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Hisaki is an earth orbiting extreme ultraviolet spectroscope dedicated for observing solar system planets. Thanks to its monitoring capability, Hisaki has carried out unprecedented continuous observation of Io plasma torus, Jovian aurora, and Mars and Venus upper atmosphere since December 2013. One of notable phenomena observed by Hisaki is significant enhancements of neutral gas (sodium and oxygen) from Io occurred in the spring of 2015. Hisaki revealed that not only the plasma source, but transport, heating, and loss processes of magnetospheric plasma were influenced by the variation in the neutral source input. The presentation will include related topics from recent Hisaki publication. Since the autumn of 2016, the Juno spacecraft was in the orbit around Jupiter. Hisaki monitored activities of Jovian aurora and the plasma torus in the Juno era. These datasets will provide opportunities to compare in-situ observation by Juno with the global view by Hisaki. JAXA approved the Hisaki mission period by the end of March 2023. As a future remote observation platform, we are going to propose a UV space telescope, LAPYUTA (Life-environmentology, Astronomy, and PlanetarY Ultraviolet Telescope Assembly), a Japanese-leading mission using heritages of UV instruments for planetary science (e.g., Hisaki) and space telescope techniques for astronomy. One of goals of this mission is dynamics of our solar system planets and moons as the most quantifiable archetypes of extraterrestrial habitable environments in the universe. Water plume that gushes from the subsurface ocean of Galilean moons and tenuous atmosphere which is generated by bombardment of energetic charged particles to the surface are primary targets of LAPYUTA. As the plume activity and the atmosphere are not stable, continuous monitoring with high spatial resolution is essential. The icy moon's plume and ambient space will be deeply explored with the spacecraft by NASA's and ESA's icy moon missions in 2020s-2030s. The complementary remote sensing by LAPYUTA will visualize their global structure and temporal dynamics.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is used to temporarily control bleeding and maintain the cerebral and coronary blood flow in cases in which it is difficult to control hemorrhagic shock. However, the safety and effectiveness of REBOA remains uncertain.This study aimed to estimate the safety and effectiveness of aortic occlusion in patients who undergo REBOA catheter placement.We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent REBOA catheter placement at Fukuyama City Hospital Emergency Medical Center from August 1, 2008 to March 31, 2020. A propensity score-matching analysis was used to compare 30-day survival between patients who undergo REBOA catheter placement with and without aortic occlusion.Overall, 122 of the 147 who underwent REBOA catheter placement at Fukuyama City Hospital were eligible for inclusion. Thirty-five patients in the Occlusion group and 35 patients in the Nonocclusion group were selected by propensity score matching. According to the 30-day survival rate, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.288 log-rank test). Moreover, the required treatment, the types and incidence of complications, and other outcomes did not differ according to the presence or absence of aortic occlusion in patients who underwent REBOA catheter placement.According to the results of this study, in trauma patients who undergo REBOA catheter placement, the presence of aortic occlusion was not significantly associated with 30-day mortality. Furthermore, the performance of aortic occlusion was not associated with a significant increase in complications.

