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During the 1990s and 2000s, many countries witnessed new discourses on boys and education both within research and the wider popular discourse. This took place in the context of a [...]

In 2014, Khaled Mohamed Khaled--professionally known as DJ Khaled--appeared on the Breakfast Club radio program, during which he discussed his views on sex (Breakfast Club Power 105.1 FM, 2018). Khaled [...], There is currently little research investigating men's lack of engagement in cunnilingus. This study explored reasons why some men do not engage in cunnilingus, as well as characteristics that distinguish those who engage from those who do not. A convenience sample of 935 straight and bisexual/pansexual male participants were asked to indicate whether they have (n = 833, [M.sub.age] = 37.14, [SD.sub.age] = 14.12) or have not (n = 102, [M.sub.age] = 21.63, [SD.sub.age] = 6.11) engaged in cunnilingus. Additionally, we interrogated participants' sexual history, precarious manhood belief, sexist beliefs, sexual narcissism, homophobia, and attitudes toward women's genitals. Our results indicated that engagement in cunnilingus is very common among men who have sex with women, with 89.09% of our sample having performed oral sex at least once and the overwhelming majority of engagers (94.47%) indicating enjoyment. However, we also identified that men who do not engage in cunnilingus demonstrated greater levels of homophobia, had more negative attitudes toward women's genitals, and were less likely to be sexually narcissistic than men who did engage in cunnilingus. Endorsement of precarious manhood belief, benevolent sexism, and hostile sexism did not influence engagement in cunnilingus. Results also indicated that the primary reason men do not engage in or enjoy cunnilingus--aside from lack of opportunity--was the perception that cunnilingus is 'gross' Further, men who engaged in oral sex but did not enjoy it demonstrated greater endorsement of both precarious manhood belief and hostile sexism, as well as higher levels of homophobia and more negative attitudes toward women's genitals. KEYWORDS: Attitudes, cunnilingus, homophobia, masculinity, oral sex, sexism, sexual scripts

Author(s): Aaron Pomerantz [sup.1] , Kevin Green [sup.2] , Duncan McCollum [sup.3] , Hairong Song [sup.3] , Ryan P. Brown [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.267208.9, 0000 0001 2286 975X, University [...], The psychological study of honor is predicated on hitherto-unexamined assumptions that gendered facets of honor culture meaningfully exists across groups. It is assumed that both males and females, despite having different normative and contextual concerns, share the same concepts of their own and the other genders honor. It is further assumed that honor's gendered facets can be meaningfully assumed to exist across cultural and geographic groups. However, paradoxically, honor within an American context is studied in a primarily white context based on historical Scots-Irish immigration patterns, and most common measures of honor draw from this. The present paper examines honor's existence across both gender and ethnicity-based contexts using factorial invariance testing. Two established measures of honor ideology - the Honor Ideology for Manhood (HIM) and the Honor Ideology for Womanhood (HIW) scales - were evaluated for their ability to meaningfully represent the same latent construct of honor across these contexts. Results indicated that the HIM should be re-conceptualized and reorganized into an updated scale, the HIM-R, representing the distinct facets of reputation and retaliation-based concerns for masculine honor. The HIW achieved meaningful invariance across gender groups. Both the HIW and the reconceptualized HIM-R achieved meaningful invariance across ethnicity-based contexts. The implications of these findings for honor research in American contexts is discussed.

Author(s): Stephanie Laura Masters [sup.1] , Amy Roberson Hayes [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411015.0, 0000 0001 0727 7545, Institute of Social Science Research, The University of Alabama, , Tuscaloosa, AL, [...], The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) is a widely-used measure of psychological masculinity, femininity, and androgyny (Bem in Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196-205, 1977 (See CR12)). Psychological androgyny is correlated with a host of positive outcomes, including self-esteem (Buckley and Carter in Sex Roles, 53, 647-661, 2005 (See CR22)) and social adjustment (Markstrom-Adams in Sex Roles, 21, 325-340, 1989 (See CR57)). However, little work has explored how gender role orientation relates to overall and risky health behaviors in college students. This study was designed to examine the potential pathways among gender role orientation, adaptability, and health behaviors in a sample of emerging adults. The sample included 199 students (mean age = 19.7 years) recruited from a mid-sized regional university in the Southwest U.S. Participants completed an online survey that included measures of gender role orientation, adaptability, physical health, and risky health behaviors. Quantitative analyses revealed that higher levels of masculinity and femininity predicted more positive health behaviors among both college men and women. Implications for emerging adult populations are discussed.

