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Fabric Automatic Visual Inspection (FAVI) system provides reliable performance on fabric defects inspection. This study presents a machine vision system developed to adapt in circular knitting machines where fabric defects can be automatically controlled and detected defects can be classified. The knitted fabric surface are detected during real-time manufacturing. For the classification process, three different transfer learning architectures (ResNet-50, AlexNet, GoogLeNet) have been applied. The five common knitted fabric defects were recognized with the artificial intelligence-based software and classified with an average success rate of 98% using ResNet-50 architecture. The success rates of the trained networks were compared.

Efficient use of capacity is significant to enable apparel businesses to work cost-effectively and provide timely service to their customers. The increase in assembly-line efficiency is associated with lower operating costs. Therefore, the main purpose of balancing assembly lines is to manufacture products as profitable and as quickly as possible. In this study, we consider a single-model assembly line balancing problem with workforce and machine constraints in the sewing department of an apparel company. We develop an integer programming (IP) model to optimally balance the shirt production line, considering parallel machines in each stage of the line and various operational constraints such as cycle time and precedence constraints, task machine eligibility, the number of operators available. The IP model can either minimize the number of open workstations or both, minimize the number of open workstations and assign tasks in subassembly parts as close to each other as possible. The model has been run under various scenarios using LINGO 15.0 optimization software. Additionally, we have balanced the shirt production line using the Ranked Positional Weight Method (RPWM). The IP model outperforms the RPWM results across all scenarios and finds 33 stations and 86.8% efficiency compared to 38 stations and 75.4% balance efficiency with the RPWM.

This study aimed to develop a vibro-haptics feedback based smart corset to stimulate humans to be in ideal posture by monitoring the spline in thoracic vertebrae of T5-T12 levels, and provide a vibro-tactile stimuli to human's skin at lumbar L3 level. A corset contains a microcomputer, sensors and an actuator was implemented on 12 participants for 2 cases to determine its efficiency. In the first case, tactile stimuli was not provided to the participants, while in the second case tactile stimuli was ensured. The results showed once the vibro-tactile stimuli was represented to the participants, their posture regime improved significantly with a value of 53.13±23.14 %. Moreover, it was also observed that their non-ideal postural duration significantly decreased. These results suggest that the corset provides vibro-tactile feedback that encourage humans in seated posture to beneficial postural habits while using computers.

The ink industry is one of the world\"s largest markets due to the increasing demand for printing inks for the packaging industry. Flexography printing is a well-known promising technology for large-area printing due to its high printing speed and roll-to-roll capability to print economically on a variety of surfaces and is used in nearly in all areas of packaging printing. Water-based inks are considered non-toxic, odourless, and more environmentally friendly options compared to solvent-based inks. Therefore, in this article, the goal was to develop new water-based ink formulation with different acrylic binders for flexographic printing on commercial solid bleached sulphate (SBS) board. Five inks were formulated with four different acrylic binders and compared to a commercially available ink to study their performance. The developed inks were investigated with regard to their print qualities and print characteristics. It was found that the binder type influenced some print quality while the effect was not significant for others. Using flexography printed cyan inks, the ink formulated with the highest molecular weight had the lowest print density and the largest tonal value increase (TVI) observed between 40 and 60 tone values. The same ink had the largest mottle values and variation in topography. For values of print contrast and delta gloss at 75 degrees, although differences were observed between average values, data had inconclusive variation and spread around averages, where no conclusive trends or effects of acrylic binder type on these response factors were observed. Print chroma and dot roundness results were equally close for all printed samples.

Packaging must have a good commercial appearance and is generally obtained by ink transferred to its substrate. It is important that the ink used in packaging printing is produced from environmentally friendly and sustainable raw materials as well as being suitable for the printing system. The increasing demand in the field of printed packaging and the scarcity of resources to meet this demand have accelerated the search for new sources for inks. For this purpose, inks produced in the laboratory using a modified cellulose-based binder, a commercial acrylic resin and a commercial soybean protein were compared with a commercial ink. As a result of the study, it was determined that the printability properties of the ink obtained by using the modified cellulose-based binder were better than the ink obtained with commercial soybean protein. It was determined that it showed printability properties close to the ink produced with commercial acrylic binders. By using modified cellulose-based water-based flexographic ink instead of other commonly used binders, more environmentally friendly sustainable inks can be produced.

