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We present a method for calculating the mass ejected during the reflection of a shock wave on a triangular groove. This calculation is based on the combination of two models taken from the literature, BMPT-2, on the one hand, for the calculation of the velocity and density of the jet, and fragmentation zone propagation (FZP) on the other hand, for the calculation of the ejected mass, certain parameters required for FZP being determined by BMPT-2. Compared with previous work, FZP has been extended to deal with the various stages of jet formation. The approach was first evaluated on tin using a large-scale molecular dynamics simulation. This first step validated the overall phenomenology and the associated theoretical tools, and enabled us to propose a procedure for adjusting FZP. Next, we used the BMPT-2/FZP combination to analyze ejected mass measurement experiments using Asay foil. The areal mass curves are well reproduced with few parameters, showing that there is no inconsistency between BMPT-2/FZP and the experiments. Finally, a more detailed analysis of the results obtained enables us to set the limits of the jet thickness at the moment of rupture, and to propose a simple analytical form of its profile compatible with the model used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of critical quality attributes, such as residual water in granules after drying which can be determined through loss-on-drying (LOD), during wet granulation and drying is essential in continuous manufacturing. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been widely used as process analytical technology (PAT) for in-line LOD monitoring. This study aims to develop and apply a model for predicting the LOD based on process parameters. Additionally, the efficacy of an orthogonal PAT approach using NIR and mass balance (MB) for a vibrating fluidized bed dryer (VFBD) is demonstrated. An in-house-built, cost-effective NIR sensor was utilized for measurements and exhibited good correlation compared to standard method via infrared drying. The combination of NIR and MB, as independent methods, has demonstrated their applicability. A good correlation, with a Pearson r above 0.99, was observed for LOD up to 16 % (w/w). The use of an orthogonal PAT method mitigated the risk of false process adaption. In some experiments where the NIR sensor might have been covered by powder and therefore did not measure accurately, LOD monitoring via MB remained feasible. The developed model effectively predicted LOD or process parameters, resulting in an R2 of 0.882 and a RMSE of 0.475 between predicted and measured LOD using the standard method. [Display omitted] • Implementation of an orthogonal process analytical technology approach for loss-on-drying monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy and mass balance within a vibrated fluidized bed dryer. • Loss-on-drying prediction model based on key process parameters was developed and verified. • Demonstrated the feasibility of predicting a process parameter to achieve a desired moisture content. • Low-cost, in-house built near infrared spectroscopy sensor correlated good with the measurement via mass balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an extensive astrometric study of the protostellar binary system L 1551 IRS 5, utilizing nearly four decades of interferometric observations obtained between 1983 and 2022 with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). We focus on observations with sufficient angular resolution to separate the two protostars (L 1551 IRS 5 N and S) in the system and derive accurate absolute proper motions for the two sources, as well as the relative proper motion between them. The absolute proper motion is dominated by the solar motion with only a modest contribution from L 1551 IRS 5's peculiar velocity, as expected for a young stellar object. The relative proper motions enable us to constrain the orbit and derive a total mass of |$0.96\pm 0.17$| M |$_\odot$| for the system. While the emission of both sources at wavelengths shorter than about 1.3 cm is compact, the emission at longer wavelengths (⁠|$\lambda \gtrsim 2$| cm) is often affected by a free–free contribution from nearby shock features. The results presented here demonstrate that, when appropriate care is taken to combine the observations, interferometric data collected with different facilities, at different frequencies, and with different gain calibrators can be combined to obtain accurate astrometry. Observations of L 1551 IRS 5 over the next several decades with the VLA, ALMA, and eventually the ngVLA and SKA ought to improve its dynamical mass measurement down to an accuracy of a few per cent. Similar observations of other young multiple systems have the unique potential to provide dynamical mass estimates for the youngest known stellar objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of masses of microscale objects or weak force with ultrahigh sensitivity (down to nanogram/piconewton level) and compact configuration is highly desired for fundamental research and applications in various disciplines. Here, by using freestanding gold flakes with high reflectivity (≈98% at 980 nm) as the sample tray and silica microfibers with extremely low spring constant (≈0.05 mN m−1) as the cantilever beams, miniature capacitive balances are reported with piconewton‐level detection limit (picobalances) and reliable radiation force‐based calibration. In the design, the gold flake is suspended by two silica microfibers, which also functions as an electrode to form a capacitor with an underneath gold electrode. Benefitting from the high reflectivity of the gold flake, the performance of picobalances can be precisely calibrated by exerting piconewton‐level radiation pressure on the gold flake (working as a mirror) with a laser, showing a detection limit as low as 6.9 pN. Finally, using a fiber taper‐assisted micromanipulation technique, masses of various types of pollens (with weights ranging from 4.6 to 96.3 ng) are readily measured by a picobalance at single‐particle level. The miniature picobalances should find applications in precise measurement of masses of micro or nanoscale objects and various types of weak forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Although previous studies have reported a positive correlation between leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and mean leaf thickness (LT), the LMA versus LT scaling relationship has not been determined due to limited sample sizes, despite its importance in estimating leaf bulk tissue density (mass per unit volume). Methods: This issue was addressed using between 174 and 185 leaves from each of nine phylogenetically diverse species to investigate the LMA vs. LT scaling relationship. For each leaf, lamina thickness was measured at 12 positions (avoiding midribs and major veins) to calculate LT, and LMA was measured based on leaf area and dry mass measurements. Reduced major axis regression protocols were used to determine the LMA vs. LT scaling exponent (i.e., the slope). Bootstrap percentile methods were used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of slopes. Results: A statistically significant LMA vs. LT relationship was found for each species; seven of the nine scaling exponents were significantly greater than unity indicating that LMA (and thus leaf bulk tissue density) disproportionately increased with increasing LT. In addition, the conspecific variation in LMA exceeded the interspecific variation in LMA as a consequence of differences in LT. Conclusions: These results indicate that empirical measurements of LMA and LT can be used to accurately estimate leaf bulk tissue density, which provides insights into adaptive life‐history strategies, conspecific variation, and (with sufficiently large data sets) phylogenetic trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have explored how science communication projects are evaluated and what impact they have. