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To observe research and practice trends in the journal, Pediatric Physical Therapy, as a proxy for the field.All issues of Pediatric Physical Therapy published from 1989 to 2019 were chronicled and summarized. Data were extracted regarding variables related to the issues and individual articles.The most common diagnosis studied was cerebral palsy. The proportion of studies involving middle childhood and adolescent-aged participants increased over time. Cohort studies and exercise were the most common study type and intervention studied, respectively. The proportion of scientific content in the journal increased.It is evident that pediatric physical therapy research has evolved over the past 30 years, both in rigor of articles published and in breadth of populations studied.This review adds an in-depth evaluation of trends in the literature, facilitating the profession's continued growth.

In the present study, we seek to conduct a real-world assessment of the driving behavior, emission performance, and fuel consumption of urban buses in a medium-sized city in the Middle East, i.e. Isfahan, Iran. A comprehensive data collection was conducted within the main routes of the city and then the ISFahan Bus Driving Cycle (ISFBDC) was developed using a micro-trips random selection approach. On-board experiments were carried out on 20 urban buses to analyze the emission performance of the fleet in real-world conditions. The effects of bus speeds, after-treatment systems, and passenger load on emission performance and fuel consumption (FC) were also discussed. Meanwhile, the contribution of different driving modes to the CO, HC, NOx, and CO2 mileage(M)/fuel(F)-based(B) EFs and FC rates were investigated. Our results show that ISFBDC is unique in the world. FBEFs are strongly correlated with the speed, so much so that HC FBEFs were reduced by over 70% with increasing 30 km/h in the bus speed. Idling status contributes over 70%, 50%, 30%, and 30% to the NOx, CO2, and HC emission, and FC of the studied fleet, respectively. Although DPF filters in Euro IV buses could significantly reduce the NOx emission, they have no considerable impact on the emission of the other studied pollutants. Per-passenger EFs and FCF are more than halved by 1.5 T increase in passenger loads. Euro IV buses with DPFs had better per-passenger/accumulated emission performance and fuel consumption than the others. CO2 MBEFs of Isfahan buses are nearly twice that of Beijing buses.

The real-world emission factors (EFs) and emission performance of bi-fuel (CNG/GAS) vehicles have been seriously investigated by the emission scientists and urban planners. In the present study, we propose an almost new practical methodology and perform on-road experiments on 60 bi-fuel vehicles to discuss the impacts of vehicle speed, fuel type, usage, and accumulated mileage on the CO, HC, and NOx EFs. 80% and 20% of the tested vehicles were private cars (PCs) and taxis (TXs), respectively. TXs and PCs are compared together based on their emission performances, emission characteristics, vehicular specific power (VSP) distributions, and type of fuel. The results show that in the entire cases except for GAS-PCs, CO EFs increased with vehicle speed. Although CNG vehicles show less HC EFs, they produce higher NOx mileage-based EFs compared to gasoline ones. NOx mileage-based EFs decrease with vehicle accumulated mileage, whereas the opposite trend was observed for the CO and HC EFs. Burning CNG rather than gasoline decreases 70% and 42% of CO, and 70% and 85% of HC mileage-based EFs in PCs and TXs, respectively. The influence of burning CNG on NOx emission of TXs seems to be insignificant, but NOx was more emitted by a factor of 1.7 in CNG PCs. Accumulated mileage has a destructive effect on combustion quality, especially in CNG vehicles. The factors of usage and accumulated mileage could considerably develop the VSP distribution and fuel consumption rate of GAS vehicles, while they have no detectable impact on that of CNG vehicles.