EQUULEUS (EQUilibriUm Lunar-Earth point 6U Spacecraft) will be the world's smallest spacecraft to explore the Earth-Moon Lagrange point. It is being jointly developed by JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and the University of Tokyo, and will be launched by NASA's Space Launch System Exploration Mission-1. The spacecraft will fly to a libration orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point (EML2) and will demonstrate low-energy trajectory-control techniques within the Sun-Earth-Moon region for the first time by a nano-class spacecraft. EQUULEUS also carries three scientific observation missions: imaging of Earth's plasmasphere by extreme ultraviolet wavelength, lunar impact flash observation on the far side of the moon, and micrometeoroid flux measurements in the cis-lunar region. While all these missions have their own scientific objectives, they will also contribute to future human activity and/or infrastructure development in the cis-lunar region. Most parts of the spacecraft system use commercial off-the-shelf components, or are designed based on the experiences of various past space missions, with the exception of the newly developed water resistojet propulsion system. EQUULEUS uses X-band frequency for deep space telecommunication. Japanese deep space antennas (64-m and 34-m) will be nominally used for spacecraft operation, and support from the deep space network of JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) is also being planned, especially for the initial phase of operation. The spacecraft will fly to EML2 in less than one year, and will remain there for scientific observations until shortly before the depletion of the onboard propellant, when the spacecraft will leave the orbit for space-debris compliance.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in many cellular processes, including the development of fibrosis. Here, we examined the role of Sprouty-related EVH-1-domain-containing protein (Spred) 2, a negative regulator of the MAPK-ERK pathway, in the development of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Compared to WT mice, Spred2−/− mice developed milder PF with increased proliferation of bronchial epithelial cells. Spred2−/− lung epithelial cells or MLE-12 cells treated with spred2 siRNA proliferated faster than control cells in vitro. Spred2−/− and WT macrophages produced similar levels of TNFα and MCP-1 in response to BLM or lipopolysaccharide and myeloid cell-specific deletion of Spred2 in mice had no effect. Spred2−/− fibroblasts proliferated faster and produced similar levels of MCP-1 compared to WT fibroblasts. Spred2 mRNA was almost exclusively detected in bronchial epithelial cells of naïve WT mice and it accumulated in approximately 50% of cells with a characteristic of Clara cells, 14 days after BLM treatment. These results suggest that Spred2 is involved in the regulation of tissue repair after BLM-induced lung injury and increased proliferation of lung bronchial cells in Spred2−/− mice may contribute to faster tissue repair. Thus, Spred2 may present a new therapeutic target for the treatment of PF.

The nano-spacecraft (6U) mission named EQUULEUS will be launched in 2020 as one of the sub-payloads of NASA’s Space Launch System. EQUULEUS will fly to a liberation orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point and demonstrate trajectory control techniques within the Sun-Earth-Moon region for the first time as a nano-spacecraft. A small telescope for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) named PHOENIX will be boarded on the spacecraft. It consists of multilayer-coated mirror (diameter of 6 cm with Mo/Si coating), metallic thin filter, and photon counting device with microchannel plate and resistive anode. The reflectance of the mirror and transmittance of the filter are optimized for the emission line of ionic helium (wavelength of 30.4 nm) which is the important component of the plasmasphere of the Earth. By flying far from the Earth, the entire image of plasmasphere can be obtained. In this presentation, the mission concept and the design of the telescope, and the status of the latest development will be shown.

Accepted: 2017-10-23, 資料番号: SA1170289000

The hydrogen exosphere constitutes the uppermost atmospheric layer of the Earth, and its shape may reflect the last stage of the atmospheric escape process. The distribution of hydrogen in the outer exosphere remains unobserved because outer geocoronal emissions are difficult to observe from within the exosphere. In this study, we used the Lyman Alpha Imaging Camera (LAICA) onboard the Proximate Object Close Flyby with Optical Navigation (PROCYON) spacecraft, located outside the exosphere, to obtain the first image of the entire geocorona that extends to more than 38 Earth radii. The observed emission intensity distribution can be reproduced using our analytical model that has three parameters: exobase temperature, exobase density, and solar radiation pressure, which implies that hot hydrogen production in the magnetized plasmasphere is not the dominant process shaping the outer hydrogen exosphere. However, the role of the magnetic effect in determining the total escape flux cannot be ruled out

著者人数: 12名, Accepted: 2017-02-16, 資料番号: SA1160335000

Accepted: 2017-01-11, 資料番号: SA1160265000

Newly designed Lyman-alpha absorption cells for imaging hydrogen planetary corona were characterized using an ultra high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer installed on the DESIRS (Dichroisme Et Spectroscopie par Interaction avec le Rayonnement Synchrotron) beamline of Synchrotron SOLEIL in France. The early absorption cell installed in the Japanese Mars orbiter NOZOMI launched in 1998 had not been sufficiently optimized due to its short development time. The new absorption cells are equipped with the ability to change various parameters, such as filament shape, applied power, H2 gas pressure, and geometrical configuration. We found that the optical thickness of the new absorption cell was ∼4 times higher than the earlier one at the center wavelength of Lyman-alpha absorption, by optimizing the condition to promote thermal dissociation of H2 molecules into two H atoms on a hot tungsten filament. The Doppler temperature of planetary coronas could be determined with an accuracy better than 100 K with the performance of the newly developed absorption cell.