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the results of science communication projects carried out by academics. Drawing on the theory of change and evaluation models, possible results of science communication projects are conceptually distinguished at the levels of outputs, outcomes, and impacts. The study draws on a dataset of 128 science communication projects funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation from 2012 to 2022. Quantitative content analysis reveals few rigorous evaluation designs and a focus on reporting outputs, while outcomes and societal impacts are often neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a comprehensive investigation into the computational and experimental aspects of pressure drop phenomena within the curved tube structures. Mass flow measurement holds critical significance in process industries to mitigate inaccuracies arising from fluid property variations. The CMFM stands as a reliable instrument for direct measurement; however, its performance has exhibited discrepancies, recording lower fluid flow magnitudes than actual values in laminar flow conditions. This anomaly is suspected to be attributable to a secondary force generated within the sensor's curved tube structure. This study seeks to elucidate this phenomenon by assessing the pressure drop resulting from the secondary flow in four distinct curved tube configurations: U, Omega, Delta, and Diamond shapes under steady-state conditions. The paper underscores the pressure drop characteristics inherent in each tube structure configuration, revealing that Basic U and Omega shaped tube structures exhibit the least pressure drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native proteomics measures endogenous proteoforms and protein complexes under a near physiological condition using native mass spectrometry (nMS) coupled with liquid‐phase separations. Native proteomics should provide the most accurate bird's‐eye view of proteome dynamics within cells, which is fundamental for understanding almost all biological processes. nMS has been widely employed to characterize well‐purified protein complexes. However, there are only very few trials of utilizing nMS to measure proteoforms and protein complexes in a complex sample (i.e., a whole cell lysate). Here, we pioneer the native proteomics measurement of large proteoforms or protein complexes up to 400 kDa from a complex proteome via online coupling of native capillary zone electrophoresis (nCZE) to an ultra‐high mass range (UHMR) Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The nCZE‐MS technique enabled the measurement of a 115‐kDa standard protein complex while consuming only about 0.1 ng of protein material. nCZE‐MS analysis of an E.coli cell lysate detected 72 proteoforms or protein complexes in a mass range of 30–400 kDa in a single run while consuming only 50‐ng protein material. The mass distribution of detected proteoforms or protein complexes agreed well with that from mass photometry measurement. This work represents a technical breakthrough in native proteomics for measuring complex proteomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JKCS041 (⁠|$z=1.8$|⁠) is one of the most distant galaxy cluster systems known, seen when the Universe was less than 4 billion years old. Recent Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) observations show a temperature decrement that is less than expected based on mass estimates of the system from X-ray, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy richness measurements. In this paper, we seek to explain the observables – in particular the low SZ decrement and single SZ peak, the projected offset between the X-ray and SZ peaks of |$\approx$| 220 kpc, the gas mass measurements and the lensing mass estimate. We use the gamer-2 hydrodynamic code to carry out idealized numerical simulations of cluster mergers and compare resulting synthetic maps with the observational data. Generically, a merger process is necessary to reproduce the observed offset between the SZ and X-ray peaks. From our exploration of parameter space, seen a few tenths of a Gyr after first core passage, two components with total mass of |$\approx 2\times 10^{14} \,\text{M}_\odot$|⁠ , mass ratio of |$\approx$| 2:3, gas fraction of |$0.05-0.1$|⁠ , and Navarro, Frenk and White mass density profile concentrations c |$\approx$| 5 are scenarios that are consistent with the observational data. For consistency with the SZ and X-ray measurements, our simulations exclude total mass in excess of |$\approx 3\times 10^{14} {\rm M}_{\odot }$|⁠ , primarily based on the SZ signal. The mass ratio is constrained by the SZ–X-ray offset and magnitude of the SZ signal, ruling out systems with equal and vastly different masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the discovery and validation of HD 21520 b, a transiting planet found with Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and orbiting a bright G dwarf (V  = 9.2, |$T_{\rm eff} = 5871 \pm 62$|  K, |$R_{\star } = 1.04\pm 0.02\, {\rm R}_{\odot }$|⁠). HD 21520 b was originally alerted as a system (TOI-4320) consisting of two planet candidates with periods of 703.6 and 46.4 d. However, our analysis supports instead a single-planet system with an orbital period of |$25.1292\pm 0.0001$| d and radius of |$2.70 \pm 0.09\, {\rm R}_{{\oplus }}$|⁠. Three full transits in sectors 4, 30, and 31 match this period and have transit depths and durations in agreement with each other, as does a partial transit in sector 3. We also observe transits using CHEOPS and LCOGT. SOAR and Gemini high-resolution imaging do not indicate the presence of any nearby companions, and Minerva -Australis and CORALIE radial velocities rule out an on-target spectroscopic binary. Additionally, we use ESPRESSO radial velocities to obtain a tentative mass measurement of |$7.9^{+3.2}_{-3.0}\, {\rm M}_{{\oplus }}$|⁠ , with a 3 |$\sigma$| upper limit of 17.7 |${\rm M}_{{\oplus }}$|⁠. Due to the bright nature of its host and likely significant gas envelope of the planet, HD 21520b is a promising candidate for further mass measurements and for atmospheric characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the photodegradation of profoxydim, a low-toxicity cyclohexanedione herbicide commonly used in rice crops, under simulated sunlight conditions. Profoxydim's behavior in paddy field conditions is not well understood, and this research aimed to fill that gap, particularly examining the effect of commonly utilized organic amendments such as biochar (BC) on its degradation. Results indicated that profoxydim degrades rapidly, with a half-life of 2.4 ± 0.3 h in paddy water and 1.03 ± 0.1 h in paddy soil. However, when BC was introduced, the degradation slowed significantly, extending the half-lives to 3.1 ± 0.2 h in water and 3.07 ± 0.5 h in soil. The study identified five degradation products (DPs) using TOF mass accuracy measurements and MS/MS spectra fragmentation. Two of these DPs were found to be more stable than profoxydim itself. Additionally, the research proposed a novel photodegradation pathway, highlighting processes such as homolytic C-N bond cleavage, photoisomerization, and photoinduced oxidation. The study's findings contribute new insights into the environmental fate of profoxydim, offering a deeper understanding of its transformation in rice paddy fields and aiding in the assessment of potential risks associated with its residues in agricultural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of the most luminous subclass of the fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs) is still unknown. We present an X-ray spectral analysis of AT2018cow – the LFBOT archetype – using NuSTAR, Swift, and XMM-Newton data. The source spectrum can be explained by the presence of a slim accretion disk, and we find that the mass accretion rate decreases to sub–Eddington levels ≳200 days after the source's discovery. Applying our slim-disk model to data obtained at multiple observational epochs, we constrain the mass of the central compact object in AT2018cow to be log(M•/M⊙) = 2.4−0.1+0.6 at the 68% confidence level. Our mass measurement is independent from, but consistent with, the results from previously employed methods. The mass constraint is consistent with both the tidal disruption and the black hole–star merger scenarios, if the latter model can be extrapolated to the measured black hole mass. Our work provides evidence for an accreting intermediate–mass black hole (102 − 106 M⊙) as the central engine in AT2018cow, and, by extension, in LFBOT sources similar to AT2018cow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. PSR J1618−3921 is one of five known millisecond pulsars (MSPs) in eccentric orbits (eMPSs) located in the Galactic plane, whose formation is poorly understood. Earlier studies of these objects revealed significant discrepancies between observations and predictions from standard binary evolution scenarios of pulsar-helium white dwarf (HeWD) binaries, especially in the case of PSR J0955−6150, for which mass measurements ruled out most eMSP formation models. Aims. We aim to measure the masses of the pulsar and its companion, and constrain the orbital configuration of PSR J1618−3921. This facilitates understanding similarities among eMSPs and could offer hints as to their formation mechanism. Methods. We conducted observations with the L-band receiver of the MeerKAT radio telescope and the UWL receiver of the Parkes Murriyang radio telescope between 2019 and 2021. These data were added to archival Parkes and Nançay observations. We performed a full analysis on this joint data set with a timing baseline of 23 years. We also used the data from recent observations to give a brief account of the emission properties of J1618−3921, including a rotating vector model (RVM) fit of the linear polarisation position angle of the pulsar. Results. From the timing analysis, we measure a small but significant proper motion of the pulsar. The long timing baseline allowed for a highly significant measurement of the rate of advance of periastron of ω̇ = (0.00145±0.00010)°yr−1. Despite the tenfold improvement in timing precision from MeerKAT observations, we can