This study aims to provide a great deal of insight into how risk perception and purchase intention differ for the consumer with different online shopping motives. Data were collected through a questionnaire with 359 voluntary consumers aged 18–28 living in Istanbul. 14 motives leading them to online shopping through digital platforms for textile products were defined with the focus group technique. First, clustering analysis was conducted to define consumers according to the guiding motives in online shopping. Next, whether the consumer segments identified by these motives have different levels of risk perception and purchase intention was investigated via ANOVA analysis.

With respect to the theory of the four Triboelectric Generators (TEGs) operational modes, a testing method is proposed. It describes and imitates more precisely the real conditions of the motion of the materials in a wearable clothing based TEG. The phenomenon of triboelectricity is investigated from a clearly textile approach, using typical textile fabrics made by ordinary textile production methods and environmental friendly materials. The performance investigation is based on the comparison of their triboelectric outcomes. It is of special interest that cotton fabrics showed adequate electrical response, and among them the twill weave pattern offered the highest voltage outputs.

This study aims to investigate the effect of material type and braiding angle on the performance characteristics of the reinforced multi-layered hose, to manufacture a high-pressure fuel hose. For this purpose, NBR (Acrylo-Nitrile Butadiene rubber)/CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) fuel hose was manufactured using a single-screw extruder and for the production of the reinforcement layer, braiding technology was used. With an attempt to discuss the effect of braiding angle on the performance characteristics of the reinforced multi-layered hose, the take-up speed of the radial braiding machine was altered. E-glass, aramid, carbon, polyester, and basalt yams were used for the production of the braided layer. Then CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) rubber was extruded for the cover application. Performance properties of the fuel hose such as hardness, ply adhesion, vacuum collapse bursting pressure, and diametric expansion were measured and evaluated according to the requirements of the related standards. The results revealed that, with increased braiding take-up speed, ply adhesion, vacuum collapse, and diametric expansion properties of hoses increase, while hardness, permanent deformation, and bursting pressure of hoses decrease. It has been determined that NBR/Basalt/CPE fuel hose produced in 4m/min braiding take-up speed provided optimum functional and adhesion properties, because of its hardness, permanent deformation, bursting, and vacuum test values at 25 degrees C are within the limit. Additionally, the results were verified by running finite element analysis (FEA) using the ANSYS simulation program., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [217M004, 217M005], This work is supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) with grant numbers 217M004 and 217M005.

Within the scope of the study, pre-softening, raising and final softening processes were applied to 2 selected fabrics under different conditions. The raising fastness, air permeability and bursting strength tests were performed on the samples obtained after the processes, and the effect of the process conditions on the researched performance values was examined. This paper is also detailed by statistical analysis. When the results were examined, it was seen that the best result in terms of raising fastness was the fabric with 50% waste + 50% PES back yarn. As a process, it was determined that the best result was obtained after a single passage with micro silicon pre-softening and raising at a speed of 15m / min, and then a low concentration softening process with a polyvinyl acetate-based binder and softener mixture.

