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5. High power mm-wave loss measurements of ITER ex-vessel waveguide components at the FALCON test facility at the Swiss Plasma Center

Author

Goodman Timothy P., Torreblanca Humberto, Marraco Borderas Cinta, Chavan René, Mas Sanchez Avelino, Xydou Anastasia, Cavinato Mario, and Cindric Katarina

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Many future fusion devices will rely heavily, if not solely, on electron cyclotron (EC) heating subsystems to provide bulk heating, instability control (neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) stabilization), and thermal instability control. Efficient use of the installed heating power (gyrotrons) requires low-loss transmission of the power over 100s of meters since the mm-wave sources need to be installed where the stray magnetic field has a small amplitude. Transmission lines are used to propagate the mm-wave power over this long distance. Quasi-optical techniques (mirrors) are used at W7X and are planned for DTT, for example. Guided components are installed at DIII-D, TCV and elsewhere and are planned at JT60SA and ITER. High power test facilities exist to evaluate the power transmission of assemblies of guided components (transmission lines). The European test facility FALCON was setup by Switzerland and Fusion for Energy (F4E) in Lausanne Switzerland at the Swiss Plasma Center (SPC) in the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Operations are funded through a framework contract with F4E. SPC operates the facility. Two ITER-class 170GHz gyrotrons are housed within the facility and used to evaluate the thermal behaviour of components provided by various ITER partners. Loss measurements are presented for miter bends and waveguides of several materials at two different diameters. The results are used to model the expected losses in the ITER ex-vessel waveguides (EW) of all five EC launchers.

Published
2023
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15. Thermo-mechanical analysis of an ITER ECH&CD Upper Launcher mirror

Author

Vagnoni, Matteo, Chavan, René, Gagliardi, Mario, Goodman, Timothy, Mas Sanchez, Avelino, and Santos Silva, Phillip

Abstract

The Mirror one Lower (LM1) is part of the in-vessel quasi-optical beam propagation system for the ITER Electro Cyclotron (EC) Upper Launcher (UL), where eight beams are reflected through four mirrors during its passage to the plasma. The mirrors are grouped into two rows of four beams each and the mirror LM1 refers to a four mirror set. High power millimeter (mm) waves are generated by the gyrotrons and delivered to the in-vessel components via corrugated wave-guides. The design of the LM1 shall guarantee the optimal propagation of the beams during their transmission through the optical system taking into consideration 1) the shape of the reflecting surfaces, 2) loads coming from the beams themselves, the plasma and nuclear reactions as well as off-normal events and 3) the port plug space restrictions. This paper reports the Ohmic loss assessment at LM1 as function of frequency, surface roughness and resistivity using the most suitable material and the power input (1.31 MW at 170 GHz). It describes the design investigation of the cooling solutions for the normal scenario via computational fluid dynamic analyses, based on the ITER Primary Heat Transfer System (PHTS) cooling boundary conditions, needed to remove similar to 20 kW of power deposition on the mirror surface. Finite element analyses are performed to guide the design choices in an effort to minimize the maximum mirror surface temperature and thus diminishing the deformation of the reflecting surfaces. The conclusion of this study will provide a feasible design solution for the LM1 and Upper Mirror 1 (UM1).

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