only report a low-significance detection of the orthometric Shapiro delay parameters, h3 = 2.70−1.47+2.07 μs and ς = 0.68−0.09+0.13. Under the assumption of the validity of general relativity (GR), the self-consistent combination of these three parameters leads to mass estimates of the total and individual masses in the binary of Mtot = 1.42−0.19+0.20 M⊙, Mc = 0.20−0.03+0.11 M⊙, and Mp = 1.20−0.20+0.19 M⊙. We detect an unexpected change in the orbital period of Ṗb = −2.26−0.33+0.35 × 10−12, that is an order of magnitude larger and carries an opposite sign to what is expected from the Galactic acceleration and the Shklovskii effect, which are a priori the only non-negligible contributions expected for Ṗb. We also detect a significant second derivative of the spin frequency, f̈. The RVM fit reveals a viewing angle of ζ = (111 ± 1)°. Furthermore, we report an unexpected, abrupt change in the mean pulse profile in June 2021 of unknown origin. Conclusions. We propose that the anomalous Ṗb and f̈ we measure for J1618−3921 indicate an additional varying acceleration due to a nearby mass. The J1618−3921 binary system is likely part of a hierarchical triple, but with the third component much farther away than the outer component of the MSP in a triple star system, PSR J0337+1715. This finding suggests that at least some eMSPs might have formed in triple star systems. Although the uncertainties are large, the binary companion mass is consistent with the Pb − MWD relation, which has been verified for circular HeWD binaries and also for the two HeWDs in the PSR J0337+1715 system. Future regular observations with the MeerKAT telescope will, due to the further extension of the timing baseline, improve the measurement of Ṗb and f̈. This will help us further understand the nature of this system, and perhaps improve our understanding of eMSPs in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to develop eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors for aluminum in acidic media by evaluating the corrosion inhibition properties of corn leaf extract (CLE) using response surface methodology (RSM) and experiments. Design/methodology/approach: The RSM was combined with experiments to evaluate the corrosion inhibition properties of CLE on aluminum in acid media. Findings: The effectiveness of the inhibition increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and time but decreased with increasing temperature. The corrosion inhibition mechanism revealed the corrosion process is spontaneous exothermic physical adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters revealed an activation energy between 32.1 and 24.7 kJ/mol, energy of adsorption between −14.53 and −65.07 and Gibbs free energy of −10.12 kJ/mol which indicated the CLE exothermically spontaneously physisorbed. A model was generated to estimate the effect of the process parameters (inhibitor concentration, reaction time and temperature) using the RSM. Optimization of the process factors was also carried out using the RSM. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained experimentally (85.61%) was closely comparable to 84.89% obtained by the theoretical technique (RSM). The SEM observations of the inhibited and uninhibited Al samples demonstrated that CLE is an effective corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in acid media. Originality/value: Results herein provide novel information on the possible application of CLEs as effective eco-friendly corrosion inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have attracted increasing attention due to their persistence in the environment and potential adverse effects on human and animal health. The detection and quantification of PFASs in livestock could substantially contribute to monitoring their presence within the food chain. We developed a targeted quantification method for 34 PFASs in livestock serum by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). We used protein precipitation for serum sample extraction and accurate mass measurement of targeted PFAS compounds for quantification. We validated the method with various analytical parameters, achieving accuracy of 70–120% and precision of <20%. The method also demonstrated good analytical sensitivity, with a limit of detection of <0.051 ng/mL and a limit of quantification of <0.175 ng/mL. When applying the developed method to actual serum samples from a variety of livestock, we successfully identified and quantified various PFASs in different livestock species. Our method has the potential to be a valuable tool for veterinary laboratory analysis of PFAS contamination in livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a hydroponic system with the capacity to acquire high-resolution in situ mass data for non-destructive evaluation of water circulation in lettuce. The system customizes the watering profile, enables high-frequency in situ weight measurement, and monitors multidimensional environment changes. Key air, water, and light parameters were collected to evaluate the plant response, susceptibility, and adaptability to environmental conditions. Multiple physiological indices were defined to characterize the properties of two lettuce varieties in response to different environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall objective of this study is to investigate claims found in the literature that fossil groups, characterized by a large magnitude gap between their two brightest galaxies, are darker, i.e. exhibit higher mass-to-light (M/L) ratios, compared to regular groups. Specifically, we aim to measure the mass of these systems using the weak gravitational lensing technique. To achieve this, we obtained deep images of four fossil systems with the CFHT telescope in the |$r$| and g bands. Through a careful process of weak gravitational shear measurement, including corrections for the point spread function (PSF) and contamination from group and foreground galaxies, we fit NFW models and obtained mass measurements as a result. Similarly, we quantified the light distribution produced by these groups, taking into account relevant data gaps in the images due to the presence of bright stars, as well as contamination from foreground and background galaxies. We obtained masses and M/L ratios that are consistent with previous results where mass was estimated from galaxy dynamics. Indeed, the four fossil systems studied here exhibit high M/L ratios compared to the general population of systems. Drawing more generalizable conclusions from a sample of only four systems is challenging. However, the procedure outlined in this study can be applied to large image surveys, allowing for a revisiting of this question with significantly reduced statistical uncertainties. This will enable a more homogeneous comparison between fossil groups and clusters and the overall population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the mass concentration (PM0.1) of ultrafine particles (UFPs; diameter less than 100 nm) continuously, automatically, and accurately poses a considerable challenge because of the typically low PM0.1 concentration levels and susceptibility to interference from larger particles during the measurement processes. Previous work has shown that PM0.1 has a strong and stable correlation with the number concentration of particles with diameter above 50 nm (N50). This suggests that the indirect measurement of PM0.1 might be possible by measuring N50. In this work, the feasibility of using a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) that measures PM0.1 by measuring N50 is examined. A water-based CPC was modified to measure N50 (CPC50). The CPC50's ability to measure PM0.1 was then evaluated by comparing its measurements with the PM0.1 measurements of a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) in a suburban area. PM0.1 measured by the CPC50 was in good agreement with PM0.1 measured by the SMPS with a fractional bias (FBIAS) of 4% and a fractional error (FERROR) of 21% for hourly measurements. These findings indicate that a CPC50 could serve as a cheaper alternative to the SMPS, allowing for continuous and real-time measurement of PM0.1. Copyright © 2024 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Political polarization has become an increasingly salient issue worldwide, but a systematic examination of the variation and sources of mass polarization across countries is limited by current measurement methods. This work proposes a nonparametric, entropy-based measure of mass political polarization. It exploits the specific structure of ordinal distributions in public opinion data, makes no prior assumptions about the form and spacing of the data, and can still draw reliable measures of issue-based polarization. We demonstrate the theoretical and practical superiority of the measure with analytical comparisons and simulations. We then apply the proposed measure to questions about mass polarization in the USA, the relationship between radical parties and polarization in Europe, and cross-country trends in affective and ideological polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Understanding