Cellulose is an important raw material in the manufacture of paper. Cellulose is formed by thefelting, fringing, swelling by absorbing water of the fibers and the combination of these fibersas a result of certain processes. Paper is also obtained by processing plant fibers. It is alsopossible to reuse the waste paper, which are completed in utilization, in paper production byrecovering the cellulose in its structure. Recycling is the process of transforming these wastepapers, which can be reused, into a second raw material by subjecting them to physical orchemical processes. In addition to being sustainable, significant savings are achieved in theamount of raw materials used in paper recycling. In addition, this saving is economicallybeneficial to production due to the high cost of raw materials.In this study, natural dye plants and natural dyeing methods were used to produce paper fromrecycled cellulose with the aim of increasing sustainability. In order to prevent the negativitiesoriginating from the increase in carbon emissions that synthetic dyes cause, it is aimed toincrease the use of natural dyeing methods in paper production. Since natural dye plants areproduced from plant itself or its waste, they do not cause environmental pollution and provideadvantages for recycling.In this study, cellulose fibers were colored with natural dyeing method using walnut shell.Thus, between the fibers, samples colored with walnut shells and samples that were notcolored were examined under two different conditions. Samples were prepared in twodifferent ponds, 5 L and 8 L, with a fixed ratio of solids. Paper sheets were formed with thesieve using the dipping method in the prepared concentration and at the same time, thetechnical properties of the samples were examined by reducing the fibers at a certain rate.Samples were measured in terms of weight, color measurement, light fastness, contact angle,surface smoothness, air permeability and compared with the data obtained.Keywords: Waste paper, Recycling, Natural dyeing, Sustainability Kağıdı imalatında önemli bir yere sahip hammadde selülozdur. Selüloz, liflerin keçeleşmesi, saçaklanması, su emerek şişmesi ve belirli işlemlerden geçmesi sonucunda bu liflerin birleşmesiyle oluşmaktadır. Bitkisel liflerin işlenmesiyle de kağıt elde edilmektedir. Kullanımı tamamlanmış atık durumunda olan kağıtların, yapısındaki selülozun geri kazanılmasıyla tekrardan kağıt üretiminde kullanılabilmesi de mümkündür. Yeniden değerlendirilme imkanı olan bu atık kağıtların fiziksel veya kimyasal işlemlere tabi tutularak ikinci bir hammaddeye dönüştürülmesine geri dönüşüm denmektedir. Sürdürülebilir olmasının yanında kağıt geri dönüşümünde kullanılan hammadde miktarında önemli oranda tasarruf sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca yapılan bu tasarruf hammaddenin pahalı olmasından dolayı ekonomik açıdan üretime fayda sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada sürdürülebilirliği arttırmak amacıyla geri dönüştürülen selülozlardan kağıt üretimi yaparken doğal boya bitkileri ve doğal boyama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sentetik boyaların karbon salınımını arttırmasından kaynaklı olumsuzlukları engellemek için doğal boyama yöntemi tercih edilerek kağıt üretiminde kullanımını arttırmak amaçlanmaktadır. Doğal boya bitkileri kendilerinden veya atıklarından üretildiği için çevre kirliliği oluşturmamakta ve geri dönüşüm için avantaj sağlamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada selüloz lifleri ceviz kabuğu kullanılarak doğal boyama yöntemi ile renklendirilmiştir. Böylece lifler arasında ceviz kabuğu ile renklendirilen numuneler ve renklendirilmeyen numuneler olarak iki farklı koşulda incelenmiştir. Numuneler iki farklı havuz içerisinde 5 L ve 8 L olarak ve belirlenen sabit oranlarda katı madde oranıyla hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan konsantrasyon içerisine daldırma yöntemi kullanılan elek ile kağıt sahifeleri oluşturulmuş ve aynı zamanda numuneler belirli oranda lifleri azaltılarak teknik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Numuneler; gramaj, renk ölçümü, ışık haslığı, kontak açısı, yüzey düzgünlüğü, hava geçirgenliği bakımından ölçülüp çıkan veriler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Atık kağıt, Geri dönüşüm, Doğal boyama, Sürdürülebilirlik

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an innovative construction material that has been used in recent years and consist of textile components with high tensile strength and concrete produced from fine-grained aggregates. Textile components can be used in the form of raw yarn, coated with various polymers, and recently, in the form of hybrid yarn. There are many hybrid yarn production methods used in the textile industry, and in this study, the braiding technique, which is suitable for the material used, is emphasized. In the study, samples were produced by positioning two different textile surfaces produced from three different yarn structures with carbon roving in three different positions in the concrete. The flexural strength of reinforced samples and unreinforced samples were compared. According to the test results, the effect of the production parameters on the flexural strength of the TRC developed in the study was tried to be determined.

