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Vitamin D status and requirements of infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are unclear.The objectives were to assess vitamin D status in infants of mothers with GDM and compare vitamin D status in response to 400 vs. 1000 IU/d vitamin D supplementation in infants born with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]50 nmol/L.Women with GDM delivering full-term infants (n = 98; March 2017-2019, Montreal, Canada) were surveyed for demographic and lifestyle factors. Pregnancy history was obtained from medical records. Newborn serum 25(OH)D was measured (immunoassay) and categorized as30 (deficient) or ≥40 nmol/L (adequate). Breastfed neonates (n = 16) with serum 25(OH)D50 nmol/L at birth were randomly assigned to 400 or 1000 IU/d of supplemental cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), and serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline (≤1 mo) and 3, 6, and 12 mo of age. Groups were compared using a linear mixed-effects model and Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests.Mean newborn serum 25(OH)D was 46.4 (95% CI: 43.9, 49.9) nmol/L, with 15.3% (95% CI: 8.2%, 22.4%)30 nmol/L and 61.2% (95% CI: 51.6%, 70.9%) ≥40 nmol/L. During the trial, most infants were breastfed to 3 mo (400 IU/d: 87.5%; 1000 IU/d: 75.0%). Mean (± SEM) infant serum 25(OH)D was higher in the 1000-IU/d group at 3 mo (79.9 ± 5.9 vs. 111.5 ± 15.2 nmol/L; P = 0.0263), and although not different at 6-12 mo, was maintained at50 nmol/L.Most infants of women with GDM had adequate vitamin D status in this study. In those born with serum 25(OH)D50 nmol/L, vitamin D status was corrected by 3 mo of age in response to 400 or 1000 IU/d of supplemental vitamin D. Dietary guidance should continue to recommend that all women who could become pregnant take a multivitamin supplement and that breastfed infants receive 400 IU/d of supplemental vitamin D. This study and ancillary trial were registered at clinicaltrials.gov (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02563015) as NCT02563015.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine exposure to maternal vitamin D status

ImportanceThe dose of supplemental vitamin D needed in infants born with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations less than 50 nmol/L (ie, 20 ng/mL) is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine whether a higher dose (1000 IU vs 400 IU per day) is required in infants born with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L for bone mineral accretion across infancy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this prespecified secondary analysis of a double-blinded randomized clinical trial, conducted from March 2016 to March 2019 in a single center in Greater Montreal, Quebec, Canada, a consecutive sample of 139 healthy term singletons were recruited from 866 infants screened for vitamin D status at birth. Data were analyzed from June 2021 to November 2022.InterventionsCapillary blood was collected 24 to 36 hours after birth to measure serum total 25(OH)D concentrations. Infants with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L were randomized to receive either 1000 IU or 400 IU per day of oral vitamin D3 supplementation from age 1 to 12 months. Infants with 25(OH)D concentrations of 50 nmol/L or greater formed a reference group.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMeasures at age 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were preplanned and included whole-body bone mineral content, lumbar spine bone mineral content, and bone mineral density using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and serum 25(OH)D3 using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsOf 139 included infants, 81 (58.3%) were male, and the median (IQR) gestational age at birth was 39.6 (38.9-40.6) weeks. A total of 49 infants were included in the 1000 IU per day group, 49 infants in the 400 IU per day group, and 41 in the reference group. Mean (SD) whole-body bone mineral content was not different between trial groups over time (1000 IU per day, 173.09 [2.36] g; 400 IU per day, 165.94 [66.08] g). Similarly, no differences were observed in lumbar spine bone mineral content or density. Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were significantly higher in the 1000 IU per day group from age 3 to 12 months (3 months, 115.2 [35.3] nmol/L; 6 months, 121.6 [34.4] nmol/L; 12 months, 99.6 [28.8] nmol/L) compared with the 400 IU per day trial group (3 months, 77.4 [23.3] nmol/L; 6 months, 85.1 [18.6] nmol/L; 12 months, 82.3 [14.3] nmol/L).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, a higher dose of vitamin D supplementation in infants born with 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L did not present advantages to bone mass in infancy. This study supports a standard dose of 400 IU per day of vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants in Montreal.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02563015