著者人数: 13名, Accepted: 2014-07-23, 資料番号: SA1140213000

The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) telescopes and spectrometers have been used as powerful tools in a variety of space applications, especially in planetary science. Many EUV instruments adopted microchannel plate (MCP) detection systems with resistive anode encoders (RAEs). An RAE is one of the position sensitive anodes suitable for space-based applications because of its low power, mass, and volume coupled with very high reliability. However, this detection system with RAE has limitations of resolution (up to 512 x 512 pixels) and incident count rate (up to ~104 count/sec). Concerning the future space and planetary missions, a new detector with different position sensitive system is required in order to a higher resolution and dynamic range of incident photons. One of the solutions of this issue is using a CMOS imaging sensor. The CMOS imaging sensor with high resolution and high radiation tolerance has been widely used. Here we developed a new CMOS-coupled MCP detector for future UV space and planetary missions. It consists of MCPs followed by a phosphor screen, fiber optic plate, and a windowless CMOS. We manufactured a test model of this detector and performed vibration, thermal cycle, and performance tests. The test sample of FOP-coupled CMOS image sensor achieved the resolving limit of 32 lp/mm and the PSF of 28 um, corresponds to the spatial resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels. Our results indicate that this new type of UV detector can be widely used for future space applications.

Bovine torovirus (BToV) is recognized as an enteric pathogen of calves, but its etiological role in diarrhea and epidemiological characterization in adult cows remain unclear. In 2007-2008, three outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea occurred in adult cows at three dairy farms in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. BToV was the only enteric pathogen detected in these outbreaks, as determined by electron microscopy, reverse transcription-PCR, bacteria and parasite tests of fecal samples, and antibody tests with paired sera. The epidemiological features of the three outbreaks were similar to those of bovine coronavirus infection, except for the absence of bloody diarrhea, with diarrhea spreading among most adult cows, but not in calves, within several days and diarrhea lasting for 3-5 days with anorexia. Decreased milk production and mild respiratory symptoms were also observed in two of the outbreaks. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the BToV nucleocapsid, spike, and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes revealed a close relatedness among the detected BToV strains from each outbreak and those of Japanese BToV strain Aichi/2004. Furthermore, we isolated a BToV strain, designated Niigata (TC), from a fecal sample using a human rectal tumor cell line. Sequence analysis of this isolate and Aichi/2004 indicated that both strains have truncated HE genes with deletions in the 3' region that occurred through cell culture-adaptation. The short projections that are believed to be formed by the HE protein on virus particles were not observed in these cultured strains by electron microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that BToV causes epidemic diarrhea in adult cows and should be included in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in adult cows. In addition, our findings indicate that the HE protein of BToV may not be necessary for viral replication.

Objective Recently, linear staplers have been used frequently in thoracic surgery; however, air leakage from the staple line is still unresolved. Various buttress materials have been developed to prevent air leakage, but performance is still not satisfactory. We are therefore developing a new material, consisting of calcium alginate nonwoven fabric covered with sodium alginate sponge. Methods Thirty-three beagle dogs were divided into 7 groups, and each underwent thoracotomy. Right middle lobe incision was performed with a linear stapler and 1 of the following buttress methods: group A, no buttress; group B, polyglycolic acid nonwoven fabric; group C, fibrin glue alone; group D, polyglycolic acid nonwoven fabric with fibrin glue; group E, polyglycomer sheet; group F, new alginate material; and group G, polyglycolic acid nonwoven fabric plus new alginate material. Burst pressures were measured under mechanical ventilation management. Results Burst pressures were 12.0 ± 6.8 cm H 2 O in group A, 31.3 ± 6.6 cm H 2 O in group B, 13.9 ± 3.8 cm H 2 O in group C, 26.9 ± 2.8 cm H 2 O in group D, 24.8 ± 1.8 cm H 2 O in group E, 48.5 ± 4.9 cm H 2 O in group F, and 54.2 ± 12.4 cm H 2 O in group G. F and G group pressures reached the target of 40 to 50 cm H 2 O and were significantly higher than those of the 5 conventional groups ( P Conclusions This alginate buttress should be effective for preventing air leakage during operations because it has both sealant and bolster effects working in conjunction.

