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Aspects of noticing which are often overlooked are brought to the surface and illustrated by accounting-for three accounts-of specific phenomena, two of which readers are invited to experience for themselves. These are used as a springboard for both illustrating the Discipline of Noticing as a method of sensitising oneself to notice possibilities for action, and reporting insights achieved through its use. This includes augmenting the discourse of Dual Systems Theory to include S1.5 (emotion) and S3 (creative insight) and linking it to a six-fold structure of the human psyche (enaction, affect, cognition, attention, will and witness). The aim is to enrich the discourse in which to account-for incidents as experienced by teachers themselves, and incidents observed by teachers and other researchers. The paper ends by distinguishing between measurement-based research validation, and phenomenologically-based validation which is part of the discipline of noticing.

(1) Background: Previously, VESsel GENeration (VESGEN) software was used to map and quantify vascular changes observed on fluorescein angiography (FA) in subjects (n = 15 eyes) with retinal pathology ranging from mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In the current study, we used VESGEN for the assessment of individuals with early-stage NPDR imaged by FA (Cohort 1) and by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA; Cohort 2). (2) Methods: Cohort 1 included type 2 diabetics (T2D), represented 21 eyes (ranging from no DR to moderate DR), and also included nondiabetic controls (NDC; n = 15 eyes). Cohort 2 consisted of 23 eyes from T2D subjects (including no DR subjects and moderate DR subjects) and NDC (n = 18 eyes). (3) Results: In the FA-VESGEN study, total tortuosity (Tv) of microvessels (G ≥ 6) increased in T2D with mild DR compared to the controls. In contrast, the VESGEN analysis of OCTA images showed that vessel length (characterized as density) was lower in T2D subjects before the diagnosis of DR and following the diagnosis of DR when compared to the controls. Additionally, T2D showed a significant decrease in vessel area (density). (4) Conclusions: FA elucidated the vessel morphology of small-generation microvessels to a greater degree than OCTA; however, OCTA identified changes in vessel density better than FA. VESGEN analysis can be used with both standard FA and OCTA to facilitate our understanding of early events in DR, including before the clinical diagnosis of DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we identify ways in which a sample of 18 graduates with mathematics-related first degrees found the nth term for quadratic sequences from the first values of a sequence of data, presented on a computer screen in various formats: tabular, scattered data pairs and sequential. Participants' approaches to identifying the nth term were recorded with eye-tracking technology. Our aims are to identify their strategies and to explore whether and how format influences these strategies. Qualitative analysis of eye-tracking data offers several strategies: Sequence of Differences, Building a Relationship, Known Formula, Linear Recursive and Initial Conjecture. Sequence of Differences was the most common strategy, but Building a Relationship was more likely to lead to the right formula. Building from Square and Factor Search were the most successful methods of Building a Relationship. Findings about the influence of format on the range of strategies were inconclusive but analysis indicated sporadic evidence of possible influences.

This article defines Danish togetherness, putting it in the context of Danish social and political history, and placing particular emphasis on the gradual development of Denmark's homogeneity, on the growth of national awareness, on aspects of social capital, and on the central role of education as enlightenment in the process of democratisation. It describes the Danish school system as conceived by Grundtvig and presents ways in which togetherness is reflected there in everyday practice, contrasting it with schools in UK. Finally, it looks at multicultural challenges to togetherness, at the difficulties posed by migration for schools and for society as a whole and suggests how schools and communities might learn to cultivate a constructive sense of belonging. The viewpoint is that of a practitioner with an academic background and extensive experience of English and Danish education. This provides a metacultural perspective for understanding a very Danish phenomenon.

