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Background: A range of diseases can result in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), characterized by a gradual decline in kidney function and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Currently, renal transplantation as the most effective treatment for managing ESRD. Tissue engineering presents a considerable opportunity to expand the available supply of donor organs for kidney transplants. The aim of this research was to develop a suitable technique for preparing decellularized kidney scaffolds from human tissues. Methods: The present study was carried out from April 2019 to August 2019 in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. In this study, two decellularization protocols were compared using sections of human kidney tissue. Therefore, two human kidneys which collected from Ghaem and Imam Reza hospitals were used. In the first protocol, detergents such as 1% Triton X-100 (1A) and 1% SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) (1B) were employed, followed by the application of DNase I. The second protocol utilized 0.5% SDS (2A) and 1% SDS (2B). The effectiveness of these techniques was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), DNA quantification, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Based on H&E staining results, comparison of the decellularized and native human kidney tissues showed a successful elimination of cell nuclei and the ameliorate extracellular matrix preservation in triton-treated scaffolds (1A) in comparison with the SDS-treated scaffolds (1B) at all times protocols. Furthermore, DNA quantification illustrated triton X-100 in removing DNA was more effective in eliminating DNA from kidney tissues compared to other protocols in renal tissues. In addition, IHC staining demonstrated that the expression of collagen IV and laminin was preserved throughout the decellularization process with Triton X-100 on day fifth. Also, IHC staining indicated human leukocyte antigen (HLA) was completely eliminated in the cortex-medulla of human scaffolds treated with Triton X-100 within day fifth. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that triton X-100 outperformed SDS as a detergent for decellularizing human kidneys. Meanwhile these results indicate suitable method for decellularization of human kidneys to produce functional kidneys.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) also known as germ stem cells (GSCs) are the basis of spermatogenesis process in the testis. Furthermore, they are also valuable cells with different applications in developmental biology, transgenesis technology, and clinic. Understanding the new findings related to the cell and molecular biology of SSCs and the methods for isolation and maintenance of these cells are important and essential for their applications in medicine to treat some infertility problems and also in biotechnology to produce transgenic animals. The present review was conducted to describe the cell and molecular basis of development, self-renewal, and differentiation of mammalian and poultry SSCs in vivo (natural niche) and in vitro. Moreover, this study represents specific molecular markers to characterize SSCs. We also introduce methods to isolate, cultivate and enrich these cells, which are important for their applications. Finally, the significance of SSCs in different fields and their practical perspectives, and also the differentiation potential of other stem cells into spermatogonial- and spermatic-like cells are discussed.

Background: The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key component during regeneration and maintenance of tissues and organs and has inductive effects on the behaviors of cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions between rabbit's esophageal scaffold with blastema tissue cells obtained from the pinnas of New Zealand white rabbits. Blastema is a collection of undifferentiated cells that are able to propagate and differentiate in a manner similar to embryonic cells. Methods: In this experimental study, after removing the esophagus, physical and chemical decellularization methods including snap-freeze thaw and treatment with Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as detergents, were performed. To prepare the blastema tissue, the pinnas of New Zealand white rabbits were punched and after 48 hours, the blastema tissue was obtained by a second punch. After washing, the scaffolds were assembled inside the blastema rings and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM). Findings: Histological studies demonstrated that using snap-freeze thaw and then treatment with 1% Triton X-100 for 24 hours followed by 0.5% SDS for 48 hours was the best decellularization procedure for preparing scaffolds from rabbit's esophagus. Furthermore, adhesion and migration of blastema tissue cells to esophageal scaffold were observed after two weeks of culture. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the extracellular matrix of the decellularized esophagus can have inductive effects on the proliferation, migration and adhesion of the blastema tissue cells.