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1. Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty

Author

Robert B. Jackson, Josep G. Canadell, Jinfeng Chang, Eric A. Davidson, Akihiko Ito, Philippe Ciais, Almut Arneth, Rona Thompson, Stefan Olin, Shufen Pan, Bowen Zhang, Chaoqun Lu, Sönke Zaehle, Changhui Peng, Jia Yang, Stefan Gerber, Nicolas Vuichard, Sebastian Lienert, Palmira Messina, Fortunat Joos, Eri Saikawa, Wilfried Winiwarter, Hanqin Tian, Rongting Xu, Auburn University (AU), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE), Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California (USC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), and Lund University [Lund]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Nitrous Oxide, Climate change, Land cover, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Greenhouse Gases, Soil, Grazing, Environmental Chemistry, Industrial Development, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Air Pollutants, Ecology, Uncertainty, Biosphere, Nitrous oxide, 15. Life on land, Models, Theoretical, Manure, Deposition (aerosol physics), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Soil water, Environmental science
Abstract

Our understanding and quantification of global soil nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions and the underlying processes remain largely uncertain. Here we assessed the effects of multiple anthropogenic and natural factors, including nitrogen fertilizer (N) application, atmospheric N deposition, manure N application, land cover change, climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, on global soil N2 O emissions for the period 1861-2016 using a standard simulation protocol with seven process-based terrestrial biosphere models. Results suggest global soil N2 O emissions have increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 Tg N2 O-N yr-1 in the pre-industrial period (the 1860s) to 10.0 ± 2.0 Tg N2 O-N yr-1 in the recent decade (2007-2016). Cropland soil emissions increased from 0.3 Tg N2 O-N yr-1 to 3.3 Tg N2 O-N yr-1 over the same period, accounting for 82% of the total increase. Regionally, China, South Asia and Southeast Asia underwent rapid increases in cropland N2 O emissions since the 1970s. However, US cropland N2 O emissions had been relatively flat in magnitude since the 1980s, and EU cropland N2 O emissions appear to have decreased by 14%. Soil N2 O emissions from predominantly natural ecosystems accounted for 67% of the global soil emissions in the recent decade but showed only a relatively small increase of 0.7 ± 0.5 Tg N2 O-N yr-1 (11%) since the 1860s. In the recent decade, N fertilizer application, N deposition, manure N application and climate change contributed 54%, 26%, 15% and 24%, respectively, to the total increase. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration reduced soil N2 O emissions by 10% through the enhanced plant N uptake, while land cover change played a minor role. Our estimation here does not account for indirect emissions from soils and the directed emissions from excreta of grazing livestock. To address uncertainties in estimating regional and global soil N2 O emissions, this study recommends several critical strategies for improving the process-based simulations.

Published
2018
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2. The Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI) : design, execution, and early results

Author

A. Griesfeller, Roland Leigh, Cristen Adams, Bas Henzing, Mihalis Vrekoussis, Y. J. Kim, Mónica Navarro-Comas, M. Perez-Camacho, K. Großmann, Marcel M. Moerman, J. C. Hains, Enno Peters, Karin Kreher, Andrea Pazmino, Arnoud Apituley, D. P. J. Swart, H. Klein Baltink, Hitoshi Irie, Olga Puentedura, B. Schwarzenbach, Marc Allaart, C. Whyte, Yugo Kanaya, A. du Piesanie, M. Kroon, Dominik Brunner, Wesley Sluis, Hisahiro Takashima, R. Graves, François Hendrick, Anja Schönhardt, Steffen Beirle, Hilke Oetjen, Nader Abuhassan, G. R. van der Hoff, Gaia Pinardi, G. Hemerijckx, A. P. Stolk, J. B. Bergwerff, Manuel Gil-Ojeda, Keith M. Wilson, Yipin Zhou, Caroline Fayt, Paul Johnston, A. Cede, G. de Leeuw, Florence Goutail, K. Clémer, Andreas Richter, A.J.C. Berkhout, Elena Spinei, George H. Mount, Christian Hermans, M. Van Roozendael, Paul S. Monks, Thomas Wagner, Tim Vlemmix, Howard K. Roscoe, Kimberly Strong, Ankie Piters, L.F.L. Gast, M. Hoexum, K. F. Boersma, Jihyo Chong, M. Akrami, Jay R. Herman, Reza Shaiganfar, Folkard Wittrock, Alexis Merlaud, Udo Frieß, Paul Zieger, Margarita Yela, S. Yilmaz, Fluids and Flows, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Morgan State University, Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Chemistry [Leicester], University of Leicester, Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA), University of Helsinki, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), WSU Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Washington State University (WSU), School of Chemistry [Leeds], University of Leeds, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology [Athens], Academy of Athens, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, and Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Climate, Earth & Environment, Energy / Geological Survey Netherlands, Air pollution, 010501 environmental sciences, Environment, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Urban Development, medicine, lcsh:TA170-171, Built Environment, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:TA715-787, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, CAS - Climate, Air and Sustainability, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Trace gas, AERONET, Aerosol, Lidar, 13. Climate action, UES - Urban Environment & Safety, Measuring instrument, Environmental science, EELS - Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences
Abstract

