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In the present era, urban development and effective urban planning are among the key concerns of societies globally. This study aims to investigate and analyse the nature and spatial configuration pattern of “Husseiniyas” – as an instance of a collective Iranian-Islamic space – in the town of Taft, Yazd province, utilising a multidisciplinary approach including the Graph Theory. The research falls under the category of applied studies and employs spatial statistics, (3-D) geo-visualisation analyses, and field observations to explore various aspects of Husseiniya spaces. It delves into qualitative aspects of space and establishes a connection between these aspects and the underlying spatial configuration patterns. The analysis shows that the quality-enhancing features of Husseiniya spaces align with spatial configuration patterns, driven by principles such as centrality, enclosure, and connectivity. Enhancing the quality of Husseiniya spaces, the analyses show, not only facilitates a correspondence between their physicalpatterns and spatial behaviour, but also supports the creation of optimised public urban spaces, aligned with urban design principles. Consequently, it is recommended thatthe spatial experiences and qualitative components of Husseiniyas be applied in the design and planning of public urban spaces. The incorporation of key principles like centrality, enclosure, and connectivity, it is argued here, will foster inclusive and equitable spaces in cities, ultimately facilitating an improved quality of urban life.

In analytical chemistry, the use of the simplest tool that provides the possibility of on-site measurement, low cost, and simple equipment has always been an area of interest for researchers. In recent years, the use of smartphones as an available tool can have these features. In this study, Bi2O3/ZnO/Pd adsorbent was used for preconcentration and measurement of Sudan IV color as one of the azo family colors in food and water samples, exploiting ultrasonic-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction (UA-d-μ-SPE) method along with a smartphone. The structure of this adsorbent was examined by XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses. Factors such as the amount of adsorbent (5.1 mg), sample solution pH (7.1), washing solvent volume (430.0 μL), and adsorption time (65 seconds) were optimized, utilizing central composite design (CCD) method. The type of washing solvent (methanol) and desorption time (45 seconds) were also optimized using the one-parameter-at-a-time method. In the best conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was 5.58 ng mL-1, and the linear detection range (LDR) for this color was 20-1100 ng mL-1. The enrichment factor (EF) was also computed as 22.87. In addition, the relative standard deviation (RSD%) was acquired as 3.91 with n=5.

Mating involves the transfer of sperm to females. Female reproductive investment is based on gamete numbers as well as gamete size. Females are more selective than males and this selection is based on numerous factors, like a male’s age, sexual status and familiarity. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of many insect pests such as aphids, psyllids, whiteflies and mealybugs in many countries. We investigated female mate choice in Hippodamia variegate caging females with: (i) a young and a middle-aged male, (ii) a virgin and mated male and (iii) a novel and a familiar male. Time to and duration of copulation were recorded. Females preferred to mate with middle-aged and familiar males and did not differentiate between previously mated and virgin males. Females copulated quicker and for longer with young or familiar males.

Ecological conditions such as access to adequate and appropriate nutrition are one of the factors that affect animal behavior. Various insects try to avoid copulation and even decrease the duration of copulation under starvation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of starvation on the mating performance of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) in which the virgin males and females (10 to 15 days old) were used. In each experiment, one male and one female were placed in a container for 3 hours (from 12 to 15) and some factors such as copulation latency and copulation duration were recorded. Experiments were conducted at the temperature of 25 ± 1°C and 50 ± 5 % humidity.The results showed the copulation latency and mating duration in the starved group and fed did not show any significant difference. These results can be interpreted that H.variegata can successfully reproduce and adapt to environments with different and even insufficient amount of food in a starvation context and it seems that this species is very suitable for biocontrol.

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic and common disease of the endocrine glands that puts patients at risk for emotional disorders, so given the negative effects of these two structures on the process of controlling and treating diabetes, psychological interventions seem necessary. Therefore, the authors conducted the present study to evaluate the effectiveness of Moritz-based metacognitive training on fasting blood sugar levels and the difficulty of regulating the excitement of patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods: The research method was pre-test-post-test with a control group. Of the women with type 2 diabetes, 50 women with type 2 diabetes were assigned to two experimental (25) and control (25) groups based on convenience sampling. Research instruments included difficulty scaling (2004, DERS) and blood tests. After conducting the pre-test, the Moritz-based metacognitive training sessions group received eight 90-minute weekly sessions, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were analyzed by repeated measurement of variance and Bonferroni follow-up test.Results: By adjusting the pre-test scores, there was a significant difference (p