Gender is one of the first pieces of social information accessible from a speaker's voice (Kreiman & Sidtis, 2011; Schweinberger et al., 2014). Findings of studies examining event-related potentials of [...], Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine associations between speaking fundamental frequency ([f.sub.os]), vowel formant frequencies (F), listener perceptions of speaker gender, and vocal femininity-masculinity. Method: An exploratory study was undertaken to examine associations between [f.sub.os], [F.sub.1]-[F.sub.3], listener perceptions of speaker gender (nominal scale), and vocal femininity-masculinity (visual analog scale). For 379 speakers of Australian English aged 18-60 years, [f.sub.os] mode and [F.sub.1]-[F.sub.3] (12 monophthongs; total of 36 Fs) were analyzed on a standard reading passage. Seventeen listeners rated speaker gender and vocal femininity-masculinity on randomized audio recordings of these speakers. Results: Model building using principal component analysis suggested the 36 Fs could be succinctly reduced to seven principal components (PCs). Generalized structural equation modeling (with the seven PCs of F and [f.sub.os] as predictors) suggested that only [F.sub.2] and [f.sub.os] predicted listener perceptions of speaker gender (male, female, unable to decide). However, listener perceptions of vocal femininity-masculinity behaved differently and were predicted by [F.sub.1], [F.sub.3], and the contrast between monophthongs at the extremities of the [F.sub.1] acoustic vowel space, in addition to [F.sub.2] and [f.sub.os]. Furthermore, listeners' perceptions of speaker gender also influenced ratings of vocal femininity-masculinity substantially. Conclusion: Adjusted odds ratios highlighted the substantially larger contribution of F to listener perceptions of speaker gender and vocal femininity-masculinity relative to [f.sub.os] than has previously been reported.

To contribute to the discussion about how masculinity--understood as a configuration of gender practices (Connell 2000)--is reproduced, this paper analyzes fathers' discourse about the gender of their sons and daughters. I carried out a qualitative longitudinal study in Chile during which 28 first-time fathers were interviewed before and after their child's birth or arrival (adoption). I suggest that these fathers see gender in essentialist, dichotomous, and hierarchical terms. They expect to shape their sons' gender practices according to hegemonic masculinity (discouraging gender practices associated with femininity or homosexuality). In the study, no attempt to reformulate masculine gender practices was observed but, rather, an interest on the fathers' part in maintaining the patriarchal gender order. Keywords: boys, doing gender, fathering, hegemonic masculinity, heteronormativity, In The Men and the Boys, Raewyn Connell (2000) argues that it is important to study the process of configuration of the practices that comprise masculinity and to investigate the [...]

Identity formation and negotiation is a key contributor to the health and wellbeing of men and much is still to be learnt about how identity processes operate in everyday life. [...]

The purpose of this study was to explore retirement-age men's perceptions of body image and embodied experiences of aging. Individual interviews and follow-up focus groups were conducted with fifteen Canadian [...]

This paper is a critical study of contemporary Lexington, Virginia, examining issues of collective memory and heritage within this traditional 'mecca' of Confederate remembrance. My reading of Lexington is the [...]

We rely on data from one-on-one semi-structured interviews with males convicted of intimate partner violence (IPV) and descriptive survey data to contribute to theoretical assessments of the nexus between masculinity, IPV and health. We broaden theoretical understanding of male perpetrators of 1PV and their violence against women by reporting on two emergent themes: 1) the role of economic stress in relation to masculinity and 2) the importance of control/dominance among male perpetrators. We find that the intersection of masculinity pursuits, economic stress, and control are inextricably tethered to IPV: It is not only the state of being economically disadvantaged that increase risk for IPV, but also the internalized implications of what such disadvantage implies about one's male identity. We conclude with suggestions for future research and policy approaches to the social problem of IPV. Keywords: intimate partner violence (IPV), qualitative methods, masculinity, criminology, gender, control, SES, Between 2001 and 2005 nonfatal violent victimizations against females and males age 12 or older averaged to 22% and 4%, respectively (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007). More recently, CDC researchers [...]

In Italy gender-based health studies and policies focus on women, since it is widely assumed that the socio-economical inequalities that privilege men also favour men's health. The present article, which [...]

Research suggests that women make judgments about a man's value as a potential romantic partner based on cues associated with facial masculinity. Such studies have often relied on electronically-manipulated facial [...]

