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Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has rapidly become the procedure of choice for gallbladder removal and has become the most common major abdominal procedure performed throughout the world. To observe the extrabiliary complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy this research work was done. Materials and methods: This observational study was carried out in the Department of Surgery, Chittagong Medical College Hospital, Chattogram, duration December 2015 to November 2016. A total of 100 Gall stone diseased patients were enrolled in this study and they were randomly allocated. Post operatively patients were observed, Data were collected, and Statistical analysis were obtained by using window based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-22). Results: Among 100 patients male to female ratio was 4.6:1 with maximum age group of third and fourth decade. Seventeen patients were associated with other disease e.g. diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Per-operative complication rate was 5(5.0%) among those, per-operative port site bleeding 2(2.0%), cystic artery bleeding 1(1.0%), liver bed bleeding was in 2(2.0%) cases. All these complications were managed successfully and smooth recovery within normal time.Post-operative complication rate was 1(1.0%). Among those port sites infection were in 1(1.0%) case. Conclusion: The findings of this study are expected to help taking perioperative measure to prevent extra-biliary complications. There may be some other devastating complications which may cripple the patients as well as surgeon. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 5(1), June 2022; 45-48

A six months study was carried out in an alternative shrimp paddy cultivation plot situated in Khulna District, Bangladesh. In soil, the mean values of sodium (Na) 13.33 mg l-1, calcium (Ca) 42.12 mg l-1, potassium (K) 472.50 mg l-1, iron (Fe) 1.01 mg l-1, phosphorus (P) 7.05 mg l-1, sulfur (S) 46.67 mg l-1, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) 247.68 mg l-1, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) 114.78 mg l-1, pH 8.09, Electric conductivity (EC) 4.45 ms m-1, redox potential (Eh) -63.65 mv and organic carbon (OC) 2.56% were observed. Whereas in water, the mean values were found as Na (1051.25 mg l-1), Ca (400.00 mg l-1), K (135.50 mg l-1), Fe (0.75 mg l-1), P (1.626 mg l-1), S (283.75 mg l-1), NH4+-N (43.05 mg l-1), NO3--N (17.64 mg l-1), pH (8.29), EC (35.30 ms m-1), Eh (-73.08 mv). Except Ca and S, P, Na, K, Fe, NH4+-N, NO3--N, EC and Eh were increased over the culture period of shrimp. The value of pH was decreased gradually in water and increased in soil. Insignificant monthly variation in most of parameters measured except water Fe, soil Ca and soil NO3--N indicate that present alternative shrimp-paddy cultivation practice has no significant impact on the plot.

This study aims to assess the water quality of the Mahananda River in Bangladesh and its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses. For water quality determination, 15 samples were collected from different sites of the Mahananda River to calculate Water Quality Index (WQI) and Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI). Result shows that among different Hydrochemical parameters, carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations crossed the maximum limit in all the samples, while fluoride concentration exceeding in Sample-15 with the highest value found in Baroghoria area. From WQI result, water quality for the Baroghoria area was found unsuitable for drinking with WQI − 309.22, whereas another two samples of Mollikpur and Namo Neemgachi fall under ‘poor’ category with WQI of 184.49 and 198.99, respectively. EWQI reveals medium to excellent water quality. Result from different irrigation indices (Na%, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), total hardness, Kelly ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI) values) showed their suitability for irrigation. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained a total of 89.71% of variances in the dataset. Significant positive association within EC–Na, EC–sulfate, Ca–TH, nitrate–sulfate, etc., were reported indicating prominence in terms of both geogenic as well as anthropogenic processes such as silicate weathering and the release of untreated sewerage, respectively, which governs the water quality evolution in the study area. Cluster analysis (CA) classifies all water samples in five different clusters based on five different characteristics. Mahananda River water is found safe for both drinking and agricultural purposes, except for few samples near the dense human settlement areas. Result from this study is useful for decision makers to design management plans for the river water quality, environmental pollution and human well-being.