Background: The presence of autoantibodies to p53 protein has been associated with the presence of p53 (also known as TP53) gene mutations in primary tumors and with poor prognosis. This study was undertaken to deter,1 mine the clinical significance of p53 autoantibodies in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We studied 188 consecutive patients with NSCLC who underwent pulmonary resection and for whom preoperative serum was available. The presence of p53 autoantibodies, detected by use of two amino-terminal and two card boxy-terminal peptides (20-30 mers) as antigens and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was related to various clinicopathologic parameters and to overexpression of p53 protein in the primary tumor. For 22 patients who had p53 autoantibodies before surgery, we also examined sera taken during postoperative follow-up. Reported P values are two-sided. Results: Autoantibodies to p53 protein were detected in 38 patients. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma, those with more advanced disease (stage III-IV), and those with tumors that overexpressed p53 had a significantly higher incidence of p53 autoantibodies (P = .05,.0079, and .02, respectively). In all but one of the patients with postoperative serum samples, the antibody titer declined after surgery; however, there was no relationship between clinical course and this change in antibody titer. In addition, there was no relationship between the presence of p53 autoantibodies and overall survival in 171 patients who underwent potentially curative resection (P = .28); however, 13 patients with autoantibodies to amino-terminal peptides had a worse overall survival (P = .02). Conclusions: In NSCLC, the incidence of p53 autoantibodies is associated with histologic type, stage, and p53 overexpression-but not with patient survival. Our data do not support the clinical utility of p53 autoantibodies as diagnostic or prognostic markers in patients with NSCLC.

Clay-fluoran dye intercalation was studied to evaluate their performance as thermal recording media. Clay previously incorporated with a bulky alkylammonium ion promoted the intercalation of the fluoran cationic dye. The insoluble coloured clay pigment was readily formed both in non-aqueous suspension and on polymer film, including the modified clay with tetra-n-decylammonium ion and the cationic fluoran dye. The procedure could be applied to stabilize the thermally developed coloured image.

腫瘍マーカーを,単に診断,治療効果の判定,臨床経過モニターなどの手段とするのみならず,癌細胞の生物学的性格を認識する手段として利用することは,その利用価値を高め癌診療に大いに貢献することとなる.肺癌の腫瘍マーカーをこの観点から考察した. NSE, ProGRPは癌細胞の帰属を現すマーカーである. LDHあるいはNSEは,その血清値の変動の仕方に癌の増殖速度を現す. SLXなどの糖鎖抗原は,接着因子の一つであるE-セレクチンのリガンドとしての作用を持ち,従って血行転移を起こし易いかどうかの情報を提供する意義をも持つ. GST-πは薬剤耐性と関連性を持つ腫瘍マーカーである.また,腫瘍マーカーを有効利用するためには,その物質の性状,組織内局在,血清値に影響する因子,あるいは偽陽性率などについて充分理解する必要がある.

The water production rate of a comet is one of the fundamental parameters necessary to understand cometary activity when a comet approaches the Sun within 2.5 au, because water is the most abundant icy material in the cometary nucleus. Wide-field imaging observations of the hydrogen Lyα emission in comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko were performed by the Lyman Alpha Imaging Camera (LAICA) on board the 50 kg class micro spacecraft, the Proximate Object Close Flyby with Optical Navigation (PROCYON), on UT 2015 September 7.40, 12.37, and 13.17 (corresponding to 25.31, 30.28, and 31.08 days after the perihelion passage of the comet, respectively). We derive the water production rates, , of the comet from Lyα images of the comet by using a 2D axi-symmetric Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo model of the atomic hydrogen coma; (1.46 ± 0.47) × 1028, (1.24 ± 0.40) × 1028, and (1.30 ± 0.42) × 1028 molecules s−1 on 7.40, 12.37, and 13.17 September, respectively. These values are comparable to the values from in situ measurements by the Rosetta instruments in the 2015 apparition and the ground-based and space observations during the past apparitions. The comet did not show significant secular change in average water production rates just after the perihelion passage for the apparitions from 1982 to 2015. We emphasize that the measurements of absolute based on the wide field of view (e.g., by the LAICA/PROCYON) are so important to judge the soundness of the coma models used to infer based on in situ measurements by spacecraft, like the Rosetta.