The fields of masculinity and gender studies have advanced significantly in the past few decades as new empirical data complement theories of gender and sexuality and encourage their revision. However, [...], This essay describes paradoxes and contradictions in treatments of masculine psychology in men, masculine women, and female-to-male transgendered persons. Using object-relations psychoanalysis, Nancy Chodorow explained the complementary and opposing psychologies in men and in women, emphasizing competitive and inhibited aspects of masculine psychology. Similar psychological theories are still being advanced today as applicable to most men and women. However, some contemporary, gender scholars reject psychoanalysis as not only outmoded, biased, and sexist, but also as intrinsically inapplicable to gender variant people. They may resist all psychological theories on the grounds that such theories inevitably pathologize their subjects, with the paradoxical results that transgendered subjects, in particular, are accorded no psychological interiority at all and that all descriptions of the non-normative are considered pathologizing. Even more paradoxically, theorists of female masculinity like Judith Halberstam and scholars of transgender studies, including Henry Rubin, Sally Hines, and Bobby Noble, imply that people born female may make better men than people born male. Along with therapists of transgender clients, transgender studies scholars claim that gender is innate and biological in origin, yet they seek to facilitate gender transition through social changes, including new technologies and new queer ideologies. Although generally decking essentialist prescriptions for human behavior, moreover, these scholars may conclude that they are ethically bound to essentialist explanations of gender. Keyterms: transgender; psychoanalysis, female masculinity, queer theory, FtM, gender ethics

Male body dissatisfaction is now approaching parity with female body dissatisfaction, and generally manifests as either a drive for enhanced thinness, as in anorexia nervosa, or more commonly as a [...]

The present study examined how the endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology, conformity to masculine norms, and help seeking style are related to the avoidance of academic help seeking by college men in psychology courses. One hundred seventy eight undergraduate males participated in the study. Results indicated that greater conformity to masculine norms was significantly associated with avoidance of academic help seeking above and beyond the contribution of demographics, amount of course work taken, and propensity for using the executive help-seeking style. The endorsement of aspects of traditional masculinity ideology was associated with avoidance of help seeking. These results indicate that masculinity variables are associated with men's avoidance of help seeking in academic situations similar to their associations with men's avoidance of help seeking in other areas. Two main aspects of masculinity tapped by both measures are most strongly associated with the avoidance of help seeking when struggling academically: self-reliance and dominance. Keywords: conformity to masculine norms, endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology, academic help seeking, help-seeking style, male code, gender role strain, According to Taylor and Lorimer (2002), men are more likely than women to drop out of school or not enroll in college, and, in high school, to populate special education [...]

The purpose of this article is to describe the development of the Inventory of Subjective Masculinity Experiences (ISME) and to provide preliminary evidence for the psychometric properties of this scale. Subjective masculinity experiences are defined as men's subjective experiences of what it means to be a man (e.g., As a man, I need to be strong). Participants (220 men) completed the sentence, 'As a man ...' 10 times. Participants' open-ended responses were coded according to 23 dimensions of subjective masculinity experiences. Five of the twenty-three ISME dimensions included responses that comprised at least 5 percent of all participant responses: Family, Responsibility, Emotional Toughness, Work, and Physical Body. Preliminary evidence for the convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity of these dimensions was provided. The ISME-Family and ISME-Responsibility were negatively associated with psychological distress, whereas the ISME-Work was positively related to psychological distress. The ISME-Emotional Toughness was negatively related to life satisfaction. The use of the ISME in clinical and research settings is discussed. Keywords: scale development, masculinity, subjective gender experiences, social constructionism, Gender has been described as 'one of the central organizing principles around which social life revolves' (Kimmel, 2000, p. 5). From an early age, men learn to view their lives [...]

Suicide is one of the leading causes of male mortality. In nearly every country in the world, more males than females end their life by suicide. Previous research indicates male-specific [...]

In this paper, we investigated the relationship between traditional masculine ideology, body image discrepancy, self-esteem, and the pursuit of muscularity in a sample of school going boys. Constructs were measured [...]