Support-catalyst interface plays a critical role in electrocatalytic processes as the rates of involved reactions are directly linked with the interfacial charge transfer efficiency. Here, we are presenting nitrogen doped exfoliated graphite foil (NGF) as the 3D support which offers electronically coupled interface to catalytic heterostructure comprises of nickel-iron based oxide and its borate. As developed hybrid (NGF/NiFe/Borate) show excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline condition with low overpotential of 281 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope 62 mv dec−1. The results beat most nonprecious metal catalysts and noble commercial IrO2 deposited over same NGF substrate with outstanding long-term durability over 10 h at high current density 300 mA cm−2. Efficient electron injection from NGF support and its low resistance leads to enhancement in current density by more than 136 % at operative potential of 1.55 V, in comparison to un-doped exfoliated graphite foil support. Beside electronically tuned support, high catalytic efficiency is also linked with planner growth of borate nanosheets that helps in fast interfacial charge transfer in its transverse direction to the catalytic site. Our work highlights the importance of electronic tuning of catalyst support to enhance the performance of supported borate catalyst and to rationally design low cost, highly active OER catalyst.

To examine the rain-fed Aman rice yield fluctuation due to climatic anomalies overtimes in Bangladesh, we used climate-induced yield index (CIYI), ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), step-wise multiple regression, isotopic signature, wavelet transform coherence (WTC) and random forest (RF) model. In this work, daily multiple source climatic data which were collected between 1980 and 2017, from 18 weather stations and five atmospheric circulation indices were used for this purpose. The key findings were as follows; by employing principal component analysis (PCA), six temporal variability modes were identified as six corresponding sub-regions with various Aman rice CIYI fluctuations. The Aman rice CIYI in different sub-regions represented a noteworthy 3–4-year quasi-oscillation using the EEMD. The key climate variables (KCVs) including the potential evapotranspiration and cloud cover in September, the minimum temperature in August, and precipitation in July, August, and October were the best rice yield prediction signals in these sub-regions. The results suggest that Aman rice yield could likely decline by 33.59%, and 3.37% in the southwestern and southeastern regions, respectively, if KCV increased by 1 °C or 1%. The RF model suggests that the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) significantly influenced the rice yield. Isotopic signatures were employed to confirm the fluctuation and anti-amount effect during the Aman rice-growing period in Bangladesh. The results obtained in this study could be used as a guideline for sustainable mitigation and adaptation measures in managing agro-meteorological hazards in Bangladesh.

A solvated network of two-dimensional materials in the form of hydrogel offers a unique platform for the full utilization of surface-dominated properties on a macroscopic scale. However, the development of such hydrogels with ceramic sheets of MXenes is highly challenging, and hence, they are often critically dried to aerogel form to make them self-standing. Herein, we report the preparation of a freestanding thin MXene hydrogel via spontaneous, quasi-ordered assembly over a metal plate and concurrent partial surface de-functionalization. We established that self-standing hydrogels can only be assembled from MXene solutions above a critical dispersion concentration (Cct) depending on the size of the sheets. On behalf of ordered porous structures with intrinsic hydrated ion-permeable channels, MXene hydrogels display very high surface capacitive contribution (>94%) in their pseudocapacitive energy storage performance. Consequently, the as-developed hydrogels display an excellent gravimetric capacitance of 391 F g−1 and rate performance, and continue to display an outstanding performance >337 F g−1 at a high enough mass loading up to ∼15 mg cm−2. As a versatility of hydrogel structures, an electrolyte-protected mechanical compression method was employed to obtain a compact yet ion channel–decorated electrode. As a result, compact MXene hydrogels achieved an excellent volumetric capacitance of 1120 F cm−3 and a rate capability of 73% at 1000 mV s−1.

The study was undertaken for understanding the potential of deep aquifers as a source of safe drinking water and for assessing the status of groundwater aquifer near Madunaghat area, Chattogram. The specific issues are salinity, interconnectivity of the shallow and deep aquifers, mixing of groundwater with the adjacent Halda river water, recharge condition and groundwater age. The isotopic data suggest that most of the groundwater results from a mixture between recent recharge and an older component recharge under climatic conditions cooler than at present. The interconnectivity between shallow aquifers and river waters are mostly found in the line wells installed particularly in shallow depth (16 m) close to Halda river as evidenced from the similar tritium values of sampled line well water with that of the Halda river water. The groundwater in Madunaghat well field area is not affected by salinity, as it is evidenced by higher values of Na/Cl ratio of the groundwater samples compared to the sea water fresh water mixing line. The geochemistry of intermediate and deep groundwater is dominated by Na-Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 type waters. Even the relationship between chloride and oxygen-18 (Cl-δ18O) depicts that the waters from the deep, intermediate and shallow wells do not fall on the seawater mixing line. The Carbon-14 contents of intermediate to deep groundwater samples vary from 16.2 to 59.3 pMC indicating the residence time in the range of 4300 to 15,000 years BP, i.e., the sourced water recharged the aquifers a long time ago. The intermediate and deep wells have water with arsenic concentrations less than the detection limit of 3.0 μg/L. Only a few shallow wells have arsenic concentrations greater than the detection limit varying from 13.7 - 47.4 μg/L, which is less than the DoE permissible limit (50 μg/L) implying that the groundwater at Madunaghat area is not affected by Arsenic contamination.