The present study is primarily aimed to establish a detailed exhaustive emission inventory of urban motor vehicles in a medium-sized city, i.e. Isfahan. The International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model was utilized to estimate the motor vehicle Emission Factors (EFs) in different areas of Isfahan. IVE was adjusted using the results obtained by on-board real-world EF measurements. A high resolution 1 km × 1 km vehicle emission inventory for the year 2018 was then developed in a bottom-up approach. The method was employed based on the influencing factors such as the collected hourly-data on road network, traffic flow, vehicle driving cycles, and the vehicle population in Isfahan. Moreover, the variations of EFs with vehicle speed were investigated for different vehicle categories to assess the emission rates through Isfahan transportation fleet. The results showed that EFs of all pollutants emitted from vehicle exhausts usually decrease with vehicle speed. Also, gasoline vehicles have larger CO and VOCs EFs than the others, whereas vehicles fueled by diesel have the largest NOx, SOx, and PM10 EFs. The established emission inventory revealed that the annual amount of CO, VOCs, NOx, SOx, and PM10 emitted from Isfahan on-road mobile sources in 2018 are 267.6, 12.6, 20.3, 0.3, and 2.3 kt, respectively. The gasoline vehicles including cars and motorcycles were the main sources of CO, VOCs, and SOx, whereas the heavy-duty vehicles and buses equipped with diesel engines were the main sources of NOx and PM10. The hourly variations of EFs ensure an acceptable consistency with the hourly variation of the traffic flow at different areas. Moreover, the high-resolution spatial distribution of vehicle emission inventory represented that emissions were concentrated on the downtown, esp. on underdeveloped historical area of the city, where the most of the governmental and administrative departments are concentrated.

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has raised concerns regarding the application of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the world. Many ART programs have been delayed or continued with new precautions due to the ambiguity about vertical transmission and pregnancy safety. Regarding the possible risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ART and the resultant embryos, this study aimed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in follicular fluid, granulosa cells, and oocytes of COVID-19-infected women undergoing ART. Materials and Methods: COVID-19-positive polymerase chain reaction tests were reported for five women undergoing ART cycles on the day of oocyte retrieval. SARS-CoV-2 tests were performed on oocytes, granulosa cells, and follicular fluid obtained from these COVID-19-infected women. Results: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected only in one follicular fluid sample; however, other follicular fluid samples, granulosa cells, and oocytes were negative regarding viral RNA. Conclusion: Given the unknown effects of COVID-19 on human reproduction and ART, strict precautions should be taken during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Policy-based management of computer systems, computer networks and devices is a critical technology especially for present and future systems characterized by large-scale systems with autonomous devices, such as robots and drones. Maintaining reliable policy systems requires efficient and effective analysis approaches to ensure that the policies verify critical properties, such as correctness and consistency. In this paper, we present an extensive overview of methods for policy analysis. Then, we survey policy analysis systems and frameworks that have been proposed and compare them under various dimensions. We conclude the paper by outlining novel research directions in the area of policy analysis.

Poor urban development and social instability are the results of unsustainable urbanization. These urban risks could significantly influence public culture and might even lead to aggressive driving styles. A practical approach comprising of model estimation and real-world measurements is applied here to discuss the role of urban development and public culture in the driving behavior and vehicle emissions in an unsustainable urbanized city, i.e. Isfahan, Iran. Over 60,000 speed-time data were collected from the streets for several time slices to develop the ISFahan Driving Cycle (ISFDC). ISFDC is assessed against the DCs of foreign countries and other Iranian cities to discuss the contribution of the studied factors to driving behavior. ISFDC is then entered into the IVE model to estimate the exhaust emission factors (EFs) under real-urban conditions, while IVE is primarily adjusted to the real-world experiments. Also, several emission mitigation scenarios that are likely to mitigate vehicular emissions are evaluated. Results show that ISFDC is already unique around the world, but unsustainable urbanization in terms of poor urban development and aggressive actions/reactions plays a vital role in the driving behavior of Iranian drivers. Unsustainable urbanization causes the CO and NOx EFs of Isfahan vehicles to be 40 and 25.47 % higher than those in Tehran, and 60 and 57 % higher than those in Beijing, respectively. Among the studied EFs, CO EF is more affected by the level of urban development. Ammonia, Formaldehydes, and Benzene are consecutively ranked as the major toxic gases in the Isfahan vehicle exhausts.