Background. Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major problem in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemotherapy, and recent studies have indicated that glutathione S-transferase-π (GST-π) may play an important role in the resistance of cancer cells to alkylating agents that include platinum compound. Methods. GST-π in serum of 121 patients with NSCLC was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the serum concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) antigen, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were also examined. Serum levels of these tumor markers were also evaluated in relation to therapeutic response in 69 patients who received combination chemotherapy with platinum compound. Results. Fifty of 121 patients with NSCLC (41.3%) showed elevated serum GST-π levels above a cutoff value of 34.8 ng/ml (mean + two standard deviations in 30 healthy control subjects). The positive rate of GST-π in patients with NSCLC was higher than those of CEA (37.2%), SCC (15.7%), and NSE (14.9%). The mean pretreatment GST-π level was significantly lower in patients with a partial response to chemotherapy than in those with no response (26.9 ± 11.3 ng/ml versus 38.8 ± 16.7 ng/ml; P < 0.003). Among patients with elevated levels of pretreatment serum GST-π, only 13.8% (four of 29) responded to the combination chemotherapy, whereas partial response was observed in 40.0% of patients (16 of 40) with serum GST-π concentration below the cutoff level (P < 0.02). Neither CEA, SCC, nor NSE showed such a relationship. Conclusions. The serum GST-π level may have limited value as a tumor marker for NSCLC. Interestingly, pretreatment serum GST-π levels may be a useful parameter for predicting therapeutic response to combination chemotherapy regimens that include platinum compound. Cancer 1994; 73:1377–82.

In our clinical experience, cystatin C (CysC) concentrations are not as high as expected in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and high-stage renal dysfunction. We therefore investigated whether measurements of serum CysC result in an underestimation of renal dysfunction in pediatric patients with CKD.Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated from serum creatinine (Cr) concentration, using the equation Cr-GFR (%) = [0.30 × body length (m)/serum Cr] × 100; and from serum CysC concentration, using the equation Cys-GFR (%) = (0.70/serum CysC) × 100. We investigated the relationship between GFR estimated by these 2 equations. Patients aged 2-12 years were assorted into 5 groups, based on GFR-Cr categories of12.5, ≥12.5 to25, ≥25 to50, ≥50 to75, and ≥75%, and GFR-CysC/GFR-Cr ratios were compared in these 5 groups.The median GFR-CysC/GFR-Cr ratio in groups of patients with GFR-Cr of12.5, ≥12.5 to25, ≥25 to50, ≥50 to75, and ≥75% were 2.28, 1.48, 1.22, 1.18 and 0.98, respectively, with statistically significant differences between any two groups (p 0.001).Measurements of serum CysC concentrations lead to underestimation of renal dysfunction in pediatric patients with CKD.

Binding ability of a series of thioindigo derivatives(Ia—g), which possess a molecular architecture, capable of capturing different metal ions was examined. From the results of solvent extraction the order of extractibility for metal ions by cis-Ig was found as Ag+ >> Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+. Enhancement of excellent binding ability by trans to cis photoisomerization of Ig, the highest amount of transported Ag+ across a liquid membrane by Ig when irradiated with 550 and 480 nm light alternately, and the considerable suppression for thermal cis-to-trans isomerization in presence of Ag+ were found.

(Polyfluoroalkyl)trimethylammonium iodides (1a–d), RfCF2CH2N+Me3I− (Rf−, a = HCF2,b = CF3, c = H(CF2)3, d = H(CF2)5), reacted easily with an equimolar amount of sodiumhydroxide in water at 20°C to give Z isomers of (polyfluoro-1-alkenyl)trimethylammoniumiodides (2a–d), RfCFCHN+Me3I−, quantitatively. However, treatment of 1 with 3 equimolaramounts of sodium hydroxide yielded different products depending on the length of the Rfchain: la gave (2-oxo-3,3-difluoropropyl)trimethylammonium iodide (3a), which had a greattendency to form the hydrate 4a; 1b produced a mixture of the analogous ketone 3b and betaine6; 1c and 1d afforded the corresponding 1H,ωH-perfluoroalkanes 7c and 7d, respectively,together with 6.