baryonic physics at the galaxy-group level is a prerequisite for cosmological studies of the large-scale structure. One poorly understood aspect of galaxy groups is related to the properties of their hot intragroup medium. The well-studied X-ray groups have strong cool cores by which they were selected, so expanding the selection of groups is currently an important avenue in uncovering the diversity within the galaxy group population. Aims. We present a new all-sky catalogue of X-ray-detected groups (AXES-2MRS) based on the identification of large X-ray sources found in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) with the Two Micron Redshift Survey (2MRS) Bayesian Group Catalogue. We studied the basic properties of these galaxy groups to gain insights into the effect of different group selections on the properties. Methods. In addition to X-ray luminosity from shallow survey data of RASS, we obtained detailed X-ray properties of the groups by matching the AXES-2MRS catalogue to archival X-ray observations by XMM-Newton and complemented this by adding the published XMM-Newton results on galaxy clusters in our catalogue. We analysed temperature and density to the lowest overdensity accessible by the data, obtaining hydrostatic mass estimates at a uniform overdensity of 10 000 times the critical, M10 000, and comparing them to the velocity dispersions of the groups. We explored the relationship between X-ray and optical properties of AXES-2MRS groups through the σv−LX, σv−kT, kT−LX, σv−M, and c200−LX scaling relations. Results. We find a large spread in the central mass (M10 000), measured by XMM-Newton, to virial mass (M200), inferred by the velocity dispersion, ratios for galaxy groups. This can either indicate that large non-thermal pressure of galaxy groups affects our X-ray mass measurements or the effect of a diversity of halo concentrations on the X-ray properties of galaxy groups. Previous catalogues based on detecting the peak of the X-ray emission preferentially sample the high-concentration groups. In contrast, our new catalogue uncovered many low-concentration groups, completely revising our understanding of X-ray groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a mass measurement for the secondary lens along the line of sight (LoS) from the multi-plane strong lens modeling of the group-scale lens CASSOWARY 31 (CSWA 31). The secondary lens at redshift z = 1.49 is a spiral galaxy well aligned along the LoS with the main lens at z = 0.683. Using the MUSE integral-field spectroscopy of this spiral galaxy, we measured its rotation velocities and determined the mass from the gas kinematics. We compared the mass estimation of the secondary lens from the lensing models to the mass measurement from kinematics, finding that the predictions from strong lensing tend to be higher. By introducing an additional lens plane at z = 1.36 for an overdensity known to be present, we find a mass of ≃1010 M⊙ enclosed within 3.3 kpc of the centroid of the spiral galaxy, which approaches the estimate from kinematics. This shows that secondary-lens mass measurements from multiple-plane modeling are affected by systematic uncertainties from the degeneracies between lens planes and the complex LoS structure. Conducting a detailed analysis of the LoS structures is therefore essential to improve the mass measurement of the secondary lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The average matter density within the turnaround scale, which demarcates where galaxies shift from clustering around a structure to joining the expansion of the Universe, is an important cosmological probe. However, a measurement of the mass enclosed by the turnaround radius is difficult. Analyses of the turnaround scale in simulated galaxy clusters place the turnaround radius at about three times the virial radius in a ΛCDM universe and at a (present-day) density contrast with the background matter density of the Universe of δ ~ 11. Assessing the mass at such extended distances from a cluster's center is a challenge for current mass measurement techniques. Consequently, there is a need to develop and validate new mass-scaling relations, to connect observable masses at cluster interiors with masses at greater distances. Aims. Our research aims to establish an analytical framework for the most probable mass profile of galaxy clusters, leading to novel mass scaling relations, allowing us to estimate masses at larger scales. We derive such analytical mass profiles and compare them with those from cosmological simulations. Methods. We used excursion set theory, which provides a statistical framework for the density and local environment of dark matter halos, and complement it with the spherical collapse model to follow the non-linear growth of these halos. Results. The profile we developed analytically showed good agreement (better than 30%, and dependent on halo mass) with the mass profiles of simulated galaxy clusters. Mass scaling relations were obtained from the analytical profile with offset better than 15% from the simulated ones. This level of precision highlights the potential of our model for probing structure formation dynamics at the outskirts of galaxy clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing recognition of the health impacts from human exposure to per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) has surged the need for sophisticated analytical techniques and advanced data analyses, especially for assessing exposure by food of animal origin. Despite the existence of nearly 15,000 PFAS listed in the CompTox chemicals dashboard by the US Environmental Protection Agency, conventional monitoring and suspect screening methods often fall short, covering only a fraction of these substances. This study introduces an innovative automated data processing workflow, named PFlow, for identifying PFAS in environmental samples using direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DI-FT-ICR MS). PFlow's validation on a bream liver sample, representative of low-concentration biota, involves data pre-processing, annotation of PFAS based on their precursor masses, and verification through isotopologues. Notably, PFlow annotated 17 PFAS absent in the comprehensive targeted approach and tentatively identified an additional 53 compounds, thereby demonstrating its efficiency in enhancing PFAS detection coverage. From an initial dataset of 30,332 distinct m/z values, PFlow thoroughly narrowed down the candidates to 84 potential PFAS compounds, utilizing precise mass measurements and chemical logic criteria, underscoring its potential in advancing our understanding of PFAS prevalence and of human exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photosynthetic oxygen‐evolving center (OEC) is a unique Mn4CaO5‐cluster that catalyses water splitting into electrons, protons, and dioxygen. Precisely structural and functional mimicking of the OEC is a long‐standing challenge and pressingly needed for understanding the structure‐function relationship and catalytic mechanism of O−O bond formation. Herein we report two simple and robust artificial Mn3Ce2O5‐complexes that display a remarkable structural similarity to the OEC in regarding of the ten‐atom core (five metal ions and five oxygen bridges) and the alkyl carboxylate peripheral ligands. This Mn3Ce2O5‐cluster can catalyse the water‐splitting reaction on the surface of ITO electrode. These results clearly show that cerium can structurally and functionally replace both calcium and manganese in the cluster. Mass spectroscopic measurements demonstrate that the oxide bridges in the cluster are exchangeable and can be rapidly replaced by the isotopic oxygen of H218O in acetonitrile solution, which supports that the oxide bridge(s) may serve as the active site for the formation of O−O bond during the water‐splitting reaction. These results would contribute to our understanding of the structure‐reactivity relationship of both natural and artificial clusters and shed new light on the development of efficient water‐splitting catalysts in artificial photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that the dust mass measurement of the existing dust monitoring devices in the process of farmland dust monitoring was susceptible to the influence of ambient temperature and humidity, resulting in zero drift and a large measurement error, this study designed a dust monitoring device based on temperature and humidity compensation. The device included temperature and humidity sensors, mass sensor, data acquisition system, etc., which could realize cross-regional, remote, real-time online measurement of dust mass. The zero drift and temperature and humidity data of the four dust monitoring devices collected by the temperature and humidity correlation test showed that the temperature and humidity had a significant correlation with the zero drift of the dust monitoring device (the mean values of |p| were 0.59 and 0.62, respectively),and the correlation between zero drift of the dust monitoring device and absolute humidity was more stable than relative humidity