The present study aims at a real-world assessment of the driving behaviour and exhaustive emission performance of motorcycle (MC) driving in a middle-sized city of a developing country, i.e. Isfahan, Iran. We developed the Isfahan Motorcycle Driving Cycle (IMDC) using comprehensive data collection and then compared it with the available overseas MCDCs and DC of local LDVs. Onboard experiments were also conducted on 20 test motorcycles to analyze emission performance, emission characteristics, and combustion quality of motorcycles under real-world conditions. IVE model was used to estimate the MC emission factors (EFs) according to the real-urban conditions, but it was first adjusted to the real-world measurements. Results show that MC EFs steadily decrease with vehicle speeds. Apparent discrepancies were observed between IMDC and the MC DCs overseas, while local DCs of motorcycles and LDVs follow a prevailing trend determined by the new factors of public culture and urban development. CO was the major criteria pollutant of the MCs exhaust, and formaldehyde and benzene were ranked as the first and second principal toxic gases, respectively. The air-fuel mixture control system and combustion quality of 150 and 200 cc MCs were impaired with the vehicle speed, but the same is not true for the 125 cc MCs.

This study was carried out to screen the GDF9 gene and evaluate the polymorphism effect on litter size of four Iranian sheep breeds using the PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCP methods. First, sequencing of the GDF9 gene in 16 twin-birth, 4 triplet-birth, and 2 infertile ewes showed that, in addition to G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6 mutations that have been previously reported in other breeds, a new G0 mutation, called C25T, exists in the GDF9 sequence of 1 out of 22 ewes and causes L9F substitution in the signal peptide region. None of the triplet-birth or infertile ewes carried G1, G4, G7, FecGE, G8, or FecGT mutations. In the second experiment, a large dataset was used: 605 individuals including 496 ewes (145 Afshari, 54 Shal, 126 Ghezel, and 171 Lori-Bakhtyari sheep), and 109 rams (26 Afshari, 23 Shal, 10 Ghezel, and 50 Lori-Bakhtyari sheep. There were no sheep carrying the G7, G8, or Thoka mutations. Among all 109 rams that were used in this study, none of them were homozygous for the G1 mutation. Moreover, abundance of heterozygote rams (G1/G+) varied from 0.0 (Afshari) to 28.6 % (Lori-Bakhtyari and Ghezel). The highest and the lowest frequencies of the G4 mutation were 30.6 and 3.0 % in Shal and Afshari breeds, respectively. Moreover, G4 abundance varied from 0.0 to 42.3 %, from 3.0 to 26.9, and from 3.0 to 30.6 % in rams, ewes, and overall, respectively. There was a significant difference in the abundance of G1 and G4 mutations between breeds. However, neither the G1 nor the G4 mutation was associated with litter size in Afshari, Ghezel, Lori-Bakhtyari, or Shal sheep breeds. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that GDF9 G1 and G4 mutations are not the reason for higher litter size in Iranian sheep. Moreover, the GDF9 G0 and G6 mutations do not cause triplet births or infertility in Iranian ewes. Therefore, it is unlikely that variant GDF9 mRNA induces larger litter size or infertility in Iranian ewes.

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) gives control of data to the data owner. It imposes several requirements and obligations on organizations that process and manage personal data of EU citizens. GDPR uses consent as a legal basis for personal data processing. We design a semantic model to represent GDPR consents; our model is explicit, understandable, and reusable. Ensuring that organizations comply with GDPR with respect to user consents is a critical issue. To address such an issue, we propose a Blockchain-based model for compliance verification. Our decentralized model ensures that only parties authorized based on users’ consent can access users’ data and that all activities are logged in an immutable distributed ledger. Our GDPR privacy protection framework is cast into the XACML reference architecture.