In this study, it was investigated the coating of cotton fabric with huntite-hydromagnesite (HH) or ammonium polyphosphate (APP) solutions as anionic layer and chitosan solutions and nanosols as cationic layer by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly to gain flame retardancy and antibacterial properties. Growth bilayer number, drying conditions and anionic layer type (HH or APP) affected the flame retardancy and antibacterial properties of coating with LBL assembly. 17% and 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate and 69% and 87% reduction in total smoke release and 26% and 14% reduction in mass loss rate were observed for fabric samples coated with AP solutions for 15 layers with drying after every dipping process (AP15DE) and fabric samples coated with HH solutions for 15 layers with drying after every dipping process,(H15DE) respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the residual chars at 600 oC in air increased. The AP15DE exhibited the antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus while H15DE displayed the antibacterial activity against only S. aureus.

The resistance of carpets to texture deformation is considered one of the most important properties that affects the quality of carpet. Static load is an essential factor that has a profound impact on carpets causing compression of carpet pile yarns. Mainly, two tests are available to determine the compressibility and resilience performance of carpets, namely thickness loss after brief moderate static loading and thickness loss after prolonged heavy static loading. Currently, the commercially available test devices have drawbacks, including a requirement for an additional apparatus to test performance, conducting tests manually which leads to personal faults, and inability of storing test data. In this study, a newly developed test device for measuring compressibility and resilience performance of carpet was designed and manufactured. The newly designed test device is statistically verified and capable of performing carpet thickness measurement, brief moderate static loading and prolonged heavy static loading tests automatically.

The design of workwear has significant effects on worker performance. However, the current workwear for coal miners in Northern China is poor in fitness and thermal comfort. In this study, new workwear (NEW) for coal miners was developed with the design features providing better cold protection and movement comfort performance, as compared with a commonly worn workwear (CON). To evaluate the effectiveness of NEW, we conducted human trials which were performed using simulated work movements (i.e., sitting, shoveling, squatting, and crawling) in a climate chamber (10°C, 75% RH). Physiological measurements and perceptual responses were obtained. The results demonstrated that the local skin temperatures at chest, scapula, thigh, and calf; mean skin temperatures,; and thermal comfort in NEW were significantly higher than those in CON. NEW also exerted an improvement in enhancing movement comfort. We conclude that NEW could meet well with the cold protective and mobility requirements.

This paper discusses the influence of core sheath ratio, twist and loop length on the moisture management properties of cotton/polyester core spun knitted fabrics. Box behnken, a three level- three variable factorial design was used to study the interactive effects of the dependent variables. Fifteen single jersey fabrics were knitted according to the statistical run and tested for physical and moisture management properties. Increase in polyester percent increases the moisture management properties which decreases the fabric weight and dries quickly. High twisted and tight structured fabrics hold moisture and spread more. The wetting time of all the knitted structures at the top and bottom surface were rated as fast (i.e. 3 to 5). Absorption rate of all the fabrics at the top and bottom surface were graded as medium range. Maximum wetted radius at the top and bottom surface were graded as very large (i.e. >22). Spreading speed of the top and bottom surface were rated as very fast (i.e. >4). 100% cotton knitted fabrics showed excellent (i.e. >400) accumulative one-way transport index and remaining samples were rated as very good (i.e. 200-400). The overall moisture management capacity of the 100% cotton knitted fabrics were rated as excellent compared to core spun knitted fabrics which were graded as very good.