performance, a linear expression of absolute humidity and zero drift of the dust monitoring device was provided, the humidity coefficient of the expression was positively correlated with temperature. When the temperature changed from 40 ℃ to 60 ℃, the single-factor test of the temperature and the output signal of dust monitoring device showed that the zero drift was 65.7 times that of the sensitivity change, zero drift was a key factor affecting the measurement accuracy of dust monitoring device. A compensation model of the zero-point drift dust monitoring device of BP network based on temperature and humidity was established, the experimental results showed that the data fluctuation range of the proposed model was 8.8% lower than that of the basing on temperature-humidity second-order polynomial compensation model, and 60.3% lower than that of the basing on temperature compensation model of BP network. A field measurement experiment was conducted for the dust monitoring device based on temperature and humidity compensation of this paper. The results showed the device in this paper reduces the final measurement error by 57.5% and the fluctuation of measurement results by 34.2% compared to the uncompensated device, effectively reduced the measurement error of dust mass. The research results could provide technical support for the research on online real-time monitoring of farmland dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the analysis of the microlensing event OGLE-2015-BLG-0845, which was affected by both the microlensing parallax and xallarap effects. The former was detected via the simultaneous observations from the ground and Spitzer , and the latter was caused by the orbital motion of the source star in a relatively close binary. The combination of these two effects led to a mass measurement of the lens object, revealing a low-mass (⁠|$0.14 \pm 0.05 \, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$|⁠) M dwarf at the bulge distance (⁠|$7.6 \pm 1.0$| kpc). The source binary consists of a late F-type subgiant and a K-type dwarf of |$\sim 1.2$| and |$\sim 0.9 \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$|⁠ , respectively, and the orbital period is |$70 \pm 10$| d. OGLE-2015-BLG-0845 is the first single-lens event in which the lens mass is measured via the binarity of the source. Given the abundance of binary systems as potential microlensing sources, the xallarap effect may not be a rare phenomenon. Our work thus highlights the application of the xallarap effect in the mass determination of microlenses, and the same method can be used to identify isolated dark lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) glycoengineering has the potential to improve the efficacy of biopharmaceuticals by fine-tuning specific biological properties. Glycosylation analysis is key to monitoring the glycoengineering process. Various mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods are available to characterize mAb glycosylation at different structural levels, but comprehensive analysis is typically time-consuming and costly. Here, we present an approach that combines conventional intact mass measurement of glycoforms by direct infusion ESI-MS with an advanced MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS method for direct analysis of glycans in intact mAbs, without the need for enzymatic release and separation. Using a sodium-doped MALDI matrix, glycans were directly released as ISD fragment ions from the intact mAbs during the ionization process. Measurement of 0,2A fragment signals yielded reproducible glycan profiles that were consistent with conventional methods, yet was achieved with unprecedented speed, providing complementary information to that obtained through intact mass measurement. The methods were applied to standard and glycoengineered trastuzumab and rituximab, allowing rapid glycosylation profiling and structural analysis of glycans by tandem MS of selected ISD fragment ions. This fast approach can facilitate the early-phase development of glycoengineering processes by constraining further in-depth analyses. We envision a broader applicability in studies focused on glycosylation changes in mAbs. Glycoengineering of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has the potential to improve the efficacy of biopharmaceuticals, however, monitoring the glycoengineering process by glycosylation analysis often requires a multi-method approach. Here, the authors present a direct glycosylation analysis of intact mAbs by combining conventional ESI-MS of intact glycoforms and MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS of glycan fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present results from the JWST First Reionization Epoch Spectroscopically Complete Observations survey on the star-forming sequence (SFS) of galaxies at 1.0 < z < 1.7, around the peak of the cosmic star formation history. Star formation rates (SFRs) are measured from the redshifted, relatively dust-insensitive Paschen- α emission line, and stellar mass measurements include the F444W (4.4 μ m; rest-frame H) band. We find SFRs of galaxies with log(M */ M ⊙) > 9.5 that are lower than found in many earlier studies by up to 0.6 dex, but in good agreement with recent results obtained with the Prospector fitting framework. The difference (log(SFR(Pa α)-SFR(Prospector)) is −0.09 ± 0.04 dex at 1010−11 M ⊙. We also measure the empirical relation between Paschen- α luminosity and rest-frame H- band magnitude and find that the scatter is only 0.04 dex lower than that of the SFR– M * relation and is much lower than the systematic differences among relations in the literature due to various methods of converting observed measurements to physical properties. We additionally identify examples of sources—that, with standard cutoffs via the UVJ diagram, would be deemed quiescent—with significant (log(sSFR)> −11 yr−1), typically extended, Paschen- α emission. Our results may be indicative of the potential unification of methods used to derive the SFS with careful selection of star-forming galaxies and independent SFR and stellar mass indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent satellite measurements of glacier mass balance show mountain glaciers all over the world had generally negative mass balances in the first decades of the 21st century. We analyse archived data for surface mass balance and summer temperature for 37 Northern Hemisphere glaciers with data for 1961–2020. We compare mean annual balances for 1961–90 and 1991–2020, and for 25 glaciers explain the changes in annual balance by changes in winter and summer balances. Mean balances 1961–90 were already substantially negative for 19 out of the 25 glaciers. Changes in winter balances from 1961–90 to 1991–2020 average close to zero but changes in summer balance are strongly negative. Mean balance 1991–2020 is strongly correlated with change in summer balance, weakly correlated with winter balance change, and strongly correlated with mean balance 1961–90. We estimate 1991–2020 summer temperature anomalies for the 37 glaciers and confirm that summer temperature anomalies for 1991–2020 were higher for the Alps, by nearly 1.5°C, than for other areas. Substantial variations in the temperature – sensitivity of summer balances for individual glaciers of −0.2 to −1.0 m w.e. a−1°C−1 deserve further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaciers in the Alps are losing mass at unprecedented and accelerating rates. Monitoring of glacier mass change as well as relevant atmospheric parameters plays an important role in improving understanding of local and downstream impacts. We present sub-seasonal, seasonal, and annual glaciological mass balance data and meteorological observations from Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees, two glacier monitoring sites in the Hohe Tauern range of the Austrian Alps. Ablation stake networks were established on Mullwitzkees in 2006/07 and on Venedigerkees in 2011/12. Monitoring is ongoing. In addition to stake readings at sub-seasonal intervals, accumulation measurements (snow pits and probing) are carried out seasonally. The glaciological dataset consists of sub-seasonal floating-date measurements as well as fixed-date seasonal and annual values. The fixed-date glacier-wide mass balance was derived from annual point mass balance values. Automatic weather stations measuring standard meteorological parameters were installed near Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees in 2020 and 2019, respectively. Meteorological data are provided in 10 min intervals. Uncertainties in individual point mass balance measurements were computed following the approach of the Swiss Glacier Monitoring (GLAMOS) programme, taking into account estimated density and reading errors. The sub-seasonal mass balance records highlight shorter-term variability in mass loss and the linkage with meteorological conditions. The most negative annual point mass balance recorded in the period of record was -5.8 ± 0.66 m w.e. at an elevation of 2536 m on Venedigerkees, and 2022 stands out as the most negative mass balance year to date in both time series, particularly at higher elevations. The cumulative specific mass balances (glacier-wide) over the period of record were -14.68 m w.e. at Mullwitzkees and -8.79 m w.e. at Venedigerkees. Data are available in the PANGAEA publication series and the associated datasets. The main publication series are updated annually. The Mullwitzkees mass balance datasets can be found in (10.1594/PANGAEA.965660) and (10.1594/PANGAEA.965719). The Venedigerkees data can be found in (10.1594/PANGAEA.965648) and (10.1594/PANGAEA.965729). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (COS) has received increasing attention as a potential tracer for investigating the global carbon cycle. Owing to the irreversible photosynthetic absorption of COS, changes in the atmospheric COS mole fraction can be related to terrestrial gross primary production. However, the instability of COS in high-pressure cylinders has hampered the accurate determination of atmospheric COS. Here, we report a dynamic dilution method for generating reference gas mixtures containing COS at ambient levels (ca. 500 pmol mol -1). Our method combined a dynamic dilution system employing a high-accuracy mass flow measurement system and a dry reference gas mixture prepared gravimetrically as a parent gas mixture containing a micromole-per-mole level of COS filled in a high-pressure aluminium cylinder. The storage stability of COS at this level was experimentally validated for three gravimetrically prepared dry reference gases over a period of more than 1 decade. We evaluated the dilution performance of the developed method using a gravimetric parent gas mixture containing approximately 1 µ mol mol -1 of COS and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). Excellent repeatability (0.2 % for COS and 0.4 % for HCFC-22 in terms of relative standard deviation; RSD), reproducibility (COS: 0.1 %; HCFC-22: 0.3 %), and dilution linearity (R2>0.99 for both COS and HCFC-22) were obtained and were corroborated by the nearly constant ratio of the normalized gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) response of COS to HCFC-22. The dilution accuracy was examined by comparing the determined HCFC-22 mole fractions in a dynamically diluted parent gas mixture from a mass flow rate measurement system and GC/MS calibrated using a gravimetrically diluted parent gas mixture. The mole fractions of HCFC-22 from these two methods agreed within an acceptable difference of approximately 2 pmol mol -1 , validating the dilution accuracy of the developed method. By re-evaluating the experimental data, we determined the mole fractions of COS and HCFC-22 in an ambient-air-based reference gas mixture, with relative standard deviations of 0.1 % for COS and 0.3 % for HCFC-22. These results demonstrated that the developed method can accurately generate reference gas mixtures containing COS at ambient levels, which we expect will support long-term observations of atmospheric COS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new gram scale experiment with well characterised boundary conditions is proposed for pyrolysis experiments. The set-up consists of a tube furnace, based on ISO19700, with a newly designed concept for a balance within the oven, allowing for online mass loss measurements. Samples with a length up to 50 cm can be investigated in this apparatus. The oven allows for experiments at fixed temperatures or at fixed heating rates, under controlled atmosphere, w.r.t. gas composition and flow rate. A thorough characterisation of the set-up is presented, including aspects like reproducibility of the heating rate or the precision of the balance. The functionality of the balance has been demonstrated with calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) experiments. This material was chosen because it decomposes in a single reaction, which only releases CO 2 . This allows for comparison between the mass loss rate of the balance and the CO 2 production rate, measured by a gas analyser. Results for two different heating rates: 3 K/min and 5 K/min and for different masses (25 g and 8.5 g) are presented. The two measurement methods are in excellent agreement. Finally, the data obtained from the new experimental set-up is compared to results from thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have emerged as powerful tools in the treatment of complex diseases, especially for conditions that lack efficacious treatment. The successful application of this modality can be attributed to its ability to encode entire proteins. While the large nature of these molecules has supported their success as therapeutics, its extended size creates several analytical challenges. To further support therapeutic mRNA development and its deployment in clinical trials, appropriate methods to support their characterization must be developed. In this review, we describe current analytical methods that have been used in the characterization of RNA quality, identity, and integrity. Advantages and limitations from several analytical techniques ranging from gel electrophoresis to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and from shotgun sequencing to intact mass measurements are discussed. We comprehensively describe the application of analytical methods in the measurements of capping efficiency, poly A tail analysis, as well as their applicability in stability studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZMT04 muscovite serves as a quality control reference material for K--Ar dating, with a recommended age of 1804 ± 21 Ma (2σ). Here, we check the homogeneity for ZMT04 muscovite and compare its age against the reference material Fish Canyon sanidine (FCs). Five sub-samples of ZMT04 muscovite were irradiated in three different reactors with different irradiation doses, analysed at varying sample masses over different time periods, and subjected to different mass spectrometric measurement procedures in two independent laboratories, which yielded consistent plateau ages with a mean of 1772.2 ± 2.7 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.30, and P = 0.18) and RFCs=28.294±0.072Ma ZMT04 = 105.53 ± 0.25 (2sd, MSWD = 0.88, and P = 0.57). The single-grain results are consistent with the multi-grain stepwise heating results, indicating good reproducibility and homogeneity of 40Ar* and K at the single-grain level. A single grain is sufficient to yield a high precision result when the J-value >0.01. We recommend 1 mg as the minimum sample mass to yield enough neutron-induced 39Ar signals for high-precision analysis (J-value <0.001). Accordingly, ZMT04 muscovite can represent a reliable 40Ar/ 39Ar dating and K--Ar dating reference material for Paleoproterozoic geological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radial distribution of material feeding onto a screen surface is an important factor affecting vibration screening performance, and it is also the main basis for the optimization of the operating parameters of a vibration screening system. In this paper, based on near-infrared properties, a real-time measurement method for the mass flow rate of grain vibration feeding was proposed. A laser emitter and a silicon photocell were used as the measuring components, and the corresponding signal processing circuit mainly composed of a T-type I/V convertor, a voltage follower, a low-pass filter, and a setting circuit in series was designed. Calibration test results showed that the relationship between grain mass flow rate and output voltage could be described using the Gaussian regression model, and the coefficient of determination was greater than 0.98. According to the working principle of the grain cleaning system of combine harvesters, the dynamic characteristics of grain vibration feeding were analyzed using discrete element method (DEM) simulations, and the monitoring range of the sensor was determined. Finally, grain mass flow rate measurement tests were carried out on a vibration feeding test rig. The results indicated that the grain mass measurement error could be controlled within 5.0% with the average grain mass flow rate in the range of 3.0–5.0 g/mm·s. The proposed measurement method has potential application value in the uniform feeding control systems of vibration feeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory has extensive applications in the field of data fusion. It uses the mass function to replace the probability distribution in Bayesian Probability theory, which has the advantages of weak constraints and representing uncertainty. However, many existing uncertainty measures can not be well applied to the mass function, leading to many defects in some scenarios. For example, many methods can not fully reflect the relationship between focal elements. Therefore, how to improve the uncertainty measurement, and make full use of the advantages of the mass function, so as to further accurately express the system state, is still a hot topic worth studying. To solve this problem, we propose a Belief Interval Euclidean Distance (BIED) entropy of the mass function. This method combines nonspecificity