The implications of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and vitamin D status to neonatal bone health are unclear. We tested whether maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and GWG relate to neonatal bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). Healthy term appropriate for gestational age breastfed neonates (n = 142) and their mothers were recruited 24–36 h after delivery and followed at 1.0 ± 0.5 month. At birth, obstetric data were collected and newborn serum 25(OH)D was measured. At 1 month, neonatal whole-body (WB) BMC, WB BMC relative to body weight (WB BMC/kg), lumbar spine BMC and BMD, maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D concentrations, and anthropometry were measured. Infant BMC and BMD between maternal 25(OH)D (p = 0.0003) whole-body BMC and BMC/kg and lumbar spine BMC and BMD than inadequate GWG, and greater (p = 0.0063) whole-body BMC/kg and lumbar spine BMC and BMD than adequate GWG. These results suggest that maternal GWG, but not vitamin D status, modestly relates to bone mass in neonates.

Background: Vitamin D status of pregnant women is associated with body composition of the offspring. The objective of this study was to assess whether the association between maternal vitamin D status and neonatal adiposity is modified by maternal adiposity preconception.Methods: Healthy mothers and their term appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) infants (n=142; 59% male, Greater Montreal, March 2016-2019) were studied at birth and 1 month postpartum (2-6 weeks). Newborn (24-36 hour) serum was collected to measure total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (immunoassay); maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was obtained from the medical record. Anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and serum 25(OH)D were measured at 2-6 weeks postpartum in mothers and infants. Mothers were grouped into 4 categories based on their vitamin D status (sufficient 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L vs. at risk of being insufficient 2): insufficient-recommended weight (I-RW, n=24); insufficient-overweight/obese (I-OW/O, n=21); sufficient-recommended weight (S-RW, n=69); and sufficient-overweight/obese (S-OW/O, n=28). Partial correlation and mixed model ANOVA were used while adjusting for covariates.Results: At birth, infant serum 25(OH)D mean concentrations were below the cut-point for sufficiency of 50 nmol/L for both maternal pre-pregnancy BMI categories; 47.8 [95%CI: 43.8, 51.9] nmol/L if BMI 2 and 38.1 [95%CI: 33.5, 42.7] nmol/L if BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Infant serum 25(OH)D concentrations at birth (r=0.77; pg: 0.42]; p=0.04) with magnitude of difference of 220.4 g or ~28% difference (adjusting for covariates). Conclusions: Maternal vitamin D status is positively correlated with neonatal vitamin D. In this study, maternal adiposity and serum 25(OH)D in utero and maternal weight status.

Vitamin D status positively relates to lean body mass in infants. This study tested the effect of vitamin D on body composition and growth-related hormones. It was hypothesized that low vitamin D status programs for higher fat mass accretion. Female weanling Sprague–Dawley rats (4 weeks; n = 6/diet) were randomized to AIN-93G diets with modified vitamin D contents for 8 weeks: group 1 (1 IU vitamin D3/g diet), group 2 (2 IU vitamin D3/g diet), and group 3 (4 IU vitamin D3/g diet). At week 0, 4, and 8 of study, measurements included: serum 25(OH)D3, IGF-1, IGFBP3, leptin, and whole body composition assessed with DXA. Differences among groups were tested using mixed model ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc t-tests. No differences were observed in baseline body composition and biomarkers, nor did body weight and food intake differ over the study. At week 8, serum 25(OH)D3 in group 3 was higher (P

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D status at birth is reliant on maternal–fetal transfer of vitamin D during gestation. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the vitamin D status of newborn infants in a diverse population and to subsequently identify the modifiable correlates of vitamin D status. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, healthy mother–infant dyads (n = 1035) were recruited within 36 h after term delivery (March 2016–March 2019). Demographic and lifestyle factors were surveyed. Newborn serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured (standardized chemiluminescence immunoassay) and categorized as deficient [serum 25(OH)D

OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to test whether rapid correction of insufficient vitamin D status initiated in the neonatal period improves whole-body lean mass across infancy. METHODS: This was a double-blinded, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial (NCT02563015). Healthy term breastfed infants of appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) were recruited from Montreal (March 2016–2019). Capillary blood was collected (24–36 h) for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] measurement (Liaison, Diasorin Inc.). Infants with serum 25(OH)D

This study centers on the controllable synthesis, characterization, and application of a novel magnetic bio-metal-organic framework (Bio-MOF) for the adsorption and subsequent removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions. Zinc ions and carnosine (Car) were exploited to construct the Car-based MOF on the surface of magnetite (Fe(3)O(4) NPs). The Magnetite precoating with Car led to an increase in the yield and the uniform formation of the magnetic MOF. The prepared magnetic Bio-MOF nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)-Car-MOF NPs) had semi-spherical shape with the size in the range of 35–77 nm, and the crystalline pattern of both magnetite and Car-based MOF. The NPs were employed as an adsorbent for arsenic (As) removal. The adsorption analyses revealed that all studied independent variables including pH, adsorbent dose, and initial arsenic concentration had a significant effect on the arsenic adsorption, and the adsorption data were well matched to the quadratic model. The predicted adsorption values were close to the experimental values confirming the validity of the suggested model. Furthermore, adsorbent dose and pH had a positive effect on arsenic removal, whereas arsenic concentration had a negative effect. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies both revealed that As adsorption fitted best to the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (94.33 mg/g) was achieved at room temperature, pH of 8.5 and adsorbent dose of 0.4 g/L. Finally, the results demonstrated that the adsorbent could be efficiently applied for arsenic removal from aqueous environment. [Image: see text]

Carbon-based nanomaterials have received substantial attention as a drug delivery platform for cancer treatment. In the current study, a simple and eco-friendly method was introduced for the preparation of highly fluorinated graphene oxide (FGO), which was subsequently evaluated by standard characterization methods. It was then employed as a carrier for Linoleic acid-curcumin conjugate as an anticancer drug (FGO-Lino-CUR). Finally, the release profile and selective toxicity of FGO-Lino-CUR were investigated and compared with FGO-CUR. It was observed that the pH-sensitive release fitted to Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The accumulated release of Lino-CUR at pH 5.5 was about 20% more than that of pH 7.4. FGO-Lino-CUR exhibited relatively high toxicity (about 60%) against MCF-7 cells which was 20% more than that against MCF10A cells. In vitro MRI studies also revealed that the Lino-CUR loaded FGO with adequate relaxation rate (r2 = 67.12 (s−1mM−1)) and favorable ability to reduce signal intensity in the presence of MCF10A and MCF-7 cells, could be a potential candidate as a negative MRI contrast agent. In vivo anti-tumor studies were performed on 4T1 induced BALB/c breast cancer model. Accordingly, the higher tumor suppression capability of FGO-Lino-CUR was observed with no significant body weight changes during treatment compared with free Lino-CUR. Moreover, the MRI contrast enhancing ability of FGO-Lino-CUR for the in vivo MRI of tumor bearing BALB/c mice, indicated its noticeable ability to create negative contrast. Simple and versatile method for the preparation of the target system as well as acceptable anticancer activity and MRI contrast enhancement, make Lino-CUR loaded FGO as an encouraging candidate for the breast cancer theranostics.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the associations between postpartum maternal vitamin D status and body composition to neonatal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and body composition. METHODS: Healthy mothers and term-born infants of appropriate size for gestational age were recruited from Greater Montreal (March 2016 through March 2019). The present analysis includes data from mothers and infants (n = 144). Maternal characteristics and lifestyle factors were surveyed and newborn capillary blood samples were taken within 36 h of delivery to assess vitamin D status using total serum 25(OH)D (Liaison, Diasorin). Maternal and infant anthropometry and body composition (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and maternal serum 25(OH)D were measured within 1 mo postpartum. Mothers were classified into 2 groups (group 1: ≥50 nmol/L; group 2

