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Background/Objective: The association between appendicitis and colon cancer is not yet fully understood. Previous studies have shown contradictory results. Currently, no population-based data from Germany are available with regard to the incidence of colon cancer following appendicitis. This study investigated the association between appendicitis and the incidence of colon cancer in Germany. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the incidence of colon cancer was compared for patients with appendicitis and patients without appendicitis, matched for age, sex, index year, average annual consultation frequency, and comorbidity. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between appendicitis and the incidence of colon cancer. The evaluation was carried out using logistic regression analyses. Results: The study included 49,790 people with and without appendicitis, with a median age of 41 years. During a follow-up period of up to 15 years, 1.04% of cases with appendicitis and 0.60% of cases without appendicitis were newly diagnosed with colon cancer, with some 36.4% of colon cancer cases diagnosed within the first six months after appendicitis. Regression analyses revealed a significant association between appendicitis and colon cancer, particularly in men and in the age groups 41-50 (HR: 10.30; 95% CI: 1.03-43.82) and 18-30 years (HR: 8.17; 95% CI: 1.03-64.58). Conclusions: The present retrospective cohort study suggests an association between appendicitis and the incidence of colon cancer in Germany. Based on our results, we recommend offering a colonoscopy or at least a stool test within 12 months after appendicitis, especially for 18-50-year-olds and >60-year-olds in good general health.

Background and Aims: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) implantation is an established procedure to treat portal hypertension. Impact of administration of aspirin on transplant-free survival after TIPS remains unknown., Methods: A multicenter retrospective analysis including patients with TIPS implantation between 2011 and 2018 at three tertiary German Liver Centers was performed. N = 583 patients were included. Survival analysis was performed in a matched cohort after propensity score matching. Patients were grouped according to whether aspirin was (PSM-aspirin-cohort) or was not (PSM-no-aspirin-cohort) administered after TIPS. Primary endpoint of the study was transplant-free survival at 12 months after TIPS., Results: Aspirin improved transplant-free survival 12 months after TIPS with 90.7% transplant-free survival compared to 80.0% (p = 0.001) after PSM. Separated by TIPS indication, aspirin did improve transplant-free survival in patients with refractory ascites significantly (89.6% vs. 70.6% transplant-free survival, p < 0.001), while no significant effect was observed in patients with refractory variceal bleeding (91.1% vs. 92.2% transplant-free survival, p = 0.797)., Conclusion: This retrospective multicenter study provides first data indicating a beneficial effect of aspirin on transplant-free survival after TIPS implantation in patients with refractory ascites., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) implantation is an established procedure to treat portal hypertension with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) as a common complication. There is lack of evidence concerning HE prophylaxis after TIPS., Methods: N = 233 patients receiving TIPS between 2011 and 2018 at a German tertiary care center were included. Of them, 21% (n = 49) had a history of HE. The follow-up period was 12 months. The risk factors of post-TIPS HE were analyzed via multivariate analysis. The efficacy of prophylactic medication regimens was studied. The results show that 35.6% (n = 83) received no medication ( NM ), 36.5% (n = 85) received lactulose monoprophylaxis ( LM ), 2.6% (n = 6) rifaximin monoprophylaxis ( RM ) and 25.3% (n = 59) lactulose and rifaximin ( LR ) of which 64.4% received l-ornithin-l-aspartate ( LOLA ) additionally ( LR + LOLA ) and 36.6% did not ( LRonly )., Results: Multivariate analysis revealed higher age ( p = 0.003) and HE episodes prior to TIPS ( p = 0.004) as risk factors for HE after TIPS. LM has no prophylactic effect. LR prevents HE recurrence at 1, 3 and 12 months after TIPS ( p = 0.003, p = 0.003, p = 0.006) but does not prevent HE in patients with no history of HE ( p = 0.234, p = 0.483, p = 0.121). LR prevents HE recurrence compared with LM/NM (25.0% vs. 64.7%, p = 0.007) within 12 months after TIPS, whereas de novo occurrence is unaffected ( p = 0.098). The additional administration of LOLA to LR has no benefit ( LRonly : 25.0%, LR + LOLA : 29.7%, p = 0.780)., Conclusions: Higher age and previous HE are risk factors post-TIPS HE. In patients with HE prior to TIPS, effective prophylaxis of HE is feasible via combination of lactulose and rifaximin with no additional benefit from LOLA .