and discord measurement of the mass function and is suitable for various situations. In this paper, we introduce a large number of numerical examples to demonstrate the practicality of the BIED entropy. Compared with existing advanced methods, the BIED entropy can better identify the quantity relationship and similarity relationship between focal elements, and exhibit a linear trend with the changing cardinality of focal elements. Finally, we implement a BIED entropy-based multi-sensor data fusion on various kinds of datasets. The experimental results indicate that BIED entropy has relatively high robustness, with the target recognition accuracy close to 79.33% and the F1-Score close to 77.29%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present a detailed study of the masses of all gauge bosons, as well as explaining recent experimental data regarding the W-boson mass presented by the CDF collaboration and even possible changes that these data can bring to experimental measurements of the masses of Z-boson mass in the context of the Minimal Supersymmetric SU (3) C ⊗ SU (3) L ⊗ U (1) N Model. We also intend to show a phenomenological analysis of possible mixtures of gauge bosons in this model. We will show that our numerical predictions for the masses of the physical gauge bosons are within the current experimental limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current stage of proteomic research in the field of biology, medicine, development of new drugs, population screening, or personalized approaches to therapy dictates the need to analyze large sets of samples within the reasonable experimental time. Until recently, mass spectrometry measurements in proteomics were characterized as unique in identifying and quantifying cellular protein composition, but low throughput, requiring many hours to analyze a single sample. This was in conflict with the dynamics of changes in biological systems at the whole cellular proteome level upon the influence of external and internal factors. Thus, low speed of the whole proteome analysis has become the main factor limiting developments in functional proteomics, where it is necessary to annotate intracellular processes not only in a wide range of conditions, but also over a long period of time. Enormous level of heterogeneity of tissue cells or tumors, even of the same type, dictates the need to analyze biological systems at the level of individual cells. These studies involve obtaining molecular characteristics for tens, if not hundreds of thousands of individual cells, including their whole proteome profiles. Development of mass spectrometry technologies providing high resolution and mass measurement accuracy, predictive chromatography, new methods for peptide separation by ion mobility and processing of proteomic data based on artificial intelligence algorithms have opened a way for significant, if not radical, increase in the throughput of whole proteome analysis and led to implementation of the novel concept of ultrafast proteomics. Work done just in the last few years has demonstrated the proteome-wide analysis throughput of several hundred samples per day at a depth of several thousand proteins, levels unimaginable three or four years ago. The review examines background of these developments, as well as modern methods and approaches that implement ultrafast analysis of the entire proteome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gamma-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies are a unique class of objects that launch powerful jets from relatively lower-mass black hole systems compared to the Blazars. However, the black hole masses estimated from the total flux spectrum suffer from the projection effect, making the mass measurement highly uncertain. The polarized spectrum provides a unique view of the central engine through scattered light. We performed spectropolarimetric observations of the gamma-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy 1H0323 + 342 using SPOL/MMT. The degree of polarization and polarization angle are 0.122 |$\pm$| 0.040 per cent and 142 |$\pm$| 9 degrees, while the H |$\alpha$| line is polarized at 0.265 |$\pm$| 0.280 per cent. We decomposed the total flux spectrum and estimated broad H |$\alpha$| full width at half maximum of 1015 km s |$^{-1}$| . The polarized flux spectrum shows a broadening similar to the total flux spectrum, with a broadening ratio of 1.22. The Monte Carlo radiative transfer code 'STOKES' applied to the data provides the best fit for a small viewing angle of 9–24 deg and a small optical depth ratio between the polar and the equatorial scatters. A thick broad-line region with significant scale height can explain a similar broadening of the polarized spectrum compared to the total flux spectrum with a small viewing angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triggering the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism is crucial for improving oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, because it could bypass the scaling relation limitation associated with the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism through the direct formation of oxygen–oxygen bond. High‐valence transition metal sites are favorable for activating the lattice oxygen, but the deep oxidation of pre‐catalysts suffers from a high thermodynamic barrier. Here, taking advantage of the Jahn–Teller (J–T) distortion induced structural instability, we incorporate high‐spin Mn3+ (t2g3eg1 ${{t}_{2g}^{3}{e}_{g}^{1}}$) dopant into Co4N. Mn dopants enable a surface structural transformation from Co4N to CoOOH, and finally to CoO2, as observed by various in situ spectroscopic investigations. Furthermore, the reconstructed surface on Mn‐doped Co4N triggers the lattice oxygen activation, as evidenced experimentally by pH‐dependent OER, tetramethylammonium cation adsorption and online electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements of 18O‐labelled catalysts. In general, this work not only offers the introducing J–T effect approach to regulate the structural transition, but also provides an understanding about the influence of the catalyst's electronic configuration on determining the reaction route, which may inspire the design of more efficient catalysts with activated lattice oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sturgeon is an important commercial aquaculture species in China. The measurement of sturgeon mass plays a remarkable role in aquaculture management. Furthermore, the measurement of sturgeon mass serves as a key phenotype, offering crucial information for enhancing growth traits through genetic improvement. Until now, the measurement of sturgeon mass is usually conducted by manual sampling, which is work intensive and time consuming for farmers and invasive and stressful for the fish. Therefore, a noninvasive volume reconstruction model for estimating the mass of swimming sturgeon based on RGB-D sensor was proposed in this paper. The volume of individual sturgeon was reconstructed by integrating the thickness of the upper surface of the sturgeon, where the difference in depth between the surface and the bottom was used as the thickness measurement. To verify feasibility, three experimental groups were conducted, achieving prediction accuracies of 0.897, 0.861, and 0.883, which indicated that the method can obtain the reliable, accurate mass of the sturgeon. The strategy requires no special hardware or intensive calculation, and it provides a key to uncovering noncontact, high-throughput, and highly sensitive mass evaluation of sturgeon while holding potential for evaluating the mass of other cultured fishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of systems for weighing vehicles in motion aims to introduce systems allowing automatic enforcement of regulations. HSWIM (high speed weight-in-motion) systems enable measurement of a mass of vehicles passing through a measurement station without disturbing the traffic flow. This article focuses on the calibration of a weighing station for moving vehicles, where strain gauge sensors are used to measure pressures. A solution was proposed to replace the calibration coefficients with calibration functions. The analysis was performed for two methods of determining wheel loads: based on the maximum of the signal from strain gauge sensors and on a method using the field under the signal and the vehicle's speed. Calibration functions were determined jointly for all test vehicles and separately for each of them. The use of a calibration function for a specific vehicle type made it possible to determine wheel pressure and gross weight with a level of accuracy that allowed the weigh-in-motion station to be classified as a direct enforcement system. The achieved improvement in the accuracy of weighing in motion did not require any interference with the measurement station. The proposed change in the method of calibration and, ultimately, determination of wheel loads required only a change in the algorithm for determining wheel loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe3(CO)12 reacted