Background Maternal effect mutations in the components of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) of the human oocyte can cause early embryonic failure, gestational abnormalities and recurrent pregnancy loss. Enigmatically, they are also associated with DNA methylation abnormalities at imprinted genes in conceptuses: in the devastating gestational abnormality biparental complete hydatidiform mole (BiCHM) or in multi-locus imprinting disease (MLID). However, the developmental timing, genomic extent and mechanistic basis of these imprinting defects are unknown. The rarity of these disorders and the possibility that methylation defects originate in oocytes have made these questions very challenging to address. Methods Single-cell bisulphite sequencing (scBS-seq) was used to assess methylation in oocytes from a patient with BiCHM identified to be homozygous for an inactivating mutation in the human SCMC component KHDC3L. Genome-wide methylation analysis of a preimplantation embryo and molar tissue from the same patient was also performed. Results High-coverage scBS-seq libraries were obtained from five KHDC3Lc.1A>G oocytes, which revealed a genome-wide deficit of DNA methylation compared with normal human oocytes. Importantly, germline differentially methylated regions (gDMRs) of imprinted genes were affected similarly to other sequence features that normally become methylated in oocytes, indicating no selectivity towards imprinted genes. A range of methylation losses was observed across genomic features, including gDMRs, indicating variable sensitivity to defects in the SCMC. Genome-wide analysis of a pre-implantation embryo and molar tissue from the same patient showed that following fertilisation methylation defects at imprinted genes persist, while most non-imprinted regions of the genome recover near-normal methylation post-implantation. Conclusions We show for the first time that the integrity of the SCMC is essential for de novo methylation in the female germline. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of the SCMC in DNA methylation and for the origin of imprinting defects, for counselling affected families, and will help inform future therapeutic approaches.

To consider which methods of micromanipulation techniques increases the human oocyte maturation in vitro and fertilization rate cultured with or without CCs, we aimed to compare intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Five hundred fifty immature oocytes were retrieved and were randomly divided into two groups; oocytes that were cultured with CCs (Group A) and oocytes cultured without CCs (Group B). After in vitro maturation (IVM), only oocytes that displayed Metaphase II (M II) stage went randomly through the ICSI or IVF procedure. Maturation and fertilization rates were all examined. The mean age, basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and number of oocytes recovered for the patients were all comparable between the two study groups. The number of oocytes that reached M II (mature oocytes) was 194 out of 275in group A(CC-co cultured group) compared to 165/275 in group B (P = 0.009). The fertilization rates of matured human oocytes cultured with and without CCs by ICSI procedure was significantly higher than IVF method (P = 0.005 vs. P = 0.001, respectively). Findings of the current study revealed that the fertilization rate of in vitro matured oocytes during ICSI procedure is higher than IVF method.

In context-aware applications, user's access privileges rely on both user's identity and context. Access control rules are usually statically defined while contexts and the system state can change dynamically. Changes in contexts can result in service disruptions. To address this issue, this poster proposes a reactive access control system that associates contingency plans with access control rules. Risk scores are also associated with actions part of the contingency plans. Such risks are estimated by using fuzzy inference. Our approach is cast into the XACML reference architecture.

Objective: In order to increase the number of mature oocytes usable for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), we aimed to investigate the effect of co-culturing granulosa cells (GCs) on human oocyte maturation in vitro, the fertilization rate, and embryo development. Methods: A total of 133 immature oocytes were retrieved and were randomly divided into two groups; oocytes that were cultured with GCs (group A) and oocytes that were cultured without GCs (group B). After in vitro maturation, only oocytes that displayed metaphase II (MII) underwent the ICSI procedure. The maturation and fertilization rates were analyzed, as well as the frequency of embryo development. Results: The mean age of the patients, their basal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, and the number of oocytes recovered from the patients were all comparable between the two study groups. The number of oocytes that reached MII (mature oocytes) was 59 out of 70 (84.28%) in group A, compared to 41 out of 63 (65.07%) in group B (p = 0.011). No significant difference between fertilization rates was found between the two study groups (p = 0.702). The embryo development rate was higher in group A (33/59, 75%) than in group B (12/41, 42.85%; p = 0.006). The proportion of highest-quality embryos and the blastocyst formation rate were significantly lower in group B than in group A ( p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The findings of the current study demonstrate that culturing immature human oocytes with GCs prior to ICSI improves the matu ration rate and the likelihood of embryo development.