As in all sectors, fierce competition across the world deeply affects the textile industry. With the addition of new players to the market day by day, the competition is getting more and more intense. In today's world, where the price is determined by the customer, not by the manufacturer, it is an inevitable necessity for companies to reduce their costs in order to survive by maintaining their profitability. This only depends on the efficient use of resources. In this article, a productivity study has been carried out for the bobbin (package) dyeing process, which is one of the important elements of the textile industry. In this study, which was carried out practically in Bursalı Tekstil LTD. ŞTİ, the problem of sequencing the batches waiting to be dyed in dye boilers is discussed. It is necessary to wash the boilers between batches of different colors that are dyed consecutively within certain constraints. In addition, the due dates of these yarn batches must be respected. With the solution methods presented, it is aimed to sequence the batches in a way that requires the least washing and minimizes the total tardiness. Developed integer linear model and iterative greedy based heuristics were first tested with randomly generated test problems. In addition, it has been tested with six months of actual data of the bobbin dyeing department of the relevant company. According to the manual sorting, 17% improvement has been achieved in terms of the number of boiler washes and 13% in terms of total tardiness.

Alkaline hydrolysis is a useful method for enhancing properties of polyesters. In this study, the alkali hydrolysis of three polyester filament yarns (poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)) was comparatively investigated under various conditions such as alkali concentration, solvent mixture, process duration and temperature. The weight loss under different conditions was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy was used for morphological evaluation of the samples. Tenacity loss was also determined for hydrolyzed polyester yarns. While the effect of the different contions on weight loss of PET yarns was the highest, that of PBT yarns was the lowest. While PBT yarns lost nearly their half weight at 100 % ethanol, PTT yarns lost almost all of their weight and PET yarns were completely degraded. PBT yarns showed the fewest diameter loss percentages above 30 ºC. PTT yarns showed the highest tenacity loss for the similar weight loss values.

Embroidery is the process of transferring a pattern to the textile surface by sewing. Embroidery, which increases the value-added of the product with ornamentation technique, is indispensable for clothing manufacturers that particularly care about the brand image. With the development of computerized sewing machines, embroidery, which is a traditional ornamentation technique, can be performed using different methods and materials in multi-needle and multi-head embroidery machines. As a result of technological developments and the effect of fashion, embroidery has become an important field of ornamentation on textile surfaces, especially for industrial branches such as clothing, home textile and footwear. Since the primary aim of embroidery is pattern transfer, special attention has been paid to visual quality, while the quality factors related to usage have remained in the background. This research studies the effects of embroidery on clothing comfort in terms of embroidery parameters. Growing embroidery sizes, because of the reasons such as emphasizing the brand image and the fashion trends, enrich the product visually. However, growing embroidery sizes affect the physical and clothing comfort properties. In this study, the main two embroidery parameters, which add visual richness to the product, the embroidery stitch length and the weight of the fusing paper are used. The fusing paper increases the stability of the embroidery by remaining between the lower thread and the fabric. By using the same yarn on two types of fabric, single jersey and pique, the effects of embroidery stitch length and fusing paper properties on physical and thermal comfort properties are analyzed. As a result of this study, it has been observed that embroidery affects the clothing comfort properties of a garment. The increase in the weight of the fusing paper used and the increase in the needle penetration number affect the thermal behavior. As an outstanding conclusion, when the same fusing paper is used, the increase in needle penetration number relatively decreases the thermal and water vapour resistance, due to the increased number of needle holes.