The Australian Government (AG) employs Indigenous Engagement Officers (IEO) in many of the remote Aboriginal communities of the Northern Territory (NT). IEOs are respected community members who apply their deep understanding of local tradition, language and politics in providing expert cultural advice to government. Competing priorities of workplace and cultural obligation make the IEO role stressful and dichotomous in nature. The workplace experiences and perceptions of IEOs remain largely unexplored and there is scant understanding of the significant crosscultural issues associated with the role. IEOs typically confront ongoing workplace stress and are unable to perform at full capacity. This qualitative study explores participant meaning regarding workplace and community roles to inform the AG in development of culturally appropriate training and support for IEOs. The study captures detailed information from six IEOs through an interpretive process sensitive to phenomenological experience. Personal meanings associated with the workplace are assembled through individual interviews and focus group sessions. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methodology is applied to the resulting idiographic dataset in exposing a range of superordinate themes including desire for recognition and feelings of abandonment. Findings reveal the need to incorporate correct cultural protocols in the workplace and give preference for Aboriginal learning styles in professional development activities. There is urgent need for a range of workplace supports for IEOs in future capacity-building strategies.

Background Limitations exist with current ACLR functional testing assessments that may be mitigated by including single-leg multi-directional testing. Hypothesis/Purpose To compare Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury Scale (ACL-RSI) scores, limb symmetry index (LSI) of the single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ), single-leg medial rotation hop (SLMRH), single-leg lateral hop (SLLH), and isokinetic quadriceps strength between participants with an ACLR and healthy controls and assess predictors of quadriceps strength asymmetry. It was hypothesized that ACL-RSI scores and LSIs for all tests would differ between ACLR and healthy control groups and within the ACLR group a strong correlation would exist between all outcome measures and quadriceps strength. Study Design Cross-Sectional Study Methods Twenty-six participants with an ACLR (median 13 months after surgery) and twenty-six matched healthy controls were recruited to participate in this study. Performance was assessed via SLVJ, SLMRH, SLLH, and isokinetic quadriceps strength. Between-group comparisons were made with independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U test. Within the ACLR group, bivariate correlation and multivariate regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship between the outcome measures and quadriceps strength asymmetry. Results Significant between-limb differences were only identified in the ACLR group (p< 0.05): SLVJ LSI: 88.5%, SLMRH LSI: 93.6%, SLLH LSI: 92.7%, quadriceps strength LSI 80.9% - 83.9%, which were significantly lower (p <0.05) than the healthy control group. Within the ACLR group, a moderate-strong significant (p < 0.05) correlations existed with quadriceps strength and SLVJ (r=0.44-0.65), SLMRH (r =0.43-0.83), and SLLH (r=0.54-0.63); while ACL-RSI had a weak non-significant (p > 0.05) correlation with quadriceps strength (r= 0.12-0.30). Conclusion Single-leg multidirectional test LSIs were less in ACLR participants than matched healthy controls and all were directly related to quadriceps strength. Psychological readiness to return to sport was not related to quadriceps strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide an elaboration of the notion of mathematical structure -- a term agreed upon as valuable but difficult to define. We pull apart the terminology surrounding the notion of structure in mathematics: relationship, generalising/generalisation and properties, and offer an architecture of structure that distinguishes and connects these terms. The terminology is then applied to teaching and learning phenomena related to multiplicative reasoning, illustrating how the demarcation of terms can offer a more precise language of description of learning about structure. We present 'formatting activity' as a key pedagogic action for accomplishing a focus on structure in teaching.

This study investigates an exploratory teaching style used in an undergraduate geometry course to help students identify an ellipse. We attempt to probe beneath the surface of exploration to understand how the actions of teachers can contribute to developing students' competence in justifying an ellipse. We analyse the complex interactions between student, content, and teacher, and discuss explicit pedagogical strategies that help students develop a higher level of geometric reasoning. The findings indicate that students engaged in guided explorations by the teacher and in group discussions with peers were able to identify an ellipse and justify their reasoning.

