Stussman, Sharain Suliman, Nicholas J. Talley, Helena Taskinen, Laura L. Tatpati, Linda J. Titus, Bruce L. Tjaden, Britton Trabert, Sara E. Trace, William Traverse, Rebecca Troisi, Philip J. Troped, Debra Umberson, Kristen Upson, Aimee Van Wagenen, Anna Wald, James K.C. Wang, Mary H. Ward, Shu-Qin Wei, Gerdi Weidner, Nicolas Wentzensen, James L. Whiteside, Kristi Williams, Gayle C. Windham, Ann E. Wiringa, Lauren A. Wise, Marion Wofford, Anna H. Wu, Kristine Yaffe, Frances M. Yang, Muhammad B. Yunus, Shelia Hoar Zahm, Chloe A. Zera, and Monica L. Zilberman

Published
2013

5. Genetic polymorphisms and obesity influence estradiol decline during the menopause

Author

Maryfran R, Sowers, John F, Randolph, Huiyong, Zheng, Mary, Jannausch, Daniel, McConnell, Sharon R, Kardia, Carolyn J, Crandall, and Bin, Nan

Subjects
Adult, 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases, Estradiol, Genotype, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Aromatase, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1, Humans, Female, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, Menopause
Abstract

Obesity and genetic variation in aromatase and type 1 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) could influence the E2 trajectory of decline during the menopause transition.E2 trajectories during the menopause transition (phenotype) were identified using 5934 data points acquired annually from 681 women in Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN), a multiethnic study of the mid-life. E2 trajectories were related to CYP19 and type I 17-βHSD single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and obesity.(log) E2 trajectories began to decline precipitously 2 years before the final menstrual period (FMP). The trajectory of the (log) E2 decline varied with genotypes and obesity. (log) E2 rates of decline were greater in nonobese women than in obese women, P0·05. Women with the CYP19rs936306 CT variant had (log) E2 rate of decline that was 54% as rapid as the rate of decline of women with the TT variant, P0·05. (log) E2 rate of decline in women with the CYP19rs749292 GG variant was two-thirds the rate of (log) E2 decline in women with the AG variant, P0·05. (log) Rates of E2 decline with 17-βHSD SNPs (rs2830, rs592389, and rs615942) varied according to genotype within obesity groups. Within each obesity group, (log) E2 rate of decline was greater in heterozygous variants and much less in homozygotes (P0·05). Obese women with selected CYP19 and 17-β HSD gene variants had remarkably different E2 trajectories around the FMP, resulting in different postmenopausal E2 levels. The rate of the E2 decline and the subsequent postmenopausal E2 levels may be relevant to oestrogen-sensitive chronic diseases including cancers.

Published
2011

6. Ethnic differences in C-reactive protein concentrations

Author

Alyson, Kelley-Hedgepeth, Donald M, Lloyd-Jones, Alicia, Colvin, Karen A, Matthews, Janet, Johnston, Maryfran R, Sowers, Barbara, Sternfeld, Richard C, Pasternak, Claudia U, Chae, and Susan, Johnson

Subjects
Gerontology, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical Biochemistry, Ethnic group, Ethnic origin, White People, Body Mass Index, Asian People, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Medicine, Humans, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Life Style, Metabolic Syndrome, biology, Anthropometry, business.industry, Biochemistry (medical), C-reactive protein, Racial Groups, Acute-phase protein, Odds ratio, Hispanic or Latino, Middle Aged, United States, Black or African American, Postmenopause, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Premenopause, Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypertension, biology.protein, Population study, Female, business
Abstract

Background: Limited data exist regarding the ethnic differences in C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, an inflammatory marker associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that known CVD risk factors, including anthropometric characteristics, would explain much of the observed ethnic variation in CRP. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 3154 women, without known CVD and not receiving hormone therapy, enrolled in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multiethnic prospective study of pre- and perimenopausal women. Results: The study population was 47.4% white, 27.7% African-American, 8.5% Hispanic, 7.7% Chinese, and 8.6% Japanese; mean age was 46.2 years. African-American women had the highest median CRP concentrations (3.2 mg/L), followed by Hispanic (2.3 mg/L), white (1.5 mg/L), Chinese (0.7 mg/L), and Japanese (0.5 mg/L) women (all pairwise P < 0.001 compared with white women). Body mass index (BMI) markedly attenuated the association between ethnicity and CRP. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, BMI, and other risk factors, African-American ethnicity was associated with CRP concentrations >3 mg/L (odds ratio 1.37, 95% CI 1.07–1.75), whereas Chinese and Japanese ethnicities were inversely related (0.58, 0.35–0.95, and 0.43, 0.26–0.72, respectively). Conclusions: Modifiable risk factors, particularly BMI, account for much but not all of the ethnic differences in CRP concentrations. Further study is needed of these ethnic differences and their implications for the use of CRP in CVD risk prediction.