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental vitamin C and zinc sulfate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters of laying hens reared under cold stress condition. A total of 144 Lohmann-LSL Lite laying hens (65 weeks old) were allotted to 24 groups. Based on a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, four corn-soybean-based diets (2750 kcal/kg ME and 14.69% CP) including two levels of vitamin C (0, 240 mg/kg) and two levels of zinc sulfate (0, 40 mg/kg) were assigned to hens with six replicate cages (n = 6) during 3-month experimental period. The data were analysed in a completely randomized design using GLM procedure of SAS. Increased egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM) and albumin weight egg and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and reduced FCR were observed in hens fed the zinc-included diet (P

In this study, hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography is used for determination of rivastigmine and donepezil in wastewater, serum and human urine samples. The method is based upon the utilization of liquid membranes, and, in addition to reduce the consumption of the organic solvents it provides a suitable sample clean-up. According to the method, the target analytes are extracted from an aqueous sample solution into a liquid membrane, and then they are selectively back-extracted into an aqueous acceptor solution. The method was coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and the factors influencing the extraction efficiency were thoroughly examined and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the method provides a good linearity (in the range of 2–1000 ng mL−1 (R2 > 0.995)). The method provides low limits of detection (in the ranges of 0.5-0.7 ng mL−1) and the enrichment factors are in the range of 150-222.

N-butyl-N-nitroxyethylnitramine (Butyl-NENA) is a nitramine-based softener that is widely used in the formulation of Nitramine compounds, such as HMX and RDX (gas generator components in the airbag, etc.).In this study, a new preferred method has been developed for the synthesis of Butyl-NENA, which is safe and economiccompared to the reported synthesis routs. In this Project, the electrochemical synthesis of dinitrogenpentoxide was carried out in two processes of constant electric current and potential. Afterwards, Butyl-NENAwas synthesised using 2-butyl aminoethanol as a precursor, and subsequently a solution obtained from the electrolysis. During the synthesis of Butyl-NENA, time, temperature, and molar ratio of the reactants were optimized. The results of the sequential syntheses showed that the suitable temperature of nitration,the reaction time, and the molar ratio of Alcohol to Dinitrogenpentoxidesolution were 35 ° C, 1 hour, and 1:3 respectively. In this way, temperature control is easily possible.The factors affecting the synthesis were investigated using Regression Test Design method. The results showed that the factors including temperature, molar ratio, and the reaction time do not act independently, and accordingly, the effects of their interactions were calculated.

Background & Purpose: Developed on the basis of trust, social networks can facilitate knowledge sharing to help individual learning. This study aimed to analyze the effect of emotional and cognitive trust on the use of social networks and knowledge sharing in learning. Methodology: This is an applied survey, in which the statistical population includes the high school teachers of Mashhad who are the users of social networks, and the statistical sample consisted of 375 teachers. The structural equation modeling (SEM) method was used for data analysis in AMOS and SPSS. Findings: Emotional and cognitive trust had positive effects on the use of social networks. It was also confirmed that the use of social networks had a positive effect on knowledge sharing; likewise, knowledge sharing affected individual learning positively. Conclusion: Increasing interpersonal trust can provide proper foundations for promoting the use of social networks to share knowledge among teachers, a process which will improve the quality of education system at schools.

Background and Aims: Systemic lignocaine has been shown to have sedative effects. We designed this randomised-double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of intravenous lignocaine on the bispectral index (BIS) during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Methods: 80 patients scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia were randomly allocated to 2 study groups. Group L received intravenous 1.5 mg/kg of lignocaine bolus, 15 minutes before spinal anaesthesia followed by an intravenous infusion 1.5 mg/kg/h for 60 minutes intravenously. The patients in the control group (C group) were given 0.9% sodium chloride in a double-blind fashion. Spinal anaesthesia was performed with 10 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine. The changes of Sao2, BIS and hemodynamic variables during caesarean section, Apgar score of neonate and the incidence of adverse effects were recorded. Results: BIS values were lower in the L group compared to C group (P ≤ 0.001). Comparison of mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes during spinal anaesthesia and surgery reveal statistically significant difference between two groups through repeated measure analysis (P ≤ 0.001), but comparision of heart rate (HR) changes during spinal anaesthesia and surgery failed to reveal any statistically significant difference between two groups. (P = 0.261). The Apgar scores did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups at first and five minutes after delivery (P = 0.99). Conclusion: Intravenous lignocaine infusion given with spinal anaesthesia in women undergoing elective caesarean delivery providing lower BIS values without respiratory depression, in the absence of foetal compromise.