Radical dediazoniation of o-(2-propenyloxy)- and o-(2-propynyloxy)benzenediazonium ions in the presence of β-cyclodextrin gives selectively dihydrobenzofurans under N 2 , while hydroxymethylated dihydrobenzofurans and 3-hydroxymethyl-benzofuran under air, respectively

5,5'-ジアルキルチオインジゴ染料[1],7,7'-_ビス(アルコキシカルボニル)チオインジゴ染料[2],およびカルボニル基とアルコキシル基の間にポリオキシエチレン鎖を導入したチオインジゴ誘導体を合成し, これらのチオインジゴ誘導体のシス体からトランス体への熱異性化反応をスメクチック液晶であるステアリン酸ブチル(BS)中で行った。アルキル鎖の長い[1]と[2]のチオインジゴ誘導体はBSの相転移温度丁,を境にして熱異性化速度が大きく変化した。一方,[3]の熱異性化に及ぼす相転移温度Tcの影響はアルキル基の長さにかかわらず認められなかった。これらのチオインジゴ誘導体の熱異性化の挙動を色素分子の構造の変化と液晶分子の配向の観点から論じた。

Single measurements of serum cystatin C (cysC) concentration have generally been used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in adults. Since GFR varies to some extent among children, we attempted to determine reference serum cysC concentrations for Japanese children.Serum cysC concentrations were determined by a latex particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay in children who did not present with kidney disease or infectious disease, and the relationship between age and serum cysC level was assessed.We found that reference serum cysC levels gradually decreased during the first year after birth, thereafter becoming constant. Mean serum cysC concentration in children aged 1 year (0.76 ± 0.10 mg/L) was slightly higher than in children aged ≥2 years (0.70 ± 0.09 mg/L).Our reference values will be applicable for screening renal function in Japanese children.

(Polyfluoroalkyl)trimethylammonium iodides (1a–d), RfCF2CH2N+Me3I− (Rf−, a = HCF2,b = CF3, c = H(CF2)3, d = H(CF2)5), reacted easily with an equimolar amount of sodiumhydroxide in water at 20°C to give Z isomers of (polyfluoro-1-alkenyl)trimethylammoniumiodides (2a–d), RfCFCHN+Me3I−, quantitatively. However, treatment of 1 with 3 equimolaramounts of sodium hydroxide yielded different products depending on the length of the Rfchain: la gave (2-oxo-3,3-difluoropropyl)trimethylammonium iodide (3a), which had a greattendency to form the hydrate 4a; 1b produced a mixture of the analogous ketone 3b and betaine6; 1c and 1d afforded the corresponding 1H,ωH-perfluoroalkanes 7c and 7d, respectively,together with 6.

It is necessary to set the standard serum creatinine (Cr) values for the medical care of pediatric chronic kidney disease patients. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m(2)) = kappa x body length (cm)/serum Cr value (mg/dl) determined by the Jaffe method devised by Schwartz has been used clinically. However, enzymatic methods have recently been used to measure Cr instead of the Jaffe method, making it necessary to reevaluate the coefficient kappa of the above equation. Following transformation of the above formula, the normal serum Cr level should be proportional to body length: normal serum Cr value (mg/dl) = k x body length (m).Serum Cr values were measured by an enzymatic method in children who did not present with kidney disease or infectious disease, and the relationship between the body length and serum Cr level was determined by linear regression analysis.We found a regression equation capable of estimating the reference value of serum Cr from body length. In children aged 1-12 years, body length (m) x 0.30 yielded a value similar to the reference serum Cr level.There have been no previous reports of the determination of reference serum Cr levels by enzymatic methods in Japanese children. Our formula will be applicable for screening of renal function in Japanese children.