with azadiethylthiols afforded [Fe2(μ‐S(CH2)2NR(CH2)2S)(CO)6]2 (R = nPr, 1A; iPr, 2A). Structure analysis revealed that 1A features the anti‐(a,e,a,e) configuration, while its iso‐propyl 2A adopts the syn‐(a,e,a,e) arrangement. NMR measurements at room temperature confirmed this structure, showing distinct signals for 2 NCH2 and 2 SCH2 methylene groups. Acid treatment of 1–2 yielded N‐protonated species (1A–H, 2A–H), maintaining the anti‐(a,e,a,e) configuration. Isolation of 1B–H revealed both the syn‐(a,e,e,a) and anti‐(a,e,e,a) configuration by X‐ray single‐crystallography. Protonation of 1A–H induced downfield shifts in methylene proton signals, with NH hydrogen recorded at 6.96 ppm. Furthermore, 1B–H displays similar NMR behavior, indicating the coexistence of two isomeric molecules of 1B–H, syn‐(a,e,e,a) and anti‐(a,e,e,a), which is consistent with the crystallographic results. Moreover, ion mobility‐mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) is harnessed for the swift identification and differentiation of these isomeric complexes in solution. By leveraging accurate mass measurements and MS/MS analyses, the molecular formula and constituents are validated. The sample mobility enables straightforward characterization of 1A, 1B, and 2A in relation to their stereo‐ and regio‐configurations, obviating the need for extensive time or sample quantities. Integration of findings from X‐ray crystallography, NMR, and IM‐MS furnishes precise and comprehensive structural insights into the coordination complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been increasing interests in developing proteomics‐based protein adduct detection for monitoring carcinogen exposure risk. Generating adducted protein standards and characterizing the adduction sites by bottom‐up proteomics, however, require lengthy adduction and enzymatic digestion. Here we demonstrated that microdroplet can greatly accelerate the catechol estrogen adduction on hemoglobin (Hb) as well as one‐pot reaction of adduction and enzyme digestion in millisecond for bottom‐up characterization. The adducted Hb generated by microdroplet reaction was characterized to contain one to two catechol estrogens with the β chain of Hb (Hb‐β) by online in situ intact measurement of mass spectrometry. The adduction sites were further identified to be C112‐Hb‐β or C93‐Hb‐β by microdroplet one‐pot or two‐step adduction and digestion. These results were consistent with the intact measurement and also same as the bulk or endogenous reaction. This method is expected to be applicable to prepare protein standards adducted by other reactive oxidizing species to greatly save time and sample amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study considers a possibility of studying the manifestation of the major background ions derived from the main elements (H, N, O, and Ar) of inductively coupled plasma under low-temperature ("cold") plasma conditions through thermodynamic simulation. These ions, known to induce significant spectral interferences, are always observed when aqueous samples are injected into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers (ICP–MS). Using thermodynamic simulation in the temperature range from 2000 to 5000 K, the quantitative composition of the major background ions in ICP–MS was determined as a function of plasma temperature. A comparison of the theoretical calculations and experimental data from mass spectral measurements of the major background ions was conducted, revealing a high degree of correlation between the two sets of the results. This agreement between the calculations and experiments confirms the validity of the thermodynamic model used for thermochemical processes in ICP–MS and its applicability to subsequent calculations in addressing analytical challenges. Additionally, a method is proposed for the unambiguous evaluation of the gas kinetic temperature of the plasma, while simultaneously considering practically all major background ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sufficiently precise measurement of black hole spin is required to carry out quantitative tests of the Kerr metric and to understand several phenomena related to astrophysical black holes. After 24 yr, XTE J2012+381 again underwent an outburst in 2022 December. In this work, we focused on the measurement of the spin and mass of the black hole candidate XTE J2012+381 using broad-band spectral analysis of X-ray data from Swift/XRT and NuSTAR. Using the relxillCp model, the spin and inclination of the source were found to be |$0.883_{-0.061}^{+0.033}$| and |$46.2_{-2.0}^{+3.7}$| deg, respectively, for high disc density (⁠|$i.e.\,\,10^{20}\,\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$|⁠). We further test our results for lamp-post geometry using the relxilllpCp model. The spin and inclination of the source were found to be |$0.892_{-0.044}^{+0.020}$| and |$43.1_{-1.2}^{+1.4}$| deg, respectively. Then 'continuum-fitting' method was used for the soft state to estimate the mass of BH and found to be |$7.95_{-3.25}^{+7.65}\,\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| and |$7.48_{-2.75}^{+5.80}\,\,\mathrm{M}_{\odot }$| for the spin and inclination estimated from the relxillCp and relxilllpCp model, respectively. We used a distance of 5.4 kpc as measured by Gaia using the parallax method. This study also addresses the issue of supersolar iron abundance in XTE J2012+381 using reflionx-based reflection model and found high disc density for the source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents millimeter wavelength measurements of the mass normalized extinction cross section (extinction efficiency) of thin copper circular discs at broadside incidence. The extinction efficiencies of the discs were measured as a function of diameter and thickness at a fixed frequency of 35 GHz. The measurements cover a wide range of diameters and thicknesses and were compared with the approximate numerical solution of the problem provided by the CWW code. A good agreement between the measurements and CWW code was achieved after applying the extinction paradox for small particles with high index of refraction to the CWW code calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen refueling stations play a pivotal role in advancing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of these stations is crucial for their safe and efficient operation. This study proposes a hybrid metrology evaluation system for the comprehensive cross-validation of hydrogen refueling stations. The system combines experimental measurements with computational models to thoroughly assess the stations' performance. The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the precision, accuracy, and reliability of hydrogen refueling stations and to identify potential uncertainties or sources of error in measurements. Six refueling experiments were conducted, varying the refueling pressure from 476 bar to 735 bar and the refueling rate from 0.601486 kg/min to 0.702694 kg/min. The maximum refueling capacity was determined to be approximately 6.3 kg, based on the specifications of the NEXO vehicle.Throughout the experiments, data on critical parameters such as pressure, weight, and flow rate were collected. These data were meticulously analyzed and compared with expected values derived from computational models. The results convincingly demonstrate that the hybrid metrology evaluation system offers a robust and precise evaluation of hydrogen refueling stations. The system adeptly identifies discrepancies between experimental measurements and computational models, facilitating the correction of potential measurement errors.This study contributes significantly to the enhancement of metrological cross-validation techniques for hydrogen refueling stations, ensuring their precision and dependability. The study findings can inform the development of standardized metrological protocols and guidelines for the certification and calibration of hydrogen refueling stations. By establishing accurate and dependable metrological validation methods, the adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can be expedited, promoting a sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation system.

We present the detection of nine new planet candidates orbiting M dwarfs, identified using an independent search and vetting pipeline applied to TESS Full-Frame Image data from Sectors 1 to 63. Our candidates include planets as small as 1.4  |$\mathrm{ R}_{{\oplus }}$|⁠ , with orbital periods up to 20 d. Among the nine new candidates, we identified five gas giants, which represent a rare and unexpected outcome of planet formation. Our findings add to the growing sample of giant planets around M dwarfs found by TESS. We discuss their follow-up potential for mass measurements through radial velocity observations and atmospheric characterization through transmission spectroscopy. We highlight TIC 12999193.01 as a particularly unique gas giant candidate in an eccentric orbit and excellent potential for atmospheric characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]