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Self-diffusion coefficients of C153 in binary mixed solvents of imidazolium-based ionic liquid C12mimTFSA with chloroform, benzene, and propylene carbonate.

The UCST of phase separation for imidazolium-based ionic liquids [Cnmim][TFSI] and formamide (FA) binary solutions increases with elongation of the alkyl chain lengthn. This is opposite to previous 1,4-dioxane solutions.

In this study, we examined the low-frequency spectra of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([MOIm][BF4]) mixtures with methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (MeCN), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)...

Liquid–liquid phase separation of binary systems for imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Cnmim][TFSI], where n represents the alkyl chain length of the cation), with 1,4-dioxane (1,4-DIO) was observed as a function of temperature and 1,4-DIO mole fraction, x1,4-DIO. The phase diagrams obtained for [Cnmim][TFSI]–1,4-DIO systems showed that the miscible region becomes wider with an increase in the alkyl chain length, n. For n = 6 and 8, an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) was found. To clarify the mechanism of the UCST-type phase separation, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were conducted on the [C8mim][TFSI]–1,4-DIO-d8 system at several x1,4-DIO. The critical exponents of γ and ν determined from the SANS experiments showed that phase separation of the system at the UCST mole fraction occurs via the 3D-Ising mechanism, while that on both sides of UCST occurs via the mean field mechanism. Thus, the crossover of mechanism was observed for this system. The microscopic interactions among the cation, anion, and 1,4-DIO were elucidated using 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopic techniques, together with the theoretical method of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results on the microscopic interactions suggest that 1,4-DIO molecules cannot strongly interact with H atoms on the imidazolium ring, while they interact with the octyl chain of the cation through dispersion force. With a decrease in temperature, 1,4-DIO molecules gradually aggregate to form 1,4-DIO clusters in the binary solutions. The strengthening of the C–H⋯O interaction between 1,4-DIO molecules by cooling is the key to the phase separation. Of course, the electrostatic interaction between the cations and anions results in the formation of IL clusters. When IL clusters are excluded from 1,4-DIO clusters, liquid–liquid phase separation occurs. Accordingly, the balance between the electrostatic force between the cations and anions and the C–H⋯O interaction between the 1,4-DIO determines the 3D-Ising or the mean field mechanism of phase separation.

Liquid-liquid phase separation of binary systems for imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C

The mechanisms of C H bond activation in C2H4 by 6,4,2Nb metal atom have been systematically investigated using the automated reaction path search calculation with the mixed-spin Hamiltonian model. It is found that the most stable 4NbC2H2 + H2 products are formed from the 6Nb + C2H4 reactants on the sextet, quartet, and double potential energy surfaces via multiple spin-inversion (intersystem crossing) points, which are mostly associated with hydrogen atom transfer. The spin-inversion mechanisms have been further investigated by analyzing the crossing behaviors of the potential energy profiles with different spin multiplicities. We also discuss the importance of multidimensional effects on the spin-inversion dynamics.

In the room-temperature ionic liquid (IL) of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([C8mim][TFSA]), the complex formation of Ni2+ with molecular liquids (MLs), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH), and acetonitrile (AN), has been examined using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy. The overall stability constants log βn, enthalpies , and entropies of the equilibria have been determined to elucidate the mechanism of complex formation. From a comparison of such thermodynamic parameters of the present [C8mim][TFSA] systems with those of the previous systems of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-based IL, [C2mim][TFSA], the effects of the octyl chain of the imidazolium cation, [C8mim]+, on the complex formation of Ni2+ with MLs have been demonstrated. In [C8mim][TFSA]–ML systems, more stable complexes are formed with MLs in the sequence of AN > DMSO ≫ MeOH. This sequence differs from that of DMSO ≫ AN > MeOH in [C2mim][TFSA]. For the AN systems, the stabilities of [Ni(an)n] in [C8mim][TFSA] are higher as compared to those in [C2mim][TFSA]. In contrast, for the DMSO systems, [Ni(dmso)n] is less stable in the IL with the longer alkyl chain than that in the IL with the shorter chain. The dependence of the alkyl chain length on the stabilities of [Ni(meoh)n] is the least significant among the three MLs. These varieties of the stabilities of Ni2+ complexes with the MLs have been interpreted from the thermodynamic parameters, together with the static interactions in the [C8mim][TFSA]–ML and [C2mim][TFSA]–ML solvents observed by means of 1H and 13C NMR, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and infrared (IR) with an ATR diamond prism.