THIS DISCUSSION ADDS TO the body of literature on young girls and their relationships with each other, through an exploration of the experiences of self-identified 'tomboys' and 'sissy girls' in early childhood. It does this through the memories of experiences identified by women. It is not our intention to have adult women speaking on behalf of children; rather, their experiences demonstrate how gendered identity is constructed and negotiated in childhood. They represent critical points in the process of gender construction in early childhood for each of these women, and have practical implications for early childhood professionals working with children today. In all cases, the women considered these critical moments as fundamental in shaping their lives. McLeod and Yates (2006) point out that reflexive memory can provide new readings of the past and present. These experiences provide a valuable avenue in which to gain insight to the complexities and contradictions associated with young girls' performances of gender. In addition, they provide some insight to the complexities of girls' relationships with each other, extending understandings of the constitution of girls' desires and friendships. Their earliest memories of being gendered subjects focused on heteronormative regulations to which children were expected to adhere, with each carrying a sense of injustice about these practices throughout their lives., SINCE THE EARLY 1990s, feminist scholars have theorised the gendered experiences of being a girl, or of girlhood (Aapola, Gonik & Harris, 2005; Driscoll, 2002; Griffin, 2004; Harris, 2004a, 2004b; [...]

Masculinities vary by organizational context, demonstrating that organizational culture shapes the gendering of work even within the same occupation. The author draws on comparative and ethnographic data collected in two retail environments (large and small musical instrument stores) to understand how a common organizational culture is differently gendered by the organization of work. In these music stores, organizational culture is driven by masculinist fantasies of the rock musician lifestyle. As the products and knowledge of the rock musician lifestyle are made popularly accessible and retail work is de-skilled, a style of masculinity based on fraternization and competition takes the place of formal knowledge and experience--reaffirming rock musician as a populist, but exclusively male identity. The article concludes with a consideration of how the de-skilling of retail work reproduces gendered interactions that affirm men's control over work and its products, even as retail work is presumed to be feminizing. Keywords: men; masculinity; culture; organizations

This article reports findings from an ethnographic study of the literacy practices of a group of 11- to 14-year-old black males who called themselves 'the cool kids.' The study is framed using theories that view literacy as a social and cultural practice involving multiple sign-and-symbol systems. Two research questions guided the study: How did coolness relate to literacy among 'the cool kids,' and what symbolic patterns helped to shape these relations? The findings describe how race, gender, and pop culture marked the group's use of language and style and reveal how coolness, as a pop-cultural artifact of black manhood, contributed to the literacy practices of the young men and to the construction of their symbolic selves. These findings contribute to building a theory of black masculine literacies., For the young men in the 'My Brother's Keeper' (MBK) Program, playing with language and style seemed central to literacy practice. Even their body was a tablet that rendered the [...]

Using a multimethod approach (including a survey, interviews, and observations), this article examines the link between class and masculinities by comparing the way two groups--professional men (physicians) and working-class men (emergency medical technicians, or EMTs)--practice fatherhood. First, the authors show that these two groups practice different types of masculinity as they engage in different kinds of fatherhood. Physicians emphasize 'public fatherhood,' which entails attendance at public events but little involvement in the daily care of their children. In contrast, EMTs are not only involved in their children's public events but also emphasize 'private fatherhood,' which entails involvement in their daily care. Second, the authors suggest that these differing types of involvement can be explained by the contrasting employment conditions of each group as well the gender order of their families, especially the divergent labor market positions of spouses and the division of parenting. The authors conclude by arguing that these working-class fathers are 'undoing gender' while professional fathers reproduce the conventional gender order. Keywords: class; gender; masculinities; work; family; parenting; fathers

This article analyses the strategies that older widowers used to assert their masculinity during in-depth research interviews by the author, a middle-aged woman. Twenty-six widowers living in Atlantic Canada and Florida in the United States and who were aged from 56 to 91 years participated in the study. The author analysed the interviews from a symbolic-interactionist perspective that looks at the world from the perspective of those being studied. The widowers used various strategies of impression management to reinforce their identity as 'real men' during the interviews. These strategies included taking charge of the interview, using personal diminutives and endearments to assert control, lecturing the interviewer about various topics including differences between men and women, and bringing attention to their heterosexuality by referring to themselves as bachelors and commenting on increased attention from women. The paper chronicles the process of discovery of the importance to the study participants of portraying themselves as men. It was found that older widowers' identity as 'real men' is precarious because they lack three essential components of masculinity: being in a heterosexual relationship, being employed, and being young. The article makes extensive use of the participants' quotations to demonstrate their attempts, through impression management, to maintain a masculine identity while discussing the very topics that threatened it. KEY WORDS--widowers, gender and interviewing, masculinity.