Chromium is a controversial element with an important essentiality and toxicity. Depending on its different species, its speciation analysis in bio-origin matrices is of utmost importance. Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles, with the purpose of combining their outstanding performances, were served to speciate chromium ions in human biological samples. The as-obtained sorbent (nano LDH-APDC) - after characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) - was used as a novel pH-sensitive adsorbent in an integrated one-step dispersive solid-phase extraction (I-OS-DSPE), which combines the benefits of the air-assisted microextraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction methods. An interesting feature of the nano LDH-APDC sorbent is that it is dissolved in an aqueous solution when the pH of the solution is lower than 4. Thus the analyte elution step, as required in most of the sorbent-based extraction methods, was obviated by dissolving the sorbent in an acidic solution after extraction and separation from the sample solution. The Cr(VI) ions were first extracted, while the Cr(III) ions remained in the aqueous solution. The extract was then directly injected into a flame atomic absorption spectrometer with a micro-sampling introduction system, and the concentration of the Cr(III) ions was calculated by its subtraction from the total chromium ions present. Several variables including the pH (5), type and amount of the nanosorbent used (30 mg of nano (Zn-Al) LDH-APDC), number of extraction cycles (15 times), and elution conditions (200 µL of 6.0 mol L−1 HNO3) were investigated to achieve the maximum extraction efficiency. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection, linear range, consumptive index, and enrichment factor for the Cr(VI) ions were 2.4 μg L−1, 8.0–640 μg L−1, 0.24, and 42.5 ± 1, respectively. These findings suggested that nano (Zn-Al) LDH-APDC could be regarded as a promising adsorbent for an efficient speciation of the chromium species in the human hair, nail, saliva, plasma, and urine samples. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Speciation, Integrated, Microextraction, Bio-origin

In this work, ZnO with a nanorod morphology loaded on activated carbon (ZnO NRs-AC) was synthesized using the co-precipitation method for the photo-degradation of malachite green (MG) under the UV light. The photo-catalyst was characterized using various analytical techniques including XRD and FE-SEM. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for the optimization of the influential parameters. The optimum values for the parameters involved were as follow: photo-catalyst dosage,16 mg; MG concentration, 30 mg L-1; and reaction time was 46 min. Studying the effect of foreign ions on the performance of the photo-catalytic process indicated the stability of ZnO NRs-AC in the photo-catalytic degradation of MG. According to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetic model, the kinetic degradation of MG followed a pseudo-first order kinetic model.

Abstract: Al(III), Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions have important role in human health , environment , agriculture and industry. The aim of this work is sensing and simultaneous determination of of these ions in aqueous solution. It was distinguished that Eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) can form coloured complexes by all of these ions. PLS regression method was applied to overcome the overlapping of peak spectrum in UV-Vis region. In optimization operation, wavelength range of 450-650 nm, pH = 6, time reaction=30 min and ligand concentration = 150(mg/L) were selected for subsequent single ion calibration and multicomponent analysis. Dynamic range for Al(III), Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions are 0.06 - 0.60 and 1.0-3.0 and 0.20 – 1.0( mg/L) in multicomponent regression analysis respectively. Optimum factor number for determination of these ions was found 4, 6, 8 and R2 (pred) was 0.76,0.93 and 0.73 respectively. For evaluation of PLS model, 21 synthetic solution was made from Al(III), Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions and tested by proposed model. It was proved that method was very appropriate for precision and accurate analysis of these ions simultaneously

In this paper, the voltammetric properties of entacapone, an anti-Parkinson’s disease drug, were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry at MWCNTs modified carbon paste electrode in phosphate buffer in presence of Tween 20 and validated for quantitative determination of entacapone in bulk, pharmaceutical dosage forms and human plasma. Several factors such as pH, type of surfactant and scan rate were investigated in order to study the optimum conditions for determination of entacapone. A good linear relationship was obtained within the concentration range from 50 ˟ 10-9 to 2.4˟10-3M. The limits of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 8×10-10and 2.4×10-9molL-1, respectively. The proposed method was simple, rapid and economic, so it is suitable for routine analysis of entacapone in pure form and dosage forms and for pharmaco kinetic studies.