In this paper, we propose self-interference (SI) cancellation in cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (Co-MIMO) for full-duplex (FD) wireless communication systems. This proposal solves SI by applying the block diagonalization used in multi-user MIMO. Therefore, there is no need for a radio frequency (RF) canceller, which has a large hardware (HW) size and is difficult to extend to MIMO. Furthermore, we can achieve higher throughput by applying Co-MIMO, in which multiple access points (APs) work together to communicate. The proposed method's implementation uses field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and software-defined radio (SDR). In the experiment, a total of 33 [dB] SI can cancel with two cooperative APs and two antennas per AP in the IEEE 802.11 system.

We demonstrate a self-interference (SI) cancellation in cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (Co-MIMO) for full-duplex (FD) wireless communication systems by applying the block diagonalization used in multi-user MIMO. The proposed method's implementation uses a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and software-defined radio (SDR). In the experiment, a total of 33 [dB] SI can cancel with two cooperative APs and two antennas per AP in the IEEE 802.11 system.

This paper proposes a full-duplex wireless communication system applying cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (Co-MIMO). This proposal solves self-interference (SI) in full-duplex wireless communication systems by applying the block diagonalization used in multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Therefore, there is no need for a radio frequency (RF) canceller, which has a large hardware size and is difficult to extend to MIMO. Furthermore, higher throughput can be achieved by applying Co-MIMO, in which multiple access points work together to communicate. We also introduce the implementation of the proposed method using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and software-defined radio (SDR) in this paper. It shows that SI cancellation can be realized by using them. The proposed method is implemented based on the IEEE 802.11n frame format as an example. In the experiment, a total of 30 [dB] SI cancellation is confirmed with a transmission power of -12 [dBm]. The SI cancellation amount can be further increased by increasing the transmission power.

The hydrogen bonds of the imidazolium-ring H atoms of ionic liquids (ILs), 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amides ([Cnmim][TFSA], n = 2 to 12 where n represents the alkyl chain length), with the O atom of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been elucidated using 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy and soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy (XAS and XES). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on an isolated DMSO molecule and two cluster models of [Cnmim]+-DMSO by hydrogen bonding to interpret the XES spectra for the [Cnmim][TFSA]-DMSO solutions. The 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the imidazolium ring showed that deshielding of the ring H and C atoms is moderate as the DMSO mole fraction xDMSO increases to ∼0.8; however, it becomes more significant with further increase of xDMSO. This finding suggests that the hydrogen bonds of the three ring H atoms with the DMSO O atoms are saturated in solutions with xDMSO increased to ∼0.8. The 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the alkyl chains revealed that the electron densities of the chain H and C atoms gradually decrease with increasing xDMSO, except for the N1-bound carbon atom C7 of the chain. The 15N NMR chemical shifts showed that the imidazolium-ring N1 atom which is bound to the alkyl chain is shielded with increasing xDMSO in the range from 0 to 0.8 and is then deshielded with further increase of xDMSO. In contrast, the imidazolium ring N3 atom is simply deshielded with increasing xDMSO. Thus, the electron densities of the alkyl chain may be condensed at the C7 and N1 atoms of [Cnmim]+ by the hydrogen bonding of the ring H atoms with DMSO. The hydrogen bonding of DMSO with the ring results in low-energy shifts of the XES peaks of the O K-edge of DMSO. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments showed that [Cnmim][TFSA] and DMSO are homogeneously mixed with each other on the mesoscopic scale. This results from the strong hydrogen bonds of DMSO with the imidazolium-ring H atoms.

The effect of contact pressure applied on tool surface during cold forging on fatigue life was investigated. Three different contact pressures were applied on heat treated SKH51 specimen surfaces by a forging setup using a universal testing machine. This was followed by tensile test and axial fatigue test for forged and unforged specimens. Dimension, surface hardness and residual stress of the specimen showed a positive relationship with contact pressure while surface roughness did not show a significant difference. The tensile strength and fatigue life showed an increase at lower and medium contact pressures while in high contact pressure both parameters showed a decrease.

Cold forging is a metal forming that which uses localized compressive force at room temperature. During the cold forging process, the tool is subjected to extremely high loads and abrasive wear. Lubrication plays an important role in cold forging to improve product quality and tool life by preventing direct metallic contact. Surface roughness and residual stress also greatly affects the service life of a tool. In this study, variations in surface roughness, residual stress, and specimen deformation with the number of cold forging cycles were investigated under different forging conditions. Specimens that were made of heat-treated SKH51 (59&ndash, 61 HRC), a high-speed tool steel with a polished working surface, were used. The specimens were subjected to an upsetting process. Compressive residual stress, surface roughness, and specimen deformation showed a positive relationship with the number of forging cycles up to a certain limit and became almost constant in most of the forging conditions. A larger change in residual stress and surface roughness was observed at the center of the specimens in all the forging conditions. The effect of the magnitude of the forging load on the above discussed parameters is large when compared to the effect of the lubrication conditions.