Due to its economic worth, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is grown in almost 70 countries and provides income for more than 250 million people. Therefore, producing cotton with having some desired characteristics that includes extended biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, improved fiber quality, promoted nutritional content and increased yield is the main objective for cotton biotechnology. To achieve this goal, many tissue culture and gene transfer techniques are being developed and used throughout the years. As applications for the gene transfer, the Agrobacterium-mediated, particle bombardment and pollen tube pathway-mediated methods are most successfully used and in conjunction with this, meristematic shoot tips as explants are efficiently utilized in gene transfer methods. In this study, the main objective was to report an efficient protocol for a greater recovery of transgenic cotton plant using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. For this, one of the cotton strains (Cukurova 1518) cultivated widely in Turkey was chosen and meristematic shoot tips as explant sources, and GFP and NPTII genes as reporter and marker genes were used, respectively. The effective post co-cultivation conditions were provided via using the selection regime in vitro. Finally, the current results showed highly reproducible protocol developed could be used to produce transgenic cotton plants expressing desired traits or can be utilized as a model system to study the expression of particular genes. 由于其经济价值, 棉花 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) 在近70个国家种植, 为2.5亿 多人提供收入. 因此, 棉花生物技术的主要目标是生产具有某些期望特性的 棉花, 包括延长生物和非生物胁迫耐受性、改善纤维品质、提高营养含量 和增加产量. 为了实现这一目标, 多年来, 许多组织培养和基因转移技术被 开发和使用. 作为基因转移的应用, 农杆菌介导、粒子轰击和花粉管通道介 导的方法被最成功地使用, 与此相结合, 分生茎尖作为外植体被有效地用于 基因转移方法. 在这项研究中, 主要目的是报告一种利用根癌农杆菌介导的 转化更有效地恢复转基因棉花植株的方案. 为此, 选择在土耳其广泛种植的 棉花品系之- (Cukurova 1518), 分生茎尖作为外植体来源, GFP和NPTII基因分 别作为报告基因和标记基因. 通过体外筛选机制提供了有效的共培养后条 件. 最后, 目前的结果表明, 所开发的高重复性方案可用于生产表达所需性 状的转基因棉花植株, 或用作研究特定基因表达的模型系统.

The textile industry is one of the most complex sectors, in terms of the materials and chemical processes used from petroleum and the environmental degradation during its production and disposal. It is therefore a sector looking for new possibilities and for more sustainable materials and applications. One option is to use natural dyes, as they are considered biodegradable, do not pollute the environment, and have potential use for many sectors, including the fashion industry. In this study, Alanya silk was dyed by a natural dyeing method with crocus sativus, Helichrysum arenarium, and Glycyrrhiza glabra L., plants that grow in and around the Alanya region. Quercus aegilops L. grown in the region was preferred as mordant, a natural binder, and is one of the plants with the highest tannin content, and it was used with a more environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to increase the binding in natural dyeing instead of chemical mordants. The aim is to provide an environmental and scientific contribution to the dyeing producers in this region. According to the MAUT (Multi-Attribute Utility Theory) method, the best dyes in terms of fastness and color efficiency were determined as the dyes made with the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plant.

In automotive industry, vehicle seat has been came first to mind at beginning of components that is encounter directly with customer. The customers have many expectations in terms of aesthetics, functionality and comfort from the seats of vehicle. When considering comfort in car seats, backrest, cushion, headrest foam and upholstery are the place of at the top of the list. The seat upholstery in vehicle has a composite structure by including fabric, lamination foam and backing scrim. This composite structure is combined with the foam by using techniques such as traditional method or in-situ technology. In traditional method, the upholstery is trimmed on the product’s foam. In in-situ technology, PU is injected into ready-placed upholstery. The advantage of in-stu technology is to make a perfect trimming for curved foam designs. Especially in headrest, it is preferred concave shapes for distance that effects on comfort and also safety between the driver's head and the seat headrest. In in-situ process, an overflow failure may occure from the upholstery surface of injected foam including polyurethane (PU) with high pressure during process. Overflow failure is not required by main automobile producers for aesthetical aspect and quality point of view. In this study, it is evaluated the effect of lamination foam and fabric in composite structure on overflow failure. In evaluation of overflow behaviour of PU injected foam, fabric types and lamination foam types were tested regarding weight measurement, peeling strength and air permeability. Final products as headrest were obseved by 40x microscop to evaluate the overflow failure.

In this study multifunctional bio-based cotton composites were fabricated. The characterization of fabricated cotton composites were investigated by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). And also antibacterial test and dye adsorption properties were investigated. The effects of contact time, pH, temperature, and ionic strength on removal of remazol blue (RB) were studied. The antibacterial activity was studied against the S. Aureus and K. Pneumonia. Consequently dyeability of cotton was increased with treatments. These treatments can be used in textile industry for free salt dyeing which is a desirable property for cotton. And also treated cottons exhibited antibacterial activity. As a result it can be said that applications increased dyeability of cotton and were gained antibacterial properties to the cotton.