Background: Open heart surgery is one of the most common and valuable treatment methods for cardiovascular diseases, a common side effect of which is atrial fibrillation that occurs due to various reasons. Objective: To determine the relationship between incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients after open heart surgery. Methods: The present retrospective cohort study was conducted on 330 patients in Farshchian Heart Center through census. The required data were collected from medical records of the patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery using data collection between April 2015 and March 2015. Then, data analysis was performed using SPSS software (ver.16) at error level of p0.05). Conclusion: Since the pathogenesis of AF after cardiac surgery is believed to be multifactorial, including clinical variables and technical intraoperative factors, the relation between incidence of AF with mean age, BMI, PAC, PVC, creatinine and duration of hospitalization was significant. But AF was not related to cardiopulmonary pump time (minute). It is necessary to conduct further research on factors affecting incidence of atrial fibrillation.

AbstractIn this study, the degradation of the two dyes basic in their binary mixture is examined under the light irradiation in the presence of catalyst. A mercury lamp, which was located at a distance 30 cm from the solution surface, was used as the UV irradiation source. The first-order derivative spectra was used to obtain the residual concentration of each dye in mixtures after a given time of photo-degradation. The and techniques are employed to confirm the nanocomposite prepared. The effects of the parameters involved in the photo-catalytic activity including the solution, catalyst dosage, and concentrations of the two dyes are studied. The results obtained show that under the optimum experimental conditions and after 60 minutes of the UV light irradiation in the presence of the 8 mg catalyst and in the of 5.5, the percentage degradation of the two dyes are more than 90%.

In this study, the ashes of poplar tree leaves are applied as an efficient, accessible and inexpensive biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals Pb2+ and Cu+2 in aqueous solutions. In the adsorption processes, the success of the ions removal highly depends on the level of several experimental factors such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature. Therefore, a genuine statistical experiment design method is required to achieve a common experimental conditions where both ions have been removed from aqueous solutions to a great degree. Here, this common optimal conditions are obtained by the combination of experimental design and desirability function methods. For a mixture of Pb2+ and Cu+2, the following optimal conditions were achieved: pH of 5.4, contact time of 23 min, adsorbent dosage of 0.14 g, and temperature of 280C; at 150 mg L-1 of Pb2+ and 120 mg L-1 Cu2+. The removal efficiencies of Pb2+ and Cu+2 were 92.8% and 94.9%, respectively, which verified the applicability of this biosorbent for the ions removal. Moreover, the equilibrium and kinetic behavior of the adsorption processes are investigated and then thermodynamic parameters, ΔG0(Kj mol-1), ΔH(Kj mol-1)0, and ΔS0 (Kj mol-1), are evaluated which reveal that both processes are endothermic and spontaneous.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of the preconditions for knowledge sharing intention based on the Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (1991) as well as its behavioral consequences based on the theory of Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995). Methodology: This study was conducted through a survey method. The statistical population consisted of all the graduate students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences that 289 students were srandomely selected as the sample. Data were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. Findings: The findings showed that attitude, subjective norms, behavioral beliefs and normative beliefs affected the intention to share knowledge; the intention for sharing knowledge had a direct and significant effect on the individual’s adopted knowledge sharing behaviors. Also internalization affected the combination; combination affected the socialization and socialization affected the externalization. Significant positive relationship was statistically identified between internalization behavior and externalization. Another remarkable finding of the present study was the role of the attitude in affecting variables of the model. Results also showed that attitudes directly affected the subjective norms, intention to share knowledge, internalization and externalization.

A new, simple method based on the use of chemically 2-((3-silylpropylimino) methyl) phenol (SPIMP) bonded single-walled carbon nanotubes (SPIMP-SWCNTs) as solid-phase extraction (SPE) stationary phase is proposed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+ ions prior to the measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). This new SPE method provides several advantages, such as high extraction efficiency, high breakthrough volumes, convenient extraction procedure, and short analysis times. The different experimental parameters for preconcentration of metal ions have been investigated on a column packed with SPIMP-SWCNTs. The optimum pH value for the separation of metal ions was 7.0. The metal ions retained on chemically modified SWCNTs efficiently were eluted using 6.0 mL of 4.0 mol L-1HNO3 solution. The detection limits of the method was found to be 2.10, 2.97, 1.55 and 3.03 µg L-1 for Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Fe3+, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was lower than 4.0% (n=8). The method has been successfully applied for analysis of the metal contents in different real samples including mineral water, sour cherry juice, pine apple juice and cabbage.