To make business policy, market analysis, corporate decision, fraud detection, etc., we have to analyze and work with huge amount of data. Generally, such data are taken from different sources. Researchers are using data mining to perform such tasks. Data mining techniques are used to find hidden information from large data source. Data mining is using for various fields: Artificial intelligence, Bank, health and medical, corruption, legal issues, corporate business, marketing, etc. Special interest is given to associate rules, data mining algorithms, decision tree and distributed approach. Data is becoming larger and spreading geographically. So it is difficult to find better result from only a central data source. For knowledge discovery, we have to work with distributed database. On the other hand, security and privacy considerations are also another factor for de-motivation of working with centralized data. For this reason, distributed database is essential for future processing. In this paper, we have proposed a framework to study data mining in distributed environment. The paper presents a framework to bring out actionable knowledge. We have shown some level by which we can generate actionable knowledge. Possible tools and technique for these levels are discussed.

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) describes the persistent inability to achieve or maintain a penile erection for adequate sexual performance. ED is thought to be a vascular disease affecting more than 70% of men with (Cardiovascular Disease) CVD and sharing a myriad of risk factors like hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, ageing and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes increases the risk of both ED and CVD with the latter being the leading cause of death. Endothelial dysfunction and its role in the development of atherosclerosis may be the common link between ED, CVD and diabetes. With the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes, diabetes related CVD will increase in tandem. Early identification of this risk group is therefore paramount. Evidence has shown that ED is an independent marker of increased CVD risk and heralds the onset of coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke thereby providing a window of opportunity for risk factor modification. In our paper we shall explore the correlation of ED and CVD with a view to formulation of intervention strategies. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.18 (2); July 2019; Page 59-66

The study investigates the factors that control the isotopic composition of tropical precipitation in Bangladesh. Daily and monthly rainfall samples were collected from three stations from 2013 to 2015: (1) northern and moderately high altitude: Sylhet, (2) middle part of the country (close to Tropic of Cancer): Savar, and (3) southern coastal region: Barisal. To escape from the post-evaporation effect, proper care was adopted. This is supported by the fact that the local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) derived for the daily precipitations of all stations mostly follow the global meteoric water line (GMWL). The results exhibit a clear seasonal and spatial variation in both

Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in brassica crops worldwide. Brassica rapa, a progenitor of Brassica napus (canola), possesses important sources for resistance to clubroot. A doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 84 DH lines were developed from a Backcross2 (BC2) plant through an interspecific cross of B. rapa turnip cv. ECD01 (resistant, R) with canola line DH16516 (susceptible, S) and then backcrossed with DH16516 as the recurrent parent. The DH lines and their parental lines were tested for resistance to four major pathotypes (3A, 3D, 3H, and 5X) of P. brassicae identified from canola. The R:S segregation ratio for pathotype 3A was 1:3, and 3:1 for pathotypes 3D, 3H, and 5X. From genotyping by sequencing (GBS), a total of 355.3 M short reads were obtained from the 84 DH lines, ranging from 0.81 to 11.67 M sequences per line. The short reads were aligned into the A-genome of B. napus “Darmor-bzh” version 4.1 with a total of 260 non-redundant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Rcr10ECD01 and Rcr9ECD01, were detected for the pathotypes in chromosomes A03 and A08, respectively. Rcr10ECD01 and Rcr9ECD01 were responsible for resistance to 3A, 3D, and 3H, while only one QTL, Rcr9ECD01, was responsible for resistance to pathotype 5X. The logarithm of the odds (LOD) values, phenotypic variation explained (PVE), additive (Add) values, and confidence interval (CI) from the estimated QTL position varied with QTL, with a range of 5.2–12.2 for LOD, 16.2–43.3% for PVE, 14.3–25.4 for Add, and 1.5–12.0 cM for CI. The presence of the QTLs on the chromosomes was confirmed through the identification of the percentage of polymorphic variants using bulked-segregant analysis. There was one gene encoding a disease resistance protein and 24 genes encoding proteins with function related to plant defense response in the Rcr10ECD01 target region. In the Rcr9ECD01 region, two genes encoded disease resistance proteins and 10 genes encoded with defense-related function. The target regions for Rcr10ECD01 and Rcr9ECD01 in B. napus were homologous to the 11.0–16.0 Mb interval of chromosome A03 and the 12.0–14.5 Mb interval of A08 in B. rapa “Chiifu” reference genome, respectively.