In the room-temperature ionic liquid (IL) of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([C8mim][TFSA]), the complex formation of Ni2+ with molecular liquids (MLs), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol (MeOH), and acetonitrile (AN), has been examined using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy. The overall stability constants log βn, enthalpies , and entropies of the equilibria have been determined to elucidate the mechanism of complex formation. From a comparison of such thermodynamic parameters of the present [C8mim][TFSA] systems with those of the previous systems of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-based IL, [C2mim][TFSA], the effects of the octyl chain of the imidazolium cation, [C8mim]+, on the complex formation of Ni2+ with MLs have been demonstrated. In [C8mim][TFSA]-ML systems, more stable complexes are formed with MLs in the sequence of ANDMSO ≫ MeOH. This sequence differs from that of DMSO ≫ ANMeOH in [C2mim][TFSA]. For the AN systems, the stabilities of [Ni(an)n] in [C8mim][TFSA] are higher as compared to those in [C2mim][TFSA]. In contrast, for the DMSO systems, [Ni(dmso)n] is less stable in the IL with the longer alkyl chain than that in the IL with the shorter chain. The dependence of the alkyl chain length on the stabilities of [Ni(meoh)n] is the least significant among the three MLs. These varieties of the stabilities of Ni2+ complexes with the MLs have been interpreted from the thermodynamic parameters, together with the static interactions in the [C8mim][TFSA]-ML and [C2mim][TFSA]-ML solvents observed by means of 1H and 13C NMR, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and infrared (IR) with an ATR diamond prism.

We developed a new Mie-scattering ellipsometry system for the analysis of the generation and transport of dusts in large plasma devices, such as nuclear fusion experiment devices. The system is a rotating-compensator type and consists of polarizer and analyzer modules and a 2-D image sensor. A preliminary experiment was carried out using a small dust plasma cubic chamber. Spherical divinylbenzene polymer particles of $2.25~\pm ~0.05~\mu \text{m}$ in diameter with a dispersion degree of 0.1 $\mu \text{m}$ were injected and suspended in an argon plasma. Light intensity data for 1600 pixels on each image taken 30 times per second were summed as a function of compensator azimuth angle, and then, ellipsometric parameters $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ were determined through Fourier analysis and relational equations. By the comparison of the determined $\Psi $ and $\Delta $ values with the calculated ones based on the Mie theory, it can be stated that they agree fairly well with each other and the measurement method is reliable.

By using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we investigated the in-plane distribution of preferential glide planes in a metamorphic InGaAs solar cell with a relatively low open-circuit voltage (V oc) compared to other cells fabricated on the same wafer. The reciprocal-space maps revealed that the low-V oc cell contains several domains with different preferential glide planes of β dislocations. Since fluctuations of the average β-glide plane have not been observed for high-V oc cells, the observed inhomogeneous distribution should be related to the V oc degradation. Understanding preferential glide-plane changes within a cell can help to improve the uniformity of cell properties over the whole wafer.

GaAsN films with different N distributions have been grown using the atomic layer epitaxy method to evaluate the effects of N distribution on the electrical properties of GaAsN. Three films, which had the same N composition with different N distribution were fabricated by alternate stack of GaAsN 1 monolayer (ML) and GaAs (0, 3, 5) ML. According to the X-ray diffraction measurement, periodicity and small N interdiffusion between GaAs and GaAsN layers in grown GaAsN films were confirmed. Thus, N distribution in the films were successfully modified in the order of a few unit lattice. Contribution of each scattering mechanisms on carrier mobility and densities of scattering centers in grown GaAsN films were evaluated. Compared with the film with 0 ML of GaAs, the density of N induced scattering center decreased with insertion of GaAs 3 ML between GaAsN 1 ML. It again increased the film with insertion of GaAs 5 ML. These results suggest that controlling N distribution intentionally not only degraded but also improved the electrical properties of GaAsN films.

The authors proposed double-layer-type environmentally friendly lubricants, which were composed of an undercoat, superior in adhering to a material, and an overcoat, superior in reducing the friction between the material and the die. The performance of these lubricants for cold forging was evaluated by the ring compression test, the combined forward rod-backward can extrusion-type friction test and the combined forward conical can-backward straight can extrusion-type friction test. The double-layer-type lubricants showed comparable friction characteristics and anti-pick-up properties to a conversion coating lubricant, when the film thickness and surface treatment before coating were improved. In a practical application by cold multistage forging, the double-layer-type lubricants showed a similar performance to a conversion coating lubricant.