Published
2008

7. Contributors

Author

Ruth H. Allen, Hani K. Atrash, Donna Day Baird, Carol M. Baldwin, Robert L. Barbieri, Richard Beasley, Iris R. Bell, Gertrud S. Berkowitz, Leslie Bernstein, F. Xavier Bosch, Judith Bradford, Naomi Breslau, Robin L. Brey, Louise A. Brinton, Evelyn J. Bromet, Deborah Brooks-Nelson, Joelle M. Brown, Dedra Buchwald, Diana S.M. Buist, Gale Burstein, Willard Cates, Jane A. Cauley, Connie L. Celum, David C. Christiani, Carolyn M. Clancy, Karen Scott Collins, Linda S. Cook, Karen J. Cruickshanks, Janet R. Daling, Michelle E. Danielson, Karen Davis, Susan S. Devesa, Kay Dickersin, William R. Downs, Mark Drangsholt, Carin E. Dugowson, Rhobert W. Evans, Mercedes Fernandez, Jodi A. Flaws, Katherine M. Flegal, Betsy Foxman, William D. Fraser, Lynn P. Freedman, Nancy H. Fultz, Samuel Gandy, Edward Giovannucci, Karen Glanz, Marlene B. Goldman, David A. Grainger, Jack Guralnik, Katherine A. Halmi, Sandra W. Hamelsky, Siobán D. Harlow, Patricia Hartge, Maureen C. Hatch, Donna J. Hawley, Suzanne G. Haynes, Robin Herbert, A. Regula Herzog, Shirley Y. Hill, Anne N. Hirshfield, Marc C. Hochberg, Michael Hodgson, Carol J. Rowland Hogue, Victoria L. Holt, Richard Holubkov, Corinne G. Husten, Noreen A. Hynes, Susan Izett, Naomi Jay, Janna Jenkins, Mehdi Kamarei, Mary L. Kamb, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Jennifer Kelsey, Karla Kerlikowske, Ronald C. Kessler, Samia J. Khoury, Mona Kimball-Dunn, Steven J. Kittner, Natasha A. Koloski, Peter Kopp, Michael S. Kramer, Andrea Z. LaCroix, Gail Schoen LeMaire, Linda LeResche, Margaret Lethbridge-Cejku, Suzanne Leveille, Marja-Liisa Lindbohm, Richard B. Lipton, Paulo A. Lotufo, Andrea Lucas, Deborah Maine, Ann-Marie Malarcher, JoAnn E. Manson, Susan M. Manzi, Jeanne M. Marrazzo, Lynn M. Marshall, Richard Mayeux, Therese McGinn, Anne McTiernan, Elaine Meilahn, Kathleen Ries Merikangas, Karen Messing, Brenda A. Miller, Daniel R. Mishell, Stacey A. Missmer, Robert Mittendorf, Manoj Monga, Joseph F. Mortola, Anna-Barbara Moscicki, Nancy E. Moss, Eileen V. Moy, Heidi Mueller, Nubia Muñoz, Roberta B. Ness, Beth Newman, Katherine M. Newton, Michael J. Olek, Nancy S. Padian, Ann L. Parke, Sheila Hill Parker, C. Lowell Parsons, Neil Pearce, Elizabeth A. Platz, Rachel A. Pollock, Laura Punnett, Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman, Tom Rea, Steven E. Reis, Anne M. Rompalo, Lynn Rosenberg, Gary S. Rubin, Marcia Russell, Mary Sabolsi, Audrey F. Saftlas, Mark Schiffman, Cathy Schoen, Theresa O. Scholl, Karen B. Schmaling, Gary E.R. Schwartz, Stephen M. Schwartz, Jane R. Schwebke, Jean C. Scott, Barbara Seaman, Teresa E. Seeman, Mary V. Seeman, Fady I. Sharara, Donna Shoupe, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Debra T. Silverman, Diane Solomon, Glorian Sorensen, MaryFran R. Sowers, Darcy V. Spicer, Zena Stein, Jeanne Mager Stellman, Walter F. Stewart, Eileen Storey, Beverly I. Strassmann, Nicholas J. Talley, Helena Taskinen, Maria Testa, Bruce L. Tjaden, Nahid Toubia, Rebecca Troisi, Debra Umberson, Jennifer B. Unger, Giske Ursin, Thomas M. Vogt, Anna Wald, Jane Walstedt, Mary H. Ward, Gerdi Weidner, Noel S. Weiss, Jocelyn C. White, Kristi Williams, Michelle A. Williams, Sharon C. Wilsnack, Phyllis A. Wingo, Frederick Wolfe, Susan F. Wood, Pascale M. Wortley, Anna H. Wu, and Shelia Hoar Zahm