Dhaka is one of the highly populated cities in the world. Increased urbanization and population growth in Dhaka are mostly dependent on groundwater, with 78% of the supply water coming from the Plio-Pleistocene Dupi Tila aquifer. This research was conducted with the objectives of identifying ion chemistry, hydrochemical processes and their relationship to groundwater quality and finding out the impact of over-exploitation on Dupi Tila aquifer. Three consecutive semi-confined aquifers have been delineated up to the explored depth: the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA), Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) and Lower Dupi Tila aquifer (LDA). Hydrogeochemical processes and water quality have been inferred from bivariate plots, correlation of major ions, piper plot and stable isotopes analysis. The total dissolved solids show an increasing downwards trend from an average of 267 mg/l in UDA to an average of 284 mg/l in LDA. Waters in all three aquifers as well as surface water (SW) are mainly of Ca/Mg-HCO

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzymes play a crucial role in azathioprine metabolism. Mutations in the enzyme initiate generation of excess thioguanine, which causes suppression of various cell lineages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of TPMT mutation in Bangladeshi patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) requiring azathioprine therapy and its relation to the development of myelosuppression. 250 patients with SLE were enrolled, then monitored for myelosuppression adverse events for 4 months. TPMT*3C (rs1142345), TPMT*3B (rs1800460), and TPMT*2 (rs1800462) polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. The risk of myelosuppression (i.e., leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) was estimated as the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p values. Of the 250 patients, 17 (6.8%) were heterozygous for the TPMT*3 mutation and 233 (93.2%) were homozygous for the wild type; no patients carried a homozygous mutation. Grade III/IV leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia occurred in 12.0%, 12.0%, and 27.9% of wild-type TPMT patients respectively; corresponding rates in heterozygous TPMT*3C patients were 70.6%, 64.7%, and 5.9%. Patients with Grade III/IV azathioprine-induced leukopenia were significantly more likely to have the heterozygous TPMT*3C genotype than the wild-type variant (OR 17.6; 95% CI 5.8–53.6; p

Background: Diabetes is a disorder which is very much related to a quality of lifestyle. Bangladesh is one of the countries having highest number of diabetes patients. Most of the population in this country used to take high glycemic indexed foods. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality of life of diabetic patients of the southern part and Chattogram city to investigate how controlled and uncontrolled diabetes is related to their lifestyle and socio-economic factors. Materials and methods: A multi-center, crosssectional study, conducted in five centers of Chattogram, in 2018-2019, registered 1,888 type 2 DM participants, tested for HbA1c and interviewed face-to-face for other information. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with UDM. Descriptive analysis and chi square test were done to see the statistical significance between various parameters. Results: Among the study population nearly 72% were uncontrolled diabetes patients. The prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes in age

This research endeavours the usefulness of cell phones for crop farmers in selected region of Bangladesh. For adequate findings and to achieve its purpose, structured interview schedule was adopted to collect data from 281 randomly selected farmers and it was revealed that a little over 60% of them found cell phones very useful, while only 5.3% respondents found the cell phone as less useful. Based on average talk time hours spend in the last six months, top three sources of agricultural information were friends and relatives, distributors and middlemen, and farmers in advanced categories. The results of the ordered logit model showed that their usefulness was significantly determined by age, farm size, per month call charges, and experience in using cell phones. Higher call rates, lack of awareness and paucity of mobile-based information sources were major bottlenecks in using cell phones for agricultural information. The recommendations suggested therein lead to connecting farmers with reliable and rich information sources, use of MMS and SMS, voice call activities, providing subsidized SIM cards, and ultimately undertake widespread campaigns for training of aged farmers to persuade their interest towards the use of cell phones and mobile-based information sources.

Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in brassica crops worldwide. Brassica rapa, a progenitor of Brassica napus (canola), possesses important sources for resistance to clubroot. A doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 84 DH lines were developed from a Backcross2 (BC2) plant through an interspecific cross of B. rapa turnip cv. ECD01 (resistant, R) with canola line DH16516 (susceptible, S) and then backcrossed with DH16516 as the recurrent parent. The DH lines and their parental lines were tested for resistance to four major pathotypes (3A, 3D, 3H, and 5X) of P. brassicae identified from canola. The R:S segregation ratio for pathotype 3A was 1:3, and 3:1 for pathotypes 3D, 3H, and 5X. From genotyping by sequencing (GBS), a total of 355.3 M short reads were obtained from the 84 DH lines, ranging from 0.81 to 11.67 M sequences per line. The short reads were aligned into the A-genome of B. napus “Darmor-bzh” version 4.1 with a total of 260 non-redundant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Rcr10ECD01 and Rcr9ECD01, were detected for the pathotypes in chromosomes A03 and A08, respectively. Rcr10ECD01 and Rcr9ECD01 were responsible for resistance to 3A, 3D, and 3H, while only one QTL, Rcr9ECD01, was responsible for resistance to pathotype 5X. The logarithm of the odds (LOD) values, phenotypic variation explained (PVE), additive (Add) values, and confidence interval (CI) from the estimated QTL position varied with QTL, with a range of 5.2–12.2 for LOD, 16.2–43.3% for PVE, 14.3–25.4 for Add, and 1.5–12.0 cM for CI. The presence of the QTLs on the chromosomes was confirmed through the identification of the percentage of polymorphic variants using bulked-segregant analysis. There was one gene encoding a disease resistance protein and 24 genes encoding proteins with function related to plant defense response in the Rcr10ECD01 target region. In the Rcr9ECD01 region, two genes encoded disease resistance proteins and 10 genes encoded with defense-related function. The target regions for Rcr10ECD01 and Rcr9ECD01 in B. napus were homologous to the 11.0–16.0 Mb interval of chromosome A03 and the 12.0–14.5 Mb interval of A08 in B. rapa “Chiifu” reference genome, respectively.

Insufficiency of potable water is acute in southwest (SW) coastal areas of Bangladesh. The local population ignores the depth to saltwater/freshwater interface causing many unsuccessful waters wells drilling. In this context, a combined use of borehole logs, geophysical well logs, vertical electrical soundings (VES), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and electrical conductivity (EC) of sampled waters was performed to identify saltwater/freshwater interface depths in this coastal part. The study shows that the depth to freshwater/saltwater interface varies from place to place occurring commonly between 190 to 285 m, and locally as shallow as 146 m. The shallow freshwater/saltwater interface depth is greatly influenced by the upconing of fresh water from the deep aquifer (DA) near the major rivers and coast compared to the landward part and is mixed with more saline waters above. Vertically infiltrated saltwater is the main cause of brackish water in the upper shallow aquifer (USA), which is hydraulically connected with the lower shallow aquifer (LSA), and not directly recharged from the Bay of Bengal in the south. The study will contribute to find out the depth of the potential freshwater aquifer and assess the aquifer vulnerability in the coastal area of SW Bangladesh.

Genetic resistance is a successful strategy for management of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of brassica crops, but resistance can break down quickly. Identification of novel sources of resistance is especially important when new pathotypes arise. In the current study, the reaction of 177 accessions of Brassica napus to four new, virulent pathotypes of P. brassicae was assessed. Each accession was genotyped using genotyping by sequencing to identify and map novel sources of clubroot resistance using mixed linear model (MLM) analysis. The majority of accessions were highly susceptible (70–100 DSI), but a few accessions exhibited strong resistance (0–20 DSI) to pathotypes 5X (21 accessions), 3A (8), 2B (7), and 3D (15), based on the Canadian Clubroot Differential system. In total, 301,753 SNPs were mapped to 19 chromosomes. Population structure analysis indicated that the 177 accessions belong to seven major populations. SNPs were associated with resistance to each pathotype using MLM. In total, 13 important SNP loci were identified, with 9 SNPs mapped to the A-genome and 4 to the C-genome. The SNPs were associated with resistance to pathotypes 5X (2 SNPs), 3A (4), 2B (5) and 3D (6). A Blast search of 1.6 Mb upstream and downstream from each SNP identified 13 disease-resistance genes or domains. The distance between a SNP locus and the nearest resistance gene ranged from 0.04 to 0.74 Mb. The resistant lines and SNP markers identified in this study can be used to breed for resistance to the most prevalent new pathotypes of P. brassicae in Canada.