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is the most effective measure to treat complications of portal hypertension. However, liver function may deteriorate after TIPS. Predictors of liver function and outcome after TIPS are therefore important for management of TIPS patients. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of liver volume on transplant-free survival (TFS) after TIPS, as well as the evolution of liver volume and its relationship with liver function after TIPS. A retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients who underwent TIPS in a tertiary care university liver center between 2012 and 2017 ( n = 216) was performed; n = 72 patients with complete prior and follow-up (FU) computed tomography (CT) imaging studies were included in the study. Volumetry of the liver was performed by a semi-automatic 9-lobe image segmentation algorithm at baseline and FU (FU 1: 90-180 d; FU 2: 180-365 d; FU 3: 365-545 d; FU 4: 545-730 d; FU 5: >730 d). Output variables were total liver volume (TLV, cm 3 ), left liver volume (LLV, cm 3 ), right liver volume (RLV, cm 3 ) and TLV/body weight ratio. CT derived liver volumes were correlated with liver function tests, portosystemic pressure gradient (PPG) measurements and survival. To assess predictors of liver volume change over time we fitted linear mixed models. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed and validated by matched pair analysis followed by Cox regression to determine independent prognostic factors for survival. The median TLV at baseline was 1507.5 cm 3 (773.7-3686.0 cm 3 ). Livers with higher baseline liver volumes and larger TLV/weight ratios retained their volume after an initial loss while smaller livers continuously lost volume after TIPS. At the first follow-up period (90-180 d post-TIPS) lower liver volumes and TLV/weight ratios were associated with higher bilirubin levels. Within the final multivariable model containing time (days since TIPS), baseline INR and baseline TLV, the average loss of liver volume was 0.74 mL per day after TIPS. Twelve-month overall transplant-free survival was 89% and median overall TFS was 33 months. The median TFS for a baseline TLV/body weight ratio > 20 was significantly higher compared with ≤20 (40.0 vs. 27.0 months, p = 0.010) while there were no differences regarding the indication for TIPS or etiology of liver disease in the matched pair analysis. Lower TLV/weight ratios before TIPS were associated with shorter TFS and should therefore be critically considered when selecting patients for TIPS. In addition, this study provides first evidence of an effect of TIPS on subsequent liver volume change and associated liver function.