In the eighth century, three hagiographies was written and translated and summarized by Mahmood Ibn Osman about two well-known Fars mystics who have lived in the fifth and eleventh century. The Mystics name were “sheikh Abou Ishaq Kazerouni " and "Amin Aldin Balayani “. Because these hagiographies "Firdous Almorshedieh ", " Anvar Almorshedieh " and " Meftah Alhedayeh " are important and unknown and there is no source, except these three books about the life of their writer, and because of special style of Mahmood Ibne Osman in writing of hagiographies, In this article it is attempted to survey the aspects of these two mystics and their hagiographies and the relationship between "Mahmood Ibne Osman" and "Abu Ishaq" and " Amin Aldin ".Therefore in these essay the comparative style of writing, the usage of poems of various poets in hagiographies, common chapters and common ideas and contents and the high position of women and dignity of hagiographies are studied and discussed.

Introduction: Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) is the most common type of heart diseases and also the major cause of death or disability. This disease affects the Quality Of Life (QOL) of the patients. Aim: To investigate the effect of a Health-related Lifestyle selfManagement (HELM) program on QOL of the patients with IHD. Materials and Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 92 patients using convenience sampling method. Data collection was performed using the demographic and the MacNew QOL questionnaires. All the participants completed the questionnaires in two sessions (at the onset of the study and after eight weeks). In the case group, a lifestyle self-management program was executed along with the daily records; while the regular trainings were performed in the control group. Analysis of the obtained data was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Chi-square test, Fisher’s test, Independent t-test, paired t-test, and descriptive tests. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the demographic variables including age, gender, education, occupation, and marital status. Based on the results, before the intervention, the two groups had no significant difference in terms of the mean scores of the QOL (p>0.05); while, comparing the groups after the intervention indicated significant differences in the scores of QOL as well as in three fields emotional, physical, and social fields (p0.05), but difference of the same score in the test group before and after the intervention was statistically significant (p

In this article, a novel method that utilizes N,Nâ²- bis (5- boromo salicyliden) 2,2- dimetyl 1,3- propan diamine- modified activated carbon as a solid-phase extractant has been developed for simultaneous preconcentration of trace Cu2+, Pb2+and Fe2+ prior to the measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experimental conditions for effective adsorption of trace levels of Cu2+, Pb2+and Fe2+ were optimized using batch and column procedures in detail. The optimum pH value for the separation of metal ions simultaneously on the new sorbent was 5 and the adsorbed metal ions could be completely eluted by using 6.0 mL 4.0 molLâ1 HNO3 solution. Common coexisting ions did not interfere with the separation and determination of target metal ions. The maximum static adsorption capacity of the sorbent at optimum conditions was found to be.8, 39.9,77.8 and 17.3mggâ1 for Cu2+, Pb2+and Fe2+, respectively. The detection limits of the method were found to be 1.47, 3.1 and 2.65 µgLâ1 for Cu2+, Pb2+and Fe2+ respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was lower than 4.0% (n = 8). The method was successfully applied for the preconcentration of trace Cu2+, Pb2+and Fe2+ in natural and certified samples with satisfactory results.

Introduction: Undoubted present age organizations are in-face with evolutions and widespread national, local and international threats. So guaranty and life running and organizational survival are needed solutions that related so much to invention, innovator creation of products or services and modern methods. So present age organizations had special notice to job-making because it plays a basic role in organizational competition situation. Following research will show the job-making behavior barriers in health insurance system and comparative studies in both governmental and private insurances organizations. Method: This study is a survey that searched in two Parsian Insurance Organization and Social Security Insurance Organization and it's done by quesstionair that has been confirmed by 94% of Cronbach Alpha and justifiability has been confirmed by 96%. The society of this study has 470 persons in governmental part and 466 persons in private part. Data analysis has done by SPSS software and used of binominal analysis, statistical test, Friedman's test and factor analysis. The studied behavior barriers are inclusive of managers’ characteristic traits and personal characteristic traits, organizational paradox and tensions, organizational culture and leader method. Results: According to the binominals test, results shown that possibilities of the Social Security Insurance Organization are 79% for organizational culture, 76% for managers’ characteristic traits and 75% for personnel characteristic traits with assumption of being similar factors and possibilities of Parsian Insurance Organization are 64% for organizational culture, 68% for managers’ characteristic traits and 71% for personnel’s characteristic traits with same assumption. According to the gain ranks, organizational culture has highest ranking with rank of 4.48, managers’ characteristic traits with rank of 3.99 and personnel’s characteristic traits with rank of 3.44 have next rankings in Health Insurance Part of Social Security Insurance Organization And managers’ characteristic traits with rank of 4.01 has highest ranking, personnel’s characteristic traits with rank of 3.3 and organizational culture with rank of 3.27 have next rankings in Parsian Insurance Organization. Conclusion: Organizational culture, managers’ characteristic traits and then personnel’s characteristic traits regularity are effective in governmental organizations, managers’ characteristic traits, personnel’s characteristic traits and organizational culture regularity are effective on behavior barriers in private organizations. Keywords: Entrepreneurship; Organizational Culture; Insurance Carriers