Published
2000

8. Reply

Author

MaryFran R. Sowers

Subjects
Rheumatology, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy, Pharmacology (medical)
Published
2007

9. Contribution of water and diet supplements to nutrient intake

Author

R.D. MaryFran R. Sowers Ph.D. and Robert B. Wallace

Subjects
Vitamin, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Population, Food consumption, Nutrient intake, Water consumption, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nutrient, Animal science, Age groups, chemistry, Medicine, Water intake, business, education, Food Science
Abstract

Information about food consumption, water consumption, and diet supplement use was collected in a survey of 410 women in the age groups 20 to 35 and 55 to 80 years in two rural communities. The investigators found that one-third of the women supplemented their diets with commercial nutritional preparations, a level that is half the amount reported in some other studies. However, even at that lower supplementation level, failure to include the contribution of supplements and water intake as a source of some nutrients leads to significant underestimation of the group's mean intake of particular nutrients. Underestimation of mean population intake could range from a 20% underestimation for calcium to more than a 65% underestimation for vitamin D. The contribution of diet supplements and water as a source of some nutrients is sufficiently great and the practice of supplement use sufficiently extensive that investigators may want to characterize separately the mean nutrient intakes of subpopulations such as supplement users and nonusers. Failure to address issues related to those multiple nutrient sources may potentially obscure relationships, either positive or negative, between diet and health status.

Published
1986

10. Dietary Intake Related to Prevalent Functional Limitations in Midlife Women.

Author

Kristin M. Tomey, MaryFran R. Sowers, Carolyn Crandall, Janet Johnston, Mary Jannausch, and Matheos Yosef

Subjects
*HEALTH of older people, *DIET, *ISOPENTENOIDS, *NUTRITION
Abstract

Physical functioning measures are considered integrated markers of the aging process. This prospective investigation examined relations between dietary intake of women at midlife in 1996–1997 and prevalence of physical functioning limitations 4 years later, defined by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36. The sample included 2,160 multiethnic women, aged 42–52 years, from six geographic areas participating in the Study of Womens Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Associations between measures of diet quality and number of fruit and vegetable servings and prevalent physical functional limitations (no, moderate, or substantial limitations) were tested by logistic regression. The prevalence of moderate and substantial functional limitations was 31% and 10%, respectively. Women in the highest quartile of cholesterol intake had 40% greater odds (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.8) of being more limited versus those in the lowest quartile. Women in the highest quartile of fat and saturated fat intakes were 50% and 60% more likely to be more limited, with respective odds ratios of 1.5 and 1.6 (95% confidence intervals: 1.2, 2.0 and 1.2, 2.1) versus those in the lowest quartiles. Lower fruit, vegetable, and fiber intakes were related to reporting greater functional limitations. Modifying dietary practices could be important in minimizing physical limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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11. Adiposity and Reporting of Vasomotor Symptoms among Midlife Women: The Study of Womens Health Across the Nation.

Author

Rebecca C. Thurston, MaryFran R. Sowers, Yuefang Chang, Barbara Sternfeld, Ellen B. Gold, Janet M. Johnston, and Karen A. Matthews

Subjects
*ESTROGEN, *SEX hormones, *ESTRADIOL, *MENOPAUSE
Abstract

It has long been hypothesized that increased adiposity would be associated with decreased vasomotor symptoms during menopause because of conversion of androgens to estrogens in body fat. However, recent thermoregulatory models have postulated that increased adipose tissue would be associated with a greater likelihood of vasomotor symptoms. The authors evaluated these hypotheses in the Study of Womens Health Across the Nation, a multiethnic, community-based observational study of US women transitioning through menopause. The sample included 1,776 women aged 47–59 years with an intact uterus and at least one ovary who completed bioelectrical impedance analysis for assessment of body composition at the sixth annual study visit (2002–2004). Assessments also included reported vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin-adjusted estradiol (free estradiol index). Results indicated that a higher percentage of body fat was associated with increased odds of reporting vasomotor symptoms (per standard deviation increase in percent body fat, odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.14, 1.42) in age- and site-adjusted models. Associations persisted in fully adjusted models and were not reduced when models included reproductive hormones. These findings support a thermoregulatory model of vasomotor symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

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