The availability of multimedia text document information has disseminated text mining among researchers. Text documents, integrate numerical and linguistic data, making text mining interesting and challenging. We propose text mining based on a fuzzy quantification model and fuzzy thesaurus. In text mining, we focus on: 1) Sentences included in Japanese text that are broken down into words. 2) Fuzzy thesaurus for finding words matching keywords in text. 3) Fuzzy multivariate analysis to analyze semantic meaning in predefined case studies. We use a fuzzy thesaurus to translate words using Chinese and Japanese characters into keywords. This speeds up processing without requiring a dictionary to separate words. Fuzzy multivariate analysis is used to analyze such processed data and to extract latent mutual related structures in text data, i.e., to extract otherwise obscured knowledge. We apply dual scaling to mining library and Web page text information, and propose integrating the result in Kansei engineering for possible application in sales, marketing, and production.

In situ ellipsometry was carried out as well as ex situ measurements by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for the analyses of substrate surface in the first stage of graphene growth in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Evolutions of the ellipsometric parameters Ψ and Δ were precisely measured during the growth of graphene with the sensitivity far less than 1 nm in film thickness. By the fitting of the experimentally obtained trajectory of ellipsometric parameters on the Ψ–Δ coordinate plane to that of the calculated ones, we confirmed that the graphite volume fraction decreased with growth after a dense graphite material initially formed. This suggests that carbon nanowalls grew on a thin graphitic layer.

Neural network models are constructed to estimate thermal deformation of a vertical machining center by employing time-series data of temperature measured near the heat sources. The relative displacement between the rotating tool and the workpiece caused by the heat generated due to spindle rotation was estimated by utilizing several neural network models. It is shown through the experiments that the points of temperature measurement can be reduced without sacrificing the estimation accuracy by utilizing the time-series data of temperature.

The purpose of this article is to further investigate the influence of local site conditions of surface soil layers on seismic ground motion by studying the response of a semi-spherical alluvial deposit model under the more realistic type incident wave field. The incident wave field is a spherical wave radiated from a point source that is situated at the near focal distance and the far focal distance. A plane SH wavelet is also considered for comparison. A least-squares technique is applied to solve the boundary problem. The surface displacements on the alluvial deposit and in the elastic half-space are evaluated for various focal distances and source incidence angles. The numerical results indicate that there are significant differences concerning scattering and diffraction of wave motions between the two horizontal components when the semi-spherical alluvial deposit is subjected to incident wave motions from a point source. In the near field and for the component involving predominantly P and SV waves, the coupling of these waves induces a great variation in the spatial distributions, the amplitudes, and the time histories of the surface displacements compared to the tangential component, which involves mostly SH waves. The wave propagation characteristics of this component are very similar to those for a plane SH wavelet. In the far field and for the tangential component, there is not such strong coupling among waves. It is also shown that the first reflected waves at the curved boundary are deeply related to scattering and to diffraction of wave motion in a surface soil layer with irregularities and play an important role in the development of later arrivals.

We propose a novel flow admission control that minimizes the total call-blocking rate by treating heterogeneous flows equally. We focused on the static-state bandwidth load, which refers to how much bandwidth is used statically by a smaller class of flow than a newly arriving flow. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of different types of loads, explain the development of a call-blocking curve to minimize the total call-blocking rate, and demonstrate good performance by this call-blocking curve.

Recently, various types of data are expected to get in information processing according to multi-media technology. Especially, linguistic data are employed in fuzzy systems as well as fuzzy numerical values. In this paper we propose a text minig method based on fuzzy quantification model. In the process of text mining, we will pursue the following steps: 1) Sentences included in a text in Japanese are broken down into words. 2) It is possible to realize common understanding using fuzzy thesaurus that enables us to translate words into synonyms or into upper concepts. In this paper, we employ the method to translate words using Chinese characters or continuous letters of Katakana more then one katakana letter (Japanese alphabet letter) into keywords. The method realizes the high speed of processing without any dictionary for separating words. Fuzzy multivariate analysis is employed to analyze such processed data and to abstract a latent mutual related structure under the data. In other words, we abstract the knowledge from the given text data. At the end we apply the method to mining the text information of libraries and Web pages distributed over a web network and discussing about the application to Kansei engineering.

A new approach is presented to estimate the thermal deformation of machine tool, which is generally defined by the relative displacement between the tool and the workpiece. Unlike the conventional approaches based on measurement of the temperature distribution with thermocouples, the new approach is based on measurement of strain distribution, which is considered to give more accurate information about the deformation. A new sensor is developed to measure the true strain including the thermal influence, since it can not be measured by the conventional strain gauge sensors. The developed sensor is applied to estimation of the thermal deformation of a machining center. Fundamental properties of the sensor and the estimated results of thermal deformation are reported.