Objective: Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a common and urgent diagnosis with seizure and nonseizure mimics. Evaluation with prolonged video–electroencephalography (EEG) can be time‐consuming and costly. This study investigated the use of EEG review of a single sleep–wake cycle to exclude IESS. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed video‐EEG studies to rule out IESS in children between the ages of 2 months and 2 years in the period from January 2019 through June 2020. EEG studies were reviewed from the start of the recording through the first sleep–wake cycle and scored as "normal," "consistent with IESS," or "abnormal but not diagnostic of IESS." Scores were compared to the clinical report created by analysis of the entire video‐EEG. Results: Inclusion criteria were met in 238 EEG studies. The mean patient age was 7.6 months. The median duration of the full study was 908 min, compared to 107.5 min for the first sleep–wake cycle only. The median difference in recording time was 801 min, p‐value <.01. Scored outcomes were similar. Sixty‐eight percent of EEG studies were scored as "normal" on first sleep–wake cycle review as compared to 63% on full study review, 13% scored as "consistent with IESS" compared to 16% and 19% scored as "abnormal but not diagnostic of IESS" compared to 21%. Sensitivity and specificity of the first sleep–wake cycle review for studies "consistent with IESS" was 84% and 100%, respectively. No cases of IESS were scored as normal on first sleep–wake cycle review. Significance: A single sleep–wake cycle captured on EEG can triage studies when IESS is suspected. A normal first sleep–wake cycle did not miss cases of IESS and could result in reduced EEG recording time. Because most of these cases presented to an emergency department, a normal first sleep–wake cycle may help providers determine the acuity, or necessity, of further testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are secreted vesicles made intracellularly in the endosomal system. We have previously shown that exosomes are not only made in late endosomes, but also in recycling endosomes marked by the monomeric G‐protein Rab11a. These vesicles, termed Rab11a‐exosomes, are preferentially secreted under nutrient stress from several cancer cell types, including HCT116 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. HCT116 Rab11a‐exosomes have particularly potent signalling activities, some mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand, amphiregulin (AREG). Mutant activating forms of KRAS, a downstream target of EGFR, are often found in advanced CRC. When absent, monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab, which target the EGFR and block the effects of EGFR ligands, such as AREG, can be administered. Patients, however, inevitably develop resistance to cetuximab, either by acquiring KRAS mutations or via non‐genetic microenvironmental changes. Here we show that nutrient stress in several CRC cell lines causes the release of AREG‐carrying Rab11a‐exosomes. We demonstrate that while soluble AREG has no effect, much lower levels of AREG bound to Rab11a‐exosomes from cetuximab‐resistant KRAS‐mutant HCT116 cells, can suppress the effects of cetuximab on KRAS‐wild type Caco‐2 CRC cells. Using neutralising anti‐AREG antibodies and an intracellular EGFR kinase inhibitor, we show that this effect is mediated via AREG activation of EGFR, and not transfer of activated KRAS. Therefore, presentation of AREG on Rab11a‐exosomes affects its ability to compete with cetuximab. We propose that this Rab11a‐exosome‐mediated mechanism contributes to the establishment of resistance in cetuximab‐sensitive cells and may explain why in cetuximab‐resistant tumours only some cells carry mutant KRAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the size of the components in electronic devices decreases, new approaches and chemical modification schemes are needed to produce nanometer-size features with bottom-up manufacturing. Organic monolayers can be used as effective resists to block the growth of materials on non-growth substrates in area-selective deposition methods. However, choosing the appropriate surface modification requires knowledge of the corresponding chemistry and also a detailed investigation of the behavior of the functionalized surface in realistic deposition schemes. This study aims to investigate the chemistry of boronic acids that can be used to prepare such non-growth areas on elemental semiconductors. 4-Fluorophenylboronic acid is used as a model to investigate the possibility to utilize the Si(100) surface functionalized with this compound as a non-growth substrate in a titanium dioxide (TiO2) deposition scheme based on sequential doses of tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium and water. A combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry allows for a better understanding of the process. The resulting surface is shown to be an effective non-growth area to TiO2 deposition when compared to currently used H-terminated silicon surfaces but to exhibit much higher stability in ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]