Bu çalışmada, elyaf takviyeli kompozitlerde darbe sonrası absorblanan enerji ile oluşan iç hasar görüntüsü araştırılmıştır. 14 kat karbon ve 14 kat cam kumaştan oluşturulan kompozit yapılarda matris malzeme değişkeni sabit tutularak vakum infüzyon yöntemi ile numuneler aynı boyutlarda üretilmiştir. Üretilen bu numuneler Charpy darbe test cihazı ile darbeye maruz bırakılmıştır. Numunelere darbe öncesinde ve sonrasında doğrudan geçişli ultrasonik test (TTU) yöntemine göre muayene yapılmıştır. Elde edilen C-Tarama görüntülerinde görüntü işleme yöntemi kullanılarak, oluşan iç hasar alanı hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; Charpy test cihazından alınan enerji absorblama oranı ile hasar yayılımı ve hasarlı bölgenin kapladığı alan arasında doğru orantı tespit edilmiştir.

Kumaşların tasarımına giren teknoloji fark yaratır ve mayo kumaşı buna sadece bir örnektir. Büyük mayo markaları, ürünleri için hangi kumaşların en uygun olduğuna karar vermek için çok zaman harcamakta ve çalışmaktadır. Çoğu zaman, elde etmeye çalışılan amaca bağlı olarak çeşitli liflerden oluşan farklı kumaşlardan değişik stillerde mayolar üretilmiştir. Suda sorunsuz bir şekilde yüzmek istendiğinde, mayonun kumaşı ve bileşimi fark yaratacaktır. Her tekstil malzemesi, kişiye ve uzmanlık düzeyine bağlı olarak suyun içindeyken farklı hissettirecek ve uyum sağlayacaktır. Ek olarak, farklı kumaşların farklı yaşam döngüleri vardır. Bir mayo vücuda daha iyi uyumlu iken, diğeri daha uzun ömürlüdür. Yüzme aktivitesinde en iyi mayoyu bulmak, spordaki veya yarıştaki başarınız için önemlidir. Değişik malzeme karışımları kullanılarak yüzme mayolarının her birine değişik özellikler katmak amaçlanır. Bu çalışmada mayoların içerdiği tekstil malzemeleri ve özellikleri bakımından sürdürülemez mayolar, sürdürülebilir mayo çalışmaları ve günümüz-geleceğin mayoları olmak üzere üç ayrı başlık altında örneklerle incelenmiştir.

Türk hazır giyim sektöründe üretim çok büyük oranda fason olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Bu durum sektörde faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin arzu ettikleri karlılık oranına ulaşmalarına engel olmaktadır. Bu nedenle fason şeklinde üretim gerçekleştiren Türk hazır giyim işletmelerinin kendi markalarını oluşturmaları ve markalı ürün üretimine geçmeleri gerekmektedir. Çünkü marka, günümüz küresel dünyasında işletmelerin farklı olmalarını ve rekabet üstünlüğü gibi önemli avantajlar elde etmelerini sağlayan stratejik bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada, Türk hazır giyim sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin marka oluşturmak için gerçekleştirmeleri gereken faaliyetlerin belirlenerek bir model oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kapsamında görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma yöntemi kapsamında 3 aşamalı bir süreç benimsenmiştir. Birinci aşamada, açık uçlu bir soru formu oluşturularak, fason üretimde bulunan hazır giyim işletmelerinin markalaşmak için gerçekleştirmeleri gereken faaliyetler 19 uzmana sorulmuştur. İkinci aşamada uzmanlardan elde edilen veriler içerik analizine tabi tutularak, fason üretiminde bulunan hazır giyim işletmelerinin kendi markalarını oluşturmak için izlemeleri gereken adımlar istatistiki bir şekilde belirlenerek bir yol haritası ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü aşamada