A cytopathogenic virus (designated the Aichi/2004 strain) was isolated in a human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HRT-18) from the ileum contents of a calf with diarrhea. Oval and elongated particles, approximately 100 to 170 nm in diameter, with club-shaped projections were seen in the infected culture supernatant, and torovirus-like (tubular and torus nucleocapsid) structures were seen in the infected cells by electron microscopy. An antiserum against bovine torovirus (BToV) reacted with the infected cells by immunofluorescence and neutralized the isolate. However, antisera against bovine coronavirus (BCV) failed to react with the infected cells by immunofluorescence or did not neutralize the isolate. Further, the isolate was positive for BToV by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting fragments of the nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), and spike (S) genes. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the PCR products with those of the published N, M, and S genes (476 to 497, 672, and 687 to 690 nucleotides, respectively) of toroviruses showed high sequence identities (up to 99.4%, 98.7%, and 94.9% for the N, M, and S genes, respectively) between the isolate and BToVs. In contrast, the isolate was negative for BCV by RT-PCR. In a serological survey of serum samples from 355 calves at 33 farms, 92% of calves were positive for neutralizing antibodies to the isolate. These results indicate that the isolate in this study was BToV and that BToV infection might be common in cattle in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of BToV in tissue culture.

The chemokine CCL2, also known as MCP-1, plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Since tumor cells produce CCL2, they are considered to be the main source of this chemokine. Here, we examined the capacity of CCL2 produced by non-tumor cells to affect the growth and lung metastasis of 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. Primary tumors formed in the mammary pad of WT or CCL2-/- mice grew at a similar rate; however, lung metastases were markedly reduced in CCL2-/- mice, with significantly longer mouse survival. High levels of CCL2 mRNA were detected in tumors growing in WT, but not CCL2-/- mice. Serum CCL2 levels were increased in tumor-bearing WT, but not CCL2-/- mice. Transplantation of CCL2-/- bone marrow cells into WT mice did not alter the incidence of lung metastasis, but transplantation of WT bone marrow cells into CCL2-/- mice increased lung metastasis. The primary tumors of CCL2-/- mice consistently developed necrosis earlier than those of WT mice and showed decreased infiltration by macrophages and reduced angiogenesis. Interestingly, 4T1 cells that metastasized to the lung constitutively expressed elevated levels of CCL2. Intravenous injection of 4T1 cells producing a high level of CCL2 resulted in increased tumor foci in the lung of CCL2-/- mice. Finally, the culture supernatants of 4T1 cells markedly induced CCL2 production in mouse macrophages. Thus, CCL2 produced by tumor cell-activated stromal cells in the primary tumors promotes lung metastasis of 4T1 cells, while tumor cell-derived CCL2 also contributes to the metastasis once tumor cells enter the circulation. A greater understanding of the source and role of CCL2 during tumor progression and the mechanisms by which stromal cells produce this chemokine may lead to novel strategies for cancer treatment. Citation Format: Teizo Yoshimura, O.M. Zack Howard, Toshihiro Ito, Masaki Kuwabara, Akihiro Matsukawa, Keqiang Chen, Ying Liu, Mingyong Liu, Ji Ming Wang. Metastasis of 4T1 murine breast cancer cells to the lung is dependent on the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 produced by stromal cells in the primary tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3585. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3585

A photochromic behavior based on the cis/trans isomerization of thioindigo derivatives (I) adsorbed on alkylated silica gel is described. The reversible cis/trans isomerization of I in the adsorbed...

The human placental form of glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in lung cancer cell lines established in our laboratories. In classic-type small cell lung cancer (SCLC), variant-type SCLC and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the respective mean GST-pi values were 0.83 +/- 0.88, 3.27 +/- 2.85 and 2.40 +/- 0.76 micrograms/mg protein. Cell lines with high GST-pi content had low levels of neuron specific enolase, which is known as a representative tumor marker for SCLC. This suggests that GST-pi may also be used as a potential marker for NSCLC. The lines with low GST-pi content were more sensitive to radiation than those with high GST-pi content. Cell lines not subjected to prior therapy also showed a good correlation between GST-pi levels and chemosensitivity to cisplatin. The findings suggest that GST-pi can be used as an adjunctive marker for lung cancer.

