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The limited access to urban green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the human-nature interaction in cities and human well-being. Number of visitors to green areas, initially declined due to imposed restrictions, was restored after they were lifted as established by several studies across the globe However, little is still known about changes in behavior and preferences of park visitors in the post-COVID time. In this study, we investigated spatial-temporal patterns of recreational activities in the three urban parks in Moscow (Russia) prior, during and after the COVID-19 lockdown (in 2019 and 2020). The selected parks represent two different types: a centrally located park with much infrastructure and open landscapes (Gorky Park) and parks located at the outskirts of the city center with a more forested landscape and little infrastructure (Timiryazevski and Sokolniki parks). Recreational activities were identified based on the analysis of social media photos using machine-learning algorithms. As expected, park closures during lockdown resulted in overall decrease in the number of taken photos. After the parks were re-opened, however, the number of photos did not grow immediately. The number of photos only restored after almost three months, and the visiting peak shifted to autumn. Differences between parks were related to the type of the park and its landscape structure. The lowest decrease in the number of photos was observed for the Timiryazevsky park - a semi-natural green area, while the centrally located Gorky Park was the most affected, likely due to the strictest control measures. In comparison to 2019, photos in 2020 were more evenly distributed across the area in all the three parks. Besides, 'natural' areas became the main attractors for the visitors - photos under 'nature observation' category became the most popular. Spatial distribution of the recreational activities in post-lockdown period was characterized by larger distances between photos, likely corresponding to the social distancing. COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the value of green areas for citizens, but also changed their recreational preferences and overall behavior in parks. The observed shift from high density of visitors around entertainments and attractions in 2019 to a more homogeneous and less dense distribution along the natural zones in 2020 reveals a new pattern in visitors behavior and preference, which shall be considered in spatial planning of the parks. Increasing availability of natural green areas and their integration in urban green infrastructures can become the most relevant policy to consider the crucial role of urban nature as a source of resilience in turbulent times., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Application of gas-liquid chromatography methods and mass-spectrometry enabled the authors to develop objective criteria, which provided prompt acceptance of quantity information about the stage ams severity of the wound process, its influence on the organism and prognosis of expectant complications (taking into account aerobic or anaerobic components of microflora) and early correction of surgical policy.

The principles of active surgical treatment of purulent wounds made it possible to perform reconstructive operations on 5,422 patients with large purulent wounds and tissue defects. In 3,887 patients the wounds were closed with sutures and drained, in 1,535 patients the wound surfaces were closed and tissue defects repaired by various methods of cutaneo- and osteoplasty, in 1,261 of these patients free skin graft was carried out. In 274 patients wounds in the region of important anatomical structures and functionally active surfaces were closed by transposed vascularized tissues with good cosmetic and functional results. Defects in long tubular bones were repaired in 107 patients in the early stages by variants of compression--distraction osteosynthesis. Healing by first intention occurred in 89.8% of cases in which the wounds were closed with sutures and in 91.9% in plastics with local tissues and transposed grafts. After free skin graft plastics had to be repeated until complete healing in 11.1% of patients. The defects in bones were replaced in all cases, osteomyelitis developed at the site of pin introduction in 4% of cases.

The article discusses the results of treatment of 7,092 patients with purulent wounds and septic surgical diseases by means of a suggested method of active surgical management. The main principles of the method are as follows: preoperative examination and preparation of the patients for operation for 12-36 hours; radical excision of all purulent and nonviable tissues followed by active drainage and treatment under conditions of controlled abacterial medium or by ointments on a water-soluble base; use of auxiliary methods for the treatment of the wound surface (pulsed stream of antiseptics, ultrasonic cavitation, vacuum treatment); performance of laboratory tests (microbial dissemination per 1 g tissue, cytologic and morphologic studies, values of tissue hemostasis) as an objective criterion of the course of the wound process and for determining whether the wound surface is ready for closure; accomplishment of intensive therapy; early closure of the wound surface with sutures or by plastic operations. Analysis of the data allows the conclusions that active surgical treatment may be accepted as an optimal and universal method for the management of purulent wounds of any etiology and septic surgical diseases. With its application, the terms of treatment are shortened due to most economical mechanisms of healing by first intention, and good functional and cosmetic results are produced. Such an effect is due to the pathogenetic character of all components of the method.

Treatment in a controlled abacterial medium was applied to 102 patients with venous ulcer of the lower limbs. The course of the wound process was studied on the basis of objective examination methods (microbiological, cytological, morphological, study of the activity of tissue hemostasis factors). The results showed that a controlled abacterial medium causes favourable changes in the course of the wound process and allows the trophic ulcer to be prepared for operation in a short period of time (9-12 days).

Morphological and histochemical studies of biopsies from the areas of purulent wounds in the process of their treatment in a chamber with regulated environment were carried out. After 2-week course of treatment the purulent wound heals like a pure surgical wound. The granulation tissue contains a small number of leukocytes, the vessel is filled with polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A typical feature is the presence in the wound of lymphoid cell infiltrates in the maturing granulation tissue which indicates enhanced immune processes in the host. The results of treatment show that treatment of purulent wounds in a regulated environment considerably improves the condition of the wound contributing to its purification and stimulating healing processes in it.