Security defects are common in large software systems because of their size and complexity. Although efficient development processes, testing, and maintenance policies are applied to software systems, there are still a large number of vulnerabilities that can remain, despite these measures. Developers need to know more about characteristics and types of residual vulnerabilities in systems to adopt suitable countermeasures in current and next versions. We propose an automatic vulnerability classification framework based on conditions that activate vulnerabilities with the goal of helping developers to design appropriate corrective actions (the most costly part of the development and maintenance phases). Different machine learning techniques (Random Forest, C4.5 Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, and Naive Bayes) are employed to construct a classifier with the highest F-measure in labelling an unseen vulnerability by the framework. We evaluate the effectiveness of the classification by analysing 580 software security defects of the Firefox project. The achieved results show that C4.5 Decision Tree is able to identify the category of unseen vulnerabilities with 69% F-measure.

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was performed, during preparation of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) cobalt nanocatalysts, to modify the surface properties of CNTs support. Common CNTs and functionalized CNTs supported cobalt nanocatalysts were prepared using microemulsion technique with cobalt loading of 15 wt%. The catalysts were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature program reduction (TPR), H2 chemisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Most of the cobalt particles were homogeneously distributed inside the tubes and the rest on the outer surface of the functionalized CNTs. Functionalization of CNTs shifted the TPR reduction peaks to lower temperatures, improved the reduction degree, and increased the dispersion of cobalt particles. The proposed cobalt catalyst supported on functionalized CNTs increased the FTS rate (g HC/g cat./h), and percentage CO conversion from 0.1476, and 32.4% to 0.24, and 54%, respectively. Catalysts supported on functionalized CNTs showed better stability.

Background and purpose: It is crucial to keep the misfit of the abutment–fixture unit at the lowest possible rate. There are a few controversial studies on the accuracy of impression making of angulated implants, and much fewer (and controversial) studies on the abutment-level impression technique, which is a convenient and clinically favorable method. Besides, there are no studies on comparison of sectional vs. full-arch trays. We aimed to assess these. Methods: A trapezoidal model with four angulated implants installed at 20° and 30° buccal tilts was fabricated. Forty impressions were taken from this model, with two groups of full-arch and sectional custom trays (n = 2 9 20), each divided into two subgroups of implant-level and abutment-level techniques (n = 2 9 2 9 10 in four subgroups). Absolute and non-absolute linear and angular impression errors were estimated by comparing the fabricated casts with the model, using a coordinate measuring machine. The effects of sectional/full-arch trays and abutment-level and fixture-level techniques on impression accuracies were analyzed using one- and two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), Tukey, Mann–Whitney, and one-sample t-tests (a = 0.05, Mann– Whitney’s a using the Bonferroni Bonferroni method). Results: No significant differences between the absolute linear errors of the two trays (P = 0.100 [ANOVA]) and the two levels (P = 0.400 [ANOVA]) were observed. The assessment of absolute angular errors showed no significant differences (all P values ≥ 0.4 [ANOVA]). The difference between the linear errors in the full-arch vs. sectional trays was not significant in the fixture-level group (P = 0.290). However, in the abutment-level group, the linear error was significantly greater in the sectional tray compared to full-arch tray (P = 0.013, a = 0.025 [Mann–Whitney]). Conclusions: Using sectional trays might not be advantageous over full-arch trays. Sectional trays are not recommended for taking abutment-level impressions. The abutment-level impression technique is as accurate as the studied fixture-level technique. Increasing the angle of implants’ divergence from 40° to 60° might not usually lead to a significant increase in the errors, particularly when using abutment-level impressions.

Alkalized MoS2 nanocatalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is prepared using microemultion technique with water-to-surfactant ratios of 1–4. The nanocatalysts were extensively characterized by different methods and their activity and selectivity in higher alcohols synthesis (HAS) been assessed in a fixed bed micro-reactor. The physico-chemical properties and performance of the nanocatalysts were compared with the catalyst prepared by impregnation method. Very narrow particle size distribution has been produced by the microemulsion technique at the relatively high loading of active metal (15 wt.% Mo). The TEM images showed that small Mo nanoparticles are confined inside the CNTs and the on the outer surface of the CNTs (2–7 nm). Using microemultion technique with water to surfactant ratio of one; the average MoO3 particle sizes decreased to 4.5 nm, the %dispersion increased to 60.75 and the %reduction increased by 43%. Also, the chemical interactions between K–Mo–O species increased, enhancing the conditions for the formation of alcohols. Activity and selectivity were found to be dependent on the catalyst preparation method and water to surfactant ratio. The %CO conversion increased to 43.8%. The CNTs-supported MoO3–K2O nanocatalyst synthesized by the proposed microemulsion technique with water to surfactant ratio of one, decreased the hydrocarbons selectivity to 21.98% and increased the alcohols selectivity to 65.21%. Finally, using microemultion method dramatically decreased the methanol selectivity and increased ethanol and other higher alcohols selectivities.