Introduction:  In the management of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) insertion is well-established but common recommendations in the follow up management are inconsistent. Doppler sonography is commonly used for detection for TIPS dysfunction whilst data on the impact of elective invasive examinations are scarce., Aim:  The aim of this retrospective analysis is to evaluate potential benefits of elective invasive examinations in the follow up management of patients after TIPS insertion METHODS:  Data of all patients receiving TIPS at the university hospitals of Muenster and Bonn between 2013 and 2018 (n = 534) were collected. The impact of performance of elective invasive examinations at 12 months after TIPS insertion on the occurrence of liver related events (LREs) and frequency of TIPS revisions within 24 months after TIPS insertion was analyzed., Results:  No significant differences were found concerning occurrence of liver related events after 24 months depending on whether an elective invasive examination was performed. Occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy, relapse of initial indication for TIPS, as well as death or liver transplantation all did not differ. These findings were verified by a subgroup analysis including only patients who did not experience a LRE or TIPS revision within the first 12 months after TIPS procedure., Conclusion:  The analyzed data suggest no evidence for a beneficial impact due to implementation of an elective invasive examination program after TIPS insertion. Invasive examinations should remain reserved to patients with suspected TIPS dysfunction., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The liver and gut share an intimate relationship whose communication relies heavily on metabolites, among which bile acids play a major role. Beyond their function as emulsifiers, bile acids have been recognized for their influence on metabolism of glucose and lipids as well as for their impact on immune responses. Therefore, changes to the composition of the bile acid pool can be consequential to liver and to gut physiology. By metabolizing primary bile acids to secondary bile acids, the bacterial gut microbiome modifies how bile acids exert influence. An altered ratio of secondary to primary bile acids is found to be substantial in many studies. Thus, disease pathogenesis and progression could be changed by gut microbiome modification which influences the bile acid pool., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Research increasingly focuses on identifying individuals at greater risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) to enhance colonoscopy screening efficacy., Objective: The objective of this article is to determine associations between chronic liver disease and lesions along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence., Methods: This retrospective study encompasses consecutive liver disease patients (LDPs) of all etiologies evaluated for liver transplantation at a single institution and a control group of liver-healthy patients (LHPs) undergoing colonoscopy as part of the German CRC screening program.Rates of polyps, adenomas, high-risk situations (HRS) and CRC were analyzed in univariable and multivariable settings adjusting for age, gender, body mass index and number of colonoscopies. Differences between LHPs and LDPs and between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic hepatopathy were assessed., Results: In total, 1046 patients (52.6% male, median age 59.6 years) were included, of whom 38.9% had liver disease. A total of 41.0% of all patients showed polyps, 23.2% adenomas, 10.0% HRS, and 0.5% CRC. LDPs were more likely to develop polyps, adenomas and HRS than LHPs, both in univariable and multivariable analysis. There were no significant differences between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients., Conclusion: Chronic liver disease of any etiology is associated with colonic lesions of the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence, independent of cirrhosis. LDPs should receive intensified, and earlier, colonoscopy screening.

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is a curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying primary liver disease; however, tumor recurrence is still a major issue. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess predictors and risk factors for HCC recurrence after LT in patients within and outside the Milan criteria with a special focus on the impact of different bridging strategies., Methods: All patients who underwent LT for HCC between 07/2002 and 09/2016 at the University Hospital of Muenster were consecutively included in this retrospective study. Database research was performed and a multivariable regression analysis was conducted to explore potential risk factors for HCC recurrence., Results: A total of 82 patients were eligible for the statistical analysis. Independent of bridging strategy, achieving complete remission (CR) was significantly associated with a lower risk for tumor recurrence ( p = 0.029 ; OR = 0.426, 95% CI 0.198-0.918). A maximal diameter of lesion < 3 cm was also associated with lower recurrence rates ( p = 0.040 ; OR = 0.140, 95% CI 0.022-0.914). Vascular invasion proved to be an independent risk factor for HCC recurrence ( p = 0.004 ; OR = 11.357, 95% CI 2.142-60.199)., Conclusion: Achieving CR prior to LT results in a significant risk reduction of HCC recurrence after LT independent of the treatment modalities applied.