5-Trifluoromethyl- and 5-difluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-dithiins were synthesized by reaction of (2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)- and (2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl)trimethylammonium iodide with sodium hydroxide, followed by treatment with the sodium salt of 1,2-ethanedithiol

The rates and the activation parameters for the thermal cis-to-trans isomerization of 5,5′-dialkylthioindigo dyes embedded in a smectic mesophase of butyl stearate were affected by the transition of the liquid-crystalline to the isotropic phase, depending upon the alkyl length.

種々の還元剤によるN-ブチル-N-(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル)ブタンアミド〔1〕の還元反応を検討し,NaBH4とAlCl3を組み合わせた還元剤がこのアミドの還元にはもっとも有効であることを見いだした。この還元反応における〔1〕,NaBH4およびAlCl3の最適モル比の検討を行ない,その最適モル比(1:2:0.66)によるほかの種々のポリフルオロアルキル基を含むN,N-二置換アミド化合物の還元反応により高収率(75～90%)の対応するポリフルオロアルキル基を含むアミン化合物を得た。また,このNaBH4とAlCl3を組投合わせた還元剤はポリフルオロアルキル基を含むN-一置換およびN-無置換アミド化合物も還元し,良好な収率でそれぞれ対応するアミン化合物を与えることを見いだした。

The syntheses of new terephthalic acids (8a-d) containing various polyfluoroalkyl groups ( a ; CF3, b ; HCF2, c ; H(CF2)3 and d ; H(CF2)5) are described in this paper. These compounds were obtained by aromatization (bromination and dehydro-bromination) of Diels-Alder adducts ( 2a-d and 3a-d ) of polyfluoro- 2-alkynoic acids ( 1a-d ) with 2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene, followed by oxidation with KMnO4.

The Diels-Alder reactions of 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butynoic acid ( 1a ) and ωH-perfluoro-2-alkynoic acids ( 1b-d ) with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, furan, and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene (durene) were investigated. The F-alkynoic acids ( 1a-d ) reacted easily with the 1,3-butadienes and furan to give the corresponding 1,4-addition products in high yields (71-95%), whereas the Diels-Alder adduct was not obtained in the reaction of 1c with durene. The mixture of two regioisomers ( 3a-d ) and ( 4a-d ) of the adduct was obtained in the reactions of 1a-d with 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. The structure of the major isomer was discussed based on the FMO theory.

腫瘍径2.0cm以下の肺野型小型腺癌50例の切除後5年健存率は63.8%(n0群-33例, 77.3%) であって, n1・n2群において著明な低下を認めた.臨床所見ではp-n, p-T, 壁側Pとに健存率との関連を認めた.n1+n2群は全体の1/3を占め, 病理組織学的所見との間に関連がみられた.腫瘍径1.5cm以下の12例では, n1・n2群の占める頻度と5年健存率に, 腫瘍径1.6～2.0cmのものと比較して差がなく, n0例にも再発を認めた.

The photoinduced and thermal cis/trans isomerization of the title compound adsorbed on silica gel has been studied by the immersion method. The cis/trans photoisomerization of the adsorbed state can be reversibly induced by irradiation. Thermal isomerization of the cis-to trans-isomer proceeds very fast on the surface. The results are compared with those obtained in solution.

種々の還元剤によるN-ブチル-N-(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル)ブタンアミド〔1〕の還元反応を検討し,NaBH4とAlCl3を組み合わせた還元剤がこのアミドの還元にはもっとも有効であることを見いだした。この還元反応における〔1〕,NaBH4およびAlCl3の最適モル比の検討を行ない,その最適モル比(1:2:0.66)によるほかの種々のポリフルオロアルキル基を含むN,N-二置換アミド化合物の還元反応により高収率(75～90%)の対応するポリフルオロアルキル基を含むアミン化合物を得た。また,このNaBH4とAlCl3を組投合わせた還元剤はポリフルオロアルキル基を含むN-一置換およびN-無置換アミド化合物も還元し,良好な収率でそれぞれ対応するアミン化合物を与えることを見いだした。