Genetic resistance is widely used to manage clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) in brassica crops, but new pathotypes have recently been identified on canola (Brassica napus) on the Canadian prairies. Resistance effective against both the most prevalent pathotype (3H, based on the Canadian Clubroot Differential system) and the new pathotypes is needed. BC1 plants of Brassica rapa from a cross of line 96-6990-2 (clubroot resistance originating from turnip cultivar &lsquo, Waaslander&rsquo, ) and a susceptible doubled-haploid line, ACDC, exhibited a 1:1 segregation for resistance against pathotypes 3H and 5X. A resistance gene designated as Rcr3 was mapped initially based on the percentage of polymorphic variants using bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR-Seq) and further mapped using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR. DNA variants were identified by assembling short reads against a reference genome of B. rapa. Rcr3 was mapped into chromosome A08. It was flanked by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers (A90_A08_SNP_M12 and M16) between 10.00 and 10.23 Mb, in an interval of 231.6 Kb. There were 32 genes in the Rcr3 interval. Three genes (Bra020951, Bra020974, and Bra020979) were annotated with disease resistance mechanisms, which are potential candidates for Rcr3. Another resistance gene, designated as Rcr9wa, for resistance to pathotype 5X was mapped, with the flanking markers (A90_A08_SNP_M28 and M79) between 10.85 and 11.17 Mb using the SNP sites identified through BSR-Seq for Rcr3. There were 44 genes in the Rcr9wa interval, three of which (Bra020827, Bra020828, Bra020814) were annotated as immune-system-process related genes, which are potential candidates for Rcr9wa.

Indian summer monsoon (ISM) has profound impact on water resources over the Asian Water Towers (AWTs) and surroundings. Stable isotopes in precipitation (δO and δD) are crucial tracers ...

The paper examines how opposing interests (cost effectiveness versus environmental sustainability) are balanced during the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. During an EIA study, it is the Environmental Specialist’s role to conduct an EIA and bridge the gap between the Proponent and Activists. This study involves the developmental impact of coal transportation through a mangrove forest, a sensitive ecosystem. There are three major areas of disagreement among the Proponent and Activist: (i) overall impact on Sundarbans Mangrove Reserve Forests (SMRF); (ii) impact of air emissions; and (iii) impacts due to coal shipment. Assessment showed air quality impacts would be within applicable standards and guidelines. There will be an increase in marine traffic due to coal transportation; however, if the recommended mitigation measures are followed, then the project will have a manageable and limited impact on the SMRF. There will be water quality degradation and coal dust accumulation in the riverbed at the coal trans-shipment point. An aquatic habitat of approximately 290 ha in size is recommended as compensation for degraded land in the study.

Cervical carcinoma is a preventable condition and over 95% of patients with early carcinoma cervix can be cured. But still women dying from malignant disease of all kinds the cervix is the common organ primarily involved. The study was conducted to find out the predisposing factors of carcinoma cervix in our population and to scrutinize the patients in early stages, so that measures can be taken to prevent it. After approval of ethical committee and informed written consent fifty patients from Dhaka Medical College hospital were included in this study from January 2003 to December 2003. Among the 50 patients 36 were between 31to 50 years, 42 patients present with blood stained per vaginal discharge and 40 present with post-coital bleeding. Regarding identifiable risk factors early age of 1st intercourse was most common followed by multiparity. Ninety four percent of patients had squamous cell carcinoma and reminder were adenocarcinoma. Incidence of carcinoma cervix can be decreased by health education with special attention to risk factors and morbidity and mortality can be reduced by detection of cases in early stage when it is still curable.J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2017; 35(3): 110-114