A user-friendly and inexpensive ionic liquid-based single-drop microextraction (IL-SDME) method was developed to preconcentrate trace amounts of aminophenol isomers (APs) from human urine, hair dye and water samples prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectrophotometry detection (HPLC-UV). Under optimum conditions (i.e., 3.5 µL of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C6MIM][PF6], 10 mL of sample, NaCl free adjusted to pH 5.5, 15 min extraction time and 800 rpm agitation speed at room temperature) enrichment factors and limits of detection were ranged from 348 to 364 and 0.06 to 0.14 depending on the target analytes. The method gave good levels of repeatability with relative standard deviations varying between 3.6 and 4.2 % (n = 5). Recoveries of the analytes were ranged between 87.3 and 99.3 %, showing that the matrix had a negligible effect upon extraction. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of different real samples such as human urine, hair dye and water samples.

A simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of cetrimonium bromide at trace levels in water samples was developed by combining a dispersive liquid âliquid microextraction (DLLME) technique with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). A mixture of extraction solvent and dispersive solvent were rapidly injected into 10.0 mL aqueous sample, and a cloudy solution was formed. After extraction of the analyte into the fine droplets of extractant, phase separation was performed by centrifugation and the enriched analyte in the sedimented phase was determined by HPLC-UV. The factors relevant to the microextraction efficiency, such as the kind and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, and the extraction time were optimized. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent: chlorobenzene, volume, 70 μL dispersive solvent: ethanol, volume, 0.75 mL), the enrichment factor of 200 was obtained. The linear range was 0.005â100 µg L-1. The relative standard deviation of 5.9% (n= 5), and detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) of 0.10 pg mL-1 were obtained.

The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome are increasing globally. The present study was conducted in an attempt to define optimal cutoff values for several anthropometric variables in an Iranian population, as these may vary with ethnicity. Iranian subjects (2483 men and 2445 women), aged 15–65 years, were recruited using a cluster-stratified sampling method from rural and urban areas within the Khorasan province. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to define optimal anthropometric cutoff values. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome were 28, 5.5, 67, and 39.9%, respectively. The gender-specific cutoff values for waist:height ratio to predict hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome among men were 0.52 (sensitivity = 66%; specificity = 66%), 0.54 (sensitivity = 65%; specificity = 65%), 0.50 (sensitivity = 58%; specificity = 57%), and 0.53 (sensitivity = 73%; specificity = 70%), and for women were 0.59 (sensitivity = 61%; specificity = 61%), 0.61 (sensitivity = 64%; specificity = 64%), 0.57 (sensitivity = 61%; specificity = 61%), and 0.59 (sensitivity = 77%; specificity = 77%) (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between waist:height ratio and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome, particularly in women. Waist circumference cutoffs were higher for women than men for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.

A selective and sensitive method for determination of cadmium and zinc is presented. The method is based on adsorptive accumulation of the complexes of Cd (II) and Zn (II) ions with 4-amiono-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-tion (MMTT) onto hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), followed by reduction of the adsorbed species by voltammetric scan using differential pulse modulation. The ligand concentration, pH, potential and time of accumulation, scan rate and pulse height were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a linear calibration curve was obtained for the concentration of Cd (II) and Zn (II) in the range of 5-450 and 5-850 ng/ml, respectively, with a detection limit of 1.7 ng/ml Cd (II) and 1.3 ng/ml Zn (II). The ability of the method was evaluated by analysis of cadmium and zinc in water and alloy samples.