Fixing some security failures are difficult because they cannot be easily reproduced. To address Hardly Reproducible Vulnerabilities (HRVs), security experts spend a significant amount of time, effort, and budget. Sometimes they do not succeed in the reproduction step and ignore some security failures. The exploitation of a vulnerability due to its irreproducibility may cause severe consequences. An efficient solution is to explore the behaviour of both hardly and easily reproducible security issues at the code level. We use linear regression techniques to build models based on the classical software complexity metrics and a set of attributes related to the environment of the system. The results show that the considered metrics and the vulnerability types do not have significant linear correlations with each other. Also, predicting the HRV-prone parts of large systems is a great help for security experts to focus their effort on the top-ranked vulnerable files. After identifying the suitable indicators based on linear regression, different machine learning techniques such as Random Forest, Logistic Regression, C4.5 Decision Tree, and Naive Bayes are employed to build HRV prediction models. The Random Forest technique achieves the precision of 82% and recall of 84% to classify vulnerable files into HRV-prone or non HRV-prone files. We believe that the results encourage the use of software metrics for vulnerability prediction in some projects.

Context: In the last 2 decades, several studies have questioned the application of the rule of the golden proportion in dentistry. Therefore, the purpose of this review study was to assess the dental use of the golden proportion. Evidence Acquisition: We performed MEDLINE and Cochrane searches for English language literature published through 2015 using the following terms: golden proportion, golden ratio, and dentistry. Additional articles were then retrieved through hand searching the reference lists of the above articles. The manuscripts selected included review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: The findings showed that the mean ratio of the relative widths of the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 1.6:1:0.85 on both sides. The ratios were not influenced by either sex or previous orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that the rule of the golden proportion should not be used for treatment planning without observing individual modifying factors. Moreover, orthodontic treatment does not change the dentition toward the golden proportion.

The hydro-distillation of aerial parts of Artemisia lehmanniana was analyzed by a combination of GC and GC-MS. Twenty-seven compounds, accounting for 92.1 % of the total oil, were identified. The main components of the essential oil were camphor (31.5 %), 1,8-cineole (16.9 %) and camphene (8.0 %). The oil was found to be rich in regard to oxygenated monoterpenes (65.1 %). The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was determined against eight bacteria and two fungal strains. The bacteria included Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used as fungi. The oil has shown maximum zone of inhibition against Enterobacter spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger (10 mm). Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger were the most (having MIC value 2.5 mg/ml and MBC and MFC value 2.5 mg/ml respectively) and Escherichi...

Background: Modern life prompted man to increasingly generate, transmit and use electricity that leads to exposure to different levels of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Substantial evidence indicates that exposure to common sources of EMF such as mobile phones, laptops or wireless internet-connected laptops decreases human semen quality. In some countries, mobile jammers are occasionally used in offices, shrines, conference rooms and cinemas to block the signal. Aims: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of short term exposure of human sperm samples to radiofrequency (RF) radiations emitted by common mobile jammers. Subjects and Methods: Fresh semen samples were collected by masturbation from 30 healthy donors who had referred to Infertility Treatment Center at the Mother and Child Hospital with their wives. Female problem was diagnosed as the reason for infertility in these couples. Statistical Analysis: T-test and analysis of variance were used to show statistical significance. Results: The motility of sperm samples exposed to jammer RF radiation for 2 or 4 h were significantly lower than those of sham-exposed samples. These findings lead us to the conclusion that mobile jammers may significantly decrease sperm motility and the couples' chances of conception. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be suggested that in countries that have not banned mobile jammer use, legislations should be urgently passed to restrict the use of these signal blocking devices in public or private places.