From June to July 2009 more than thirty different in-situ and remote sensing instruments from all over the world participated in the Cabauw Intercomparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI). The campaign took place at KNMI's Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands. Its main objectives were to determine the accuracy of state-of-the-art ground-based measurement techniques for the detection of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (both in-situ and remote sensing), and to investigate their usability in satellite data validation. The expected outcomes are recommendations regarding the operation and calibration of such instruments, retrieval settings, and observation strategies for the use in ground-based networks for air quality monitoring and satellite data validation. Twenty-four optical spectrometers participated in the campaign, of which twenty-one had the capability to scan different elevation angles consecutively, the so-called Multi-axis DOAS systems, thereby collecting vertical profile information, in particular for nitrogen dioxide and aerosol. Various in-situ samplers and lidar instruments simultaneously characterized the variability of atmospheric trace gases and the physical properties of aerosol particles. A large data set of continuous measurements of these atmospheric constituents has been collected under various meteorological conditions and air pollution levels. Together with the permanent measurement capability at the CESAR site characterizing the meteorological state of the atmosphere, the CINDI campaign provided a comprehensive observational data set of atmospheric constituents in a highly polluted region of the world during summertime. First detailed comparisons performed with the CINDI data show that slant column measurements of NO2, O4 and HCHO with MAX-DOAS agree within 5 to 15%, vertical profiles of NO2 derived from several independent instruments agree within 25% of one another, and MAX-DOAS aerosol optical thickness agrees within 20–30% with AERONET data. For the in-situ NO2 instrument using a molybdenum converter, a bias was found as large as 5 ppbv during day time, when compared to the other in-situ instruments using photolytic converters.

Published
2012
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3. Modeling water exchange between Baltimore Harbor and Chesapeake Bay using artificial tracers: seasonal variations

Author

Jian Shen, Nauth Panday, Bo Hong, Anna Soehl, Wenping Gong, Harry V. Wang, College of William and Mary [Williamsburg] (WM), Maryland Department of Environmental Quality, Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE), and Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Water mass, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, three-dimensional model, Fresh Water, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Chesapeake Bay, 01 natural sciences, Age, Tracer, Water Movements, Water exchange, Water Pollutants, 14. Life underwater, Water pollution, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Discharge, Baltimore Harbor, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Biogeochemistry, General Medicine, Pollution, 6. Clean water, Kinetics, Models, Chemical, 13. Climate action, Baltimore, Environmental science, Water quality, Seasons, Bay, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract

International audience; Understanding the dynamics of water exchange between Baltimore Harbor and the Chesapeake Bay is essential when evaluating transport and fate of dissolved substances in both of these systems. Conservative artificial tracers are used in this study to investigate transport processes through a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (CH3D). The model well reproduced the three-layered circulation pattern in BaltimoreHarbor. Several numerical experiments are performed to trace the water mass coming from different sources. The results indicate that both the upper and lower layers of the Harbor are the dominant pathways of transporting dissolved substances from Susquehanna River to the Harbor. Such inward transport is intensified (suppressed) during the high-discharge (low-discharge) period. The upper layer inflow transports water mass with high concentrations of dissolved substances while the inflow from the lower layer transports water mass with low concentrations of dissolved substances. The bottom layer is the dominant pathway for transporting dissolved substances from the lower Bay to the Harbor. Lower river discharge and stronger along-Bay pressure gradient (resulting in stronger landward residual flow in the bottom layer of the Bay) facilitate the bottom intrusion of dissolved substances from lower Bay to the Harbor. Once contaminants are transported into the Harbor, they usually stay for a longer time in the mid-depth of the Harbor than those in other layers due to the three-layer circulation in the Harbor. The time needed for the contaminants being transported out of the Harbor during a typical low-discharge period is about 1 month longer than that needed during a typical high-discharge period. The results, from the environmental perspective, provide new insights for quantitative evaluation on the transport processes of the dissolved biogeochemical substances between Baltimore Harbor and Chesapeake Bay.

Published
2009
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