The monthly weighted mean stable isotopic composition of rainfall in eight GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) stations of Bangladesh vary in a short range i.e. δ18O = −6.998‰ to −5.58‰. The weighted δp value shows the order as HT > XB > SR > CN > DN > KH > BN > BS although modification of trend occurs when considered differently for monsoon and non-monsoon periods. Pre or post-monsoonal rain shows relatively enriched signature compared to the monsoon period. The local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) are much similar to Craig’s GMWL (Global Meteoric Water Line) except DN. The way of the effects from meteorological control vary according to seasons and locations. The spatiotemporal distribution of humidity accounts for ≈34% of isotopic variation. Temperature effect is most prominent in CN (41%, non-monsoon) and BS (19%, monsoon). Around 50% dependency on precipitation amount has been observed in coastal stations and DN during January to May, while monsoon precipitation is mostly characterized by reduced amount effect and “anti-amount effect”. Moreover, wide range of d-excess during non-monsoon precipitation bears the evidence of mixture of vapour from different sources and recycling events. However, monsoonal vapour source is rather consistent since d-excess value varies within a little margin.

Background Clubroot of canola ( Brassica napus ), caused by the obligate pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, is a major disease worldwide. Genetic resistance remains the best strategy to manage this disease. The objective of the study was to identify and map new sources of resistance to clubroot in B. napus using genome-wide association mapping. The reaction of a collection of 177 accessions to four highly virulent pathotypes of P. brassicae was assessed. These pathotypes were selected because they were most recently identified and showed different virulence patterns on the Canadian clubroot differential (CCD) lines. The collection was then genotyped using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) method. Multi-locus mixed linear model (MMLM) was used to perform the association analysis. Results The majority of accessions were highly susceptible (70 –100 DSI), while few individual accessions showed strong resistance (0–20 DSI) to 5X (2 accessions), 2B (7 accessions), 3A (8 accessions) and 3D (15 accessions). In total, 301,753 SNPs were mapped to 19 chromosomes. Population structure analysis indicated that the 177 accessions belong to two major populations. SNPs were associated with resistance to each pathotype using MLMM. In total, 23 significant SNP loci were identified, with 14 SNPs mapped to the A-genome and 9 to the C-genome. The SNPs were associated with resistance to pathotypes 5X (4 SNPs), 2B (9), 3A (5) and 3D (5). A blast search of 2 Mb upstream and downstream identified 61 disease resistance genes, of which 24 belonged to TIR-NBS-LRR proteins and 20 belonged to CC-NBS-LRR proteins. The distance between a SNP locus and the nearest resistance genes ranged from 0.11–1.66 Mb. This indicated that NBS-LRR gene family might have an important role in clubroot resistance in B. napus . Conclusion The resistant B. napus lines and the SNP markers identified in this study can be used for breeding for resistance to clubroot and contribute to understanding the genetic mechanism of resistance to clubroot.

The hydrogeochemical processes in the multilayer aquifers of southwest (SW) coastal area of Bangladesh provide important information for quantifying hydrochemical differences between different aquifers. Hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry in this coastal area have been evaluated by interpreting conventional plots, ionic delta, HFE-diagram, stable isotopes and geochemical modelling. The median TDS distribution of the aquifers has an increasing trend from below 1000 mg/l in the deep aquifer (DA) to 2622 mg/l in lower shallow aquifer (LSA) and 7012 mg/l in upper shallow aquifer (USA). Na+ is the dominant cation in all the aquifers. HCO3− is the dominant anion in DA with high median concentration (495 mg/l), which is more than double than that in LSA (214 mg/l) and USA (159 mg/l). The groundwater in the DA is freshened NaHCO3+ type due to cation exchange process that enhances second stage of calcite dissolution. Few NaCl+ type DA waters found in the SW corner of the study area indicate the presence of connate water confined in the inter-basin during the Holocene transgression. The stable isotopes indicate that the DA waters have been deposited during warmer periods. In contrast, both the LSA and USA are dominated by NaCl- type water; some CaCl- type waters have also been found in these aquifers, indicating salinization. The salinization processes consist of infiltration of redissolved evaporite salts, reverse cation exchange, and mixing with marine influenced flood water. Thus, the knowledge of different processes controlling freshening and salinization will help properly manage and preserve the environmental characteristics in the aquifer systems of SW Bangladesh as well as similar complex coastal geological settings.