Background & Aims: Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the most high-risk type of renal failure in patients with cirrhosis. Terlipressin and albumin are effective treatments for type 1 HRS. However, the effects of acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) grade on response to treatment are not clear. We aimed to identify factors associated with response to treatment with terlipressin and albumin in patients with type 1 HRS (reduction in serum level of creatinine to below 1.5 mg/dL at the end of treatment) and factors associated with death within 90 days of HRS diagnosis (90-day mortality)., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 4 different cohorts of consecutive patients with HRS treated with terlipressin and albumin from February 2007 through January 2016 at medical centers in Europe (total, 298 patients). We analyzed demographic, clinical, and laboratory data collected before and during treatment; patients were followed until death, liver transplantation, or 90 days after HRS diagnosis., Results: Response to treatment was observed in 53% of patients. Of patients with grade 1 ACLF, 60% responded to treatment; among those with grade 2 ACLF, 48% responded, and among those with grade 3 ACLF, 29% responded (P < .001 for comparison between grades). In multivariate analysis, baseline serum level of creatinine (odds ratio, 0.23; P = .001) and ACLF grade (odds ratio, 0.63; P = .01) were independently associated with response to treatment. Patient age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; P < .001), white blood cell count (HR, 1.51; P = .006), ACLF grade (HR, 2.06; P < .001), and no response to treatment (HR, 0.41; P < .001) associated with 90-day mortality., Conclusion: In a retrospective analysis of data from 4 cohorts of patients treated for type 1 HRS, we found ACLF grade to be the largest determinant of response to terlipressin and albumin. ACLF grade affects survival independently of response to treatment. New therapeutic strategies should be developed for patients with type 1 HRS and extrarenal organ failure., (Copyright © 2018 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND The level of suffering of chronically ill patients does not necessarily correlate with illness severity. In this study, we evaluated the burden of suffering and its impact on health-related quality of life in liver transplant recipients and liver cirrhosis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure (PRISM) was used to explore levels of suffering in outpatients of Münster University Hospital, Germany. Self-illness separation scores were analyzed as a measure of disease-specific burden of suffering. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS Data from 201 subjects were statistically analyzed. Median Self-illness separation scores for liver transplant recipients and patients with liver cirrhosis were 13.5 (minimum/maximum: 0.2/25.6) cm and 6.3 (0.1/25.6) cm (p<0.001), respectively. The median SF-36 Mental Component Summary and Physical Component Summary scores were 46.4 (12.5/66.2) and 40.1 (12.3/61.1), respectively. Higher health-related quality of life was associated with greater self-illness separation. Liver transplant recipients showed normal Mental Component Summary scores compared with the general German population; patients with liver cirrhosis had significantly lower Mental Component Summary scores. Physical Component Summary scores were significantly higher in liver transplant recipients than in patients with liver cirrhosis, but still lower than in the general population. CONCLUSIONS PRISM is a novel, simple tool for measuring the illness burden in liver transplant recipients and patients with liver cirrhosis. This measure may help to identify patients at a higher risk of psychological disorders.

Background: Portal hypertension is a serious complication of liver cirrhosis., Objective: To identify relevant endoscopic findings in patients with advanced cirrhosis and consecutive portal hypertension., Methods: This was a retrospective study of liver transplant candidates who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between April 2011 and November 2015., Results: A total of 1,045 upper endoscopies were analyzed. Portal hypertensive gastric and duodenal polyps were frequently observed and were associated with thrombocytopenia (p = 0.040; OR: 2.4, 95% CI 1.04-5.50), Child-Pugh score > 6 (p = 0.033; OR: 2.3, 95% CI 1.07-4.92), Model for End Stage Liver Disease score > 16 (p = 0.030; OR: 4.1, 95% CI 1.14-15.00), and previous rubber band ligation (p < 0.001; OR = 5.2, 95% CI 2.5-10.7). These polyps often recurred after polypectomy; however, no malignant transformation occurred during the observational time until October 2017. The most common endoscopic finding was esophageal varices, observed in more than 90% of patients., Conclusion: Portal hypertensive polyposis is common in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Our data suggest that these polyps have benign characteristics.