Summary: Device-associated health care-acquired infections (DA-HAIs) pose a threat to patient safety, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, few data regarding DA-HAI rates and their associated bacterial resistance in ICUs from Iran are available. A DA-HAI surveillance study was conducted in six adult and pediatric ICUs in academic teaching hospitals in Tehran using CDC/NHSN definitions. We collected prospective data regarding device use, DA-HAI rates, and lengths of stay from 2584 patients, 16,796 bed-days from one adult ICU, and bacterial profiles and bacterial resistance from six ICUs. Among the DA-HAIs, there were 5.84 central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABs) per 1000 central line-days, 7.88 ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) per 1000 mechanical ventilator-days and 8.99 catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) per 1000 urinary catheter-days. The device utilization ratios were 0.44 for central lines, 0.42 for mechanical ventilators and 1.0 for urinary catheters. The device utilization ratios of mechanical ventilators and urinary catheters were higher than those reported in the ICUs of the INICC and the CDC's NHSN reports, but central line use was lower. The DA-HAI rates in this study were higher than the CDC's NHSN report. However, compared with the INICC report, the VAP rate in our study was lower, while the CLAB rate was similar and the CAUTI rate was higher. Nearly 83% of the samples showed a mixed-type infection. The most frequent pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. In the S. aureus isolates, 100% were resistant to oxacillin. Overall resistances of A. baumannii and K. pneumonia to imipenem were 70.5% and 76.7%, respectively. A multiple drug resistance phenotype was detected in 68.15% of the isolates. The DA-HAI rates in Iran were shown to be higher than the CDC-NHSN rates and similar to the INICC rates. Resistance to oxacillin and imipenem was higher as well. Comparing device use, DA-HAI rates, and bacterial resistance for the primary isolated bacteria indicated a direct association between urinary catheter use and the rates of CAUTI. Keywords: Hospital infection, Iran, INICC, International Nosocomial Infection Consortium, Device-associated infection, Bacterial resistance

The reactive intermediate generated by the addition of tert-butyl and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl butyl isocyanide to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate was trapped by 7-hydroxycoumarin to produce highly functionalized 4H-chromenes in fairly good yields. When the reaction is performed with cyclohexyl isocyanide, 1-azabuta-1,3-dienes were obtained.

Escherichia coli is the species that is most frequently isolated from bile of patients with biliary tract diseases. This study was aimed to investigate any association between resistance and virulence properties of these isolates with occurrence of the diseases. A total of 102 bile samples were obtained from patients subjected to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for different biliary diseases. Clinical data were collected and culture of the bile samples was done on selective media. Resistance of characterized Escherichia coli isolates to deoxycholate sodium (0–7%) and nineteen antibiotics was determined and PCR using 16 pairs of primers targeting stx1, stx2, exhA, eae, bfp, agg, pcvd432, lt, st, ipaH, pic, pet, ast, set, sen, and cdtB genes was done. Our results showed a statistically significant association between E. coli colonization and existence of common bile duct and gallbladder stones (p value 0.028). Out of the 22 E. coli strains (22/102) multidrug resistance phenotype was present in 95.45%. None of the strains belonged to common E. coli pathotypes. However, bfp + EhxA-hly, bfp + astA, bfp + EhxA-hly + pic, and EhxA-hly + pic + astA, bfp, and astA genotypes were detected in these strains. bfp (7/22, 31.8%) and astA (5/22, 22.7%) were among most frequent virulence factors in these strains. Results of this study showed significant association between colonization of E. coli and choledocholithiasis. Unusual existence of virulence gene combinations in these strains and their resistance to DOC and multiple classes of antibiotics could be considered as possible causes of their persistence in this harsh microenvironment.

OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D status is positively associated with lean mass phenotype in healthy infants born with sufficient vitamin D stores. The objective is to test whether rapid correction of low neonatal vitamin D status improves body composition (lean mass and fat mass) at 6 mo of age. METHODS: In a double-blinded randomized parallel group controlled trial (NCT02563015), healthy term neonates of appropriate weight for gestational age were recruited from Montreal. Capillary blood samples were collected 24–36 h post natally for measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (Liaison, Diasorin Inc.). Infants with serum 25(OH)D

Maghsoudi, Behzad/0000-0002-1279-8799; Kritsotakis, Evangelos/0000-0002-9526-3852; Yalcin, Ata Nevzat/0000-0002-7243-7354; Mikaszewska-Sokolewicz, Malgorzata A/0000-0002-1148-7817; ALDEMIR KOCABAS, Bilge/0000-0002-6396-5243; Masjedi, Mohammad Reza/0000-0002-6871-382X; Masjedi, Mansoor/0000-0001-6175-9289; Gan, Chin Seng/0000-0002-6758-4798; Oncul, Oral/0000-0002-1681-1866; Sabetian, Golnar/0000-0001-8764-2150; YAMAN, Ayhan/0000-0002-5651-1286; Ozdemir, Halil/0000-0002-7318-1688; Leon, Hector Armando Rincon/0000-0003-0715-200X; Delia, Muntean/0000-0001-9100-4530; Atasay, Fatma Begum/0000-0002-9114-5293; Zand, Farid/0000-0003-3489-3372; Kuchenbecker, Ricardo/0000-0002-4707-3683; Medeiros, Eduardo A/0000-0002-6205-259X; ROMERO LOPEZ-ALBERCA, CRISTINA/0000-0001-5856-8668; Salomao, Reinaldo/0000-0003-1149-4598; ozdemir, sonay incesoy/0000-0003-2863-901X; Meco, Basak Ceyda/0000-0003-2951-9634; Horoz, Ozden Ozgur/0000-0001-7590-650X; Horhat, Florin George/0000-0001-6133-0204; Kazi, Mohammad Mukhit/0000-0003-3824-5540; Ciftci, Ergin/0000-0002-4955-160X; Abouqal, Redouane/0000-0002-6117-4341; Leblebicioglu, Hakan/0000-0002-6033-8543; Garcell, Humberto Guanche/0000-0001-7279-0062; Kendirli, Tanil/0000-0001-9458-2803; de Souza, Maria Cecilia B V/0000-0003-0318-3087; Sanaei Dashti, Anahita/0000-0002-2827-3575; UNAL, SERHAT/0000-0003-1184-4711; alvarez Moreno, carlos Arturo/0000-0001-5419-4494; Barahona G., Nayide/0000-0003-3559-6900; Rodriguez Ferrer, Marena Luz/0000-0002-8053-8454; Karabay, Oguz/0000-0003-0502-432X; Kaya, Sehnaz/0000-0003-0002-1517; ERDEVE, OMER/0000-0002-3193-0812; Gonzalez Martinez, Marisela del Rocio/0000-0003-1474-736X; Gikas, Achilleas/0000-0002-8455-9631; Baylan, Orhan/0000-0002-6529-7824; Mitrev, Zan/0000-0001-7859-8821; yildizdas, dincer/0000-0003-0739-5108; Ngo, Quy Chau/0000-0002-6787-2757; Duszynska, Wieslawa/0000-0002-5880-4904; KAYA, ZEYNEP/0000-0002-8468-2103; Dragan, Barbara/0000-0003-3108-4211; Gupta, Umesh/0000-0001-7717-1404; Navarro Fuentes, Karla Reyna/0000-0002-6894-8872; zali, Mohammadreza/0000-0002-9027-4560; Morocho Tutillo, Diego Rolando/0000-0002-4974-7856; El Kholy, Amani/0000-0002-0645-7664; Kanj, Souha/0000-0001-6413-3396; Assiri, Abdullah/0000-0002-5605-2876; Unal, Necmettin/0000-0002-9440-7893; Jayatilleke, Kushlani/0000-0002-3931-6630; KARABAY, OGUZ/0000-0003-1514-1685 WOS: 000341307100001 PubMed: 25179325 We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U. S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN. Copyright (C) 2014 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Aims Vitamin D deficiency is considered as a risk factor in cardiometabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have investigated the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on glucose homeostasis in healthy overweight and obese women. Methods In a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, 77 healthy overweight or obese women (mean age 38 ± 8 years; BMI 29.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to the vitamin D3 group (25 μg/day as cholecalciferol tablets) or the placebo group. Selected anthropometric indices, glucose, insulin, HbA1c and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at baseline and after 12 weeks were measured. Dietary intakes using 24-h food recall and food frequency questionnaires were assessed. Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Adjusted mean differences were calculated using analysis of covariance. Correlation coefficients were calculated by Pearson's analysis. Results Mean fasting blood glucose concentrations declined in the vitamin D3 and placebo groups (–0.28 ± 0.4 vs. –0.65 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P

