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Limited understanding of bladder cancer aetiopathology hampers progress in reducing incidence. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a common childhood infection that can be reactivated in the adult kidney leading to viruria. Here we used a mitotically-quiescent, differentiated, normal human urothelial in vitro model to study BKPyV infection. BKPyV infection led to significantly elevated APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B protein, increased deaminase activity and greater numbers of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites in the host urothelial genome. BKPyV Large T antigen (LT-Ag) stimulated re-entry into the cell cycle via inhibition of Retinoblastoma protein and activation of EZH2, E2F1 and FOXM1, which combined to push urothelial cells from G0 into an arrested G2 cell cycle state. The single-stranded DNA displacement loops formed during BKPyV-infection, provide a substrate for APOBEC3 enzymes where they interacted with LT-Ag. These results support reactivated BKPyV infections in adults as a risk factor for bladder cancer in immune-insufficient populations, including transplant patients and the elderly.

Accurate segmentation of skin lesion can play a vital role in early detection of skin cancer. Taking the complexity and varieties of skin lesion images into consideration, we propose a new algorithm that combines the advantages of clustering, thresholding and active contour methods currently being used independently for segmentation purposes. A modified Fuzzy C mean thresholding algorithm is applied to initialize level set automatically and also for estimating controlling parameters for level set evolution. The performance of level set segmentation is subject to appropriate initialization, so the proposed initialization method is compared to some other state of the art initialization methods present in literature. The work has been tested on a clinical database of 238 images. Parameters for performance evaluation are presented in detail. Increased true detection rate and reduced false positive and false negative errors confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for skin cancer detection. © 2013 IEEE.

In the recent economic recession, Federal Reserve (The FED) and Federal Government have preferred different methods to stimulate the economy. The key factor is the choice of financing each have following to implement their stimulus programs. The FED had o ISC Paris School of Management, France; Yasar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Izmir, Turkey; University of East London Business School, United Kingdom

This study gives the analysis of the determinants of banks' profitability in China over the period of 2003-2007 by investigating the cointegration and the causal relationship between total assets (TA) and total equity (TE) of Chinese banks. The analysis employs Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen cointegration test, and Granger causality test on Chinese banking sector over the study period in order to examine the relationship between these 2 variables. The empirical results have found strong evidence that the variables are cointegrated.

The financial crisis sparked by the US subprime is now posing a serious threat to global financial markets, with its severity intensifying as widening losses and a liquidity crunch push some financial institutions to the brink of failure. The US and the W Business Business & Economics

This paper presents an empirical assessment of the market structure and the competitive conditions of the Saudi Arabian banking sector. We applied the Panzar-Rosse H-statistic on the data collected from, a panel of 12 Saudi banks for the period 1999-2007. Economics Business & Economics

In this paper we seek to examine the impact of political events on Pakistan's equity market using mathematical calculations rather than judgements. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from historians, economists, politicians, governmen Economics Business & Economics

This study aims to give the analysis of the determinants of banks' profitability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) over the period 1999-2007. This paper investigates the co-integration and causal relationship between return of assets (ROA) and return o Business; Management Business & Economics

The main purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the relationship between behavioural and classical factors more clearly that have already been established and, more specifically, to determine the manner in which both behavioural and classical fi Economics Business & Economics

We investigate the factors that contributed to the increase in non-performing loans (NPLs) in large state-owned commercial banks over the period 1999-2001 and 1996-1998 in Turkey and Pakistan respectively. This paper uses the survey-based methodology to i Economics Business & Economics

This paper seeks to analyze the financial performance of the selected Sudanese Islamic banks and highlight their growth using financial statement analysis. The procedure involves calculating numerous financial ratios and categorizing them into 5 key groups in order to examine profitability, earning potential, liquidity, credit risk, and assets activity. Findings reveal that Sudanese Islamic banks are doing very well in terms of generating reasonable profits, and the liquidity earning performance and asset activity performance of the 3 selected banks is satisfactory. Finally, while analyzing the credit risk we found that Sudanese Islamic banks are taking excessive risks.

The US and the world in general are inside the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Signs of significant problems in the US economy first occurred in late 2006 and the second quarter of 2007 when home prices plummeted and defaul Economics Business & Economics