Objectives: Acute-on-chronic liver failure is associated with numerous consecutive organ failures and a high short-term mortality rate. Molecular adsorbent recirculating system therapy has demonstrated beneficial effects on the distinct symptoms, but the associated mortality data remain controversial., Design: Retrospective analysis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patients receiving either standard medical treatment or standard medical treatment and molecular adsorbent recirculating system. Secondary analysis of data from the prospective randomized Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency with Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure trial by applying the recently introduced Chronic Liver Failure-criteria., Setting: Medical Departments of University Hospital Muenster (Germany)., Patients: This analysis was conducted in two parts. First, 101 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure grades 1-3 and Chronic Liver Failure-C-Organ Failure liver subscore equals to 3 but stable pulmonary function were identified and received either standard medical treatment (standard medical treatment, n = 54) or standard medical treatment and molecular adsorbent recirculating system (n = 47) at the University Hospital Muenster. Second, the results of this retrospective analysis were tested against the Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency with Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure trial., Interventions: Standard medical treatment and molecular adsorbent recirculating system., Measurements and Main Results: Additionally to improved laboratory variables (bilirubin and creatinine), the short-term mortality (up to day 14) of the molecular adsorbent recirculating system group was significantly reduced compared with standard medical treatment. A reduced 14-day mortality rate was observed in the molecular adsorbent recirculating system group (9.5% vs 50.0% with standard medical treatment; p = 0.004), especially in patients with multiple organ failure (acute-on-chronic liver failure grade 2-3). Concerning the affected organ system, this effect of molecular adsorbent recirculating system on mortality was particularly evident among patients with increased kidney, brain, or coagulation Chronic Liver Failure-C-Organ Failure subscores. Subsequent reanalysis of the Recompensation of Exacerbated Liver Insufficiency with Hyperbilirubinemia and/or Encephalopathy and/or Renal Failure dataset with adoption of the Chronic Liver Failure-classification resulted in similar findings., Conclusions: Molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment was associated with an improved short-term survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and multiple organ failure. Among these high-risk patients, molecular adsorbent recirculating system treatment might bridge to liver recovery or liver transplantation.

The overall long-term survival rate of liver transplant patients is 70-75 %. During the early stages, the complications are vascular in nature, and in the later stages, biliary complications are major causes of morbidity. With the help of sonography, in particular with the addition of contrast enhanced ultrasound, a reliable diagnosis is possible. Despite this, in individual cases, other additional imaging methods should still be employed. The therapy should be used exclusively by interventional gastroentologists, radiologists or surgeons., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Due to advances in immunosuppressive therapy and surgical techniques, survival rates after solid organ transplantation have constantly improved over the last decades. In long-term care after transplantation, physicians need to focus as much on diagnosis and treatment of allograft-related complications as they should consider comorbidities and evaluate risk-factors and adverse events of immunosuppressive agents to prevent secondary diseases. In particular, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, malignancy and infection play a major role in long-term survival. Therefore, screening of organ transplant recipients in regard to these complications and adverse events is a crucial part of follow up in these patients., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

The prevalence of liver cirrhosis in the German population is about 1 %. Clinically, compensated liver cirrhosis should be distinguished from decompensated cirrhosis with poor prognosis. Decompensated cirrhosis is defined by the occurrence of complications and consequences of portal hypertension (such as ascites, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome) and progressive liver failure. Optimizing the management of these patients in the intensive care unit could essentially improve their outcome., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Background and Study Aims: Biliary tract complications after liver transplantation are usually treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. When biliary tract intervention is indicated, endoscopic sphincterotomy is often required. However, data regarding complication rates after endoscopic sphincterotomy in liver transplant recipients are limited. This study therefore investigated complication rates during the first 15 days after endoscopic sphincterotomy in liver transplant recipients., Patients and Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 157 consecutive liver transplant recipients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic sphincterotomy between January 1998 and August 2013 at the University Hospital of Münster, Germany. Complications that occurred within the first 15 days after the procedure were recorded, and complication rates were compared between patients who underwent conventional and precut endoscopic sphincterotomy., Results: A total of 24 complications (15.2%) were recorded, including 9 cases (5.7%) of pancreatitis, 6 cases (3.8%) of bleeding, and 1 case (0.6%) of perforation. There were no procedure-related deaths. There were no significant differences in complication rates between the two sphincterotomy techniques. The rate of post-procedural pancreatitis decreased over time., Conclusion: Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe procedure in liver transplant recipients. The procedure-related complication rate is reasonable and most complications can be managed conservatively., (Copyright © 2015 Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)