Background Vitamin D concentrations are linked to body composition indices, particularly body fat mass. Relationships between hypovitaminosis D and obesity, described by both BMI and waist circumference, have been mentioned. We have investigated the effect of a 12-week vitamin D3 supplementation on anthropometric indices in healthy overweight and obese women. Methods In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial, seventy-seven participants (age 38±8.1 years, BMI 29.8±4.1 kg/m2) were randomly allocated into two groups: vitamin D (25 μg per day as cholecalciferol) and placebo (25 μg per day as lactose) for 12 weeks. Body weight, height, waist, hip, fat mass, 25(OH) D, iPTH, and dietary intakes were measured before and after the intervention. Results Serum 25(OH)D significantly increased in the vitamin D group compared to the placebo group (38.2±32.7 nmol/L vs. 4.6±14.8 nmol/L; P Conclusion Among healthy overweight and obese women, increasing 25(OH) D concentrations by vitamin D3 supplementation led to body fat mass reduction. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01344161.

Aim In this study, the prevalence of C. difficile, from patients with gastrointestinal complaints and its association with other enteropathogen microbes were investigated. Background Clostridium difficile is an important pathogen associated with outbreaks of pseudomembranous colitis and other intestinal disorders, such as diarrhea. Patients and methods Enterotoxin and cytotoxin (toxin A and toxin B) of C. difficile on the patient's stool samples were detected by a double sandwich enzyme-linked Immunosorbant assay technique using a commercial kit (Premier toxins A & B; Generic Assays, Inc., Germany). The microbial isolation and examination was done, according to the standard identification methods. Results Out of 356 individuals (57.6% male and 42.4% female) the results of C. difficile were positive for 19 patients (5.3%) and negative for 337 patients (94.6%) according to the results of C. difficile antigen kit. There was no association between the existence of C. difficile toxin and microbial population or antibiotic usage. Conclusion This prevalence study clearly supports the hypothesis of a probable role of C.difficile in developing gastrointestinal complaints in patients with diarrhea. More studies are needed to evaluate the role of C. difficile in these diseases.

Aim The aim of current study is to investigate whether tonsillar and/or adenoid tissue of patients with chronic adenotonsillitis plays a reservoir role for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or Helicobacter hepaticus (H. hepaticus). Background Recently, there have been arguments ragarding Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) being reserved in adenotonsillar tissue. Patients and methods This study was performed with 90 patients with the diagnosis of chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy, mean age 36 ± 22, 32 (36%) female and 58(64%) male. Presence of H. pylori and H.hepaticus were detected by glmM gene and 16S rRNA specific primers respectively. Results Of all patients 58 (65%) were found seropositive for H. pylori IgG while only 7(8%) patients had gentile gastrointestinal (GI) symptom, all gastritis. H. pylori and H.hepaticus was not detected in any of the patients by PCR. Conclusion There was no correlation between GI symptom and/or seropositivity of H. pylori with presence of H. pylori and H. hepaticus in adenotonsillar tissues. Our results did not support the role of adenotonsills as a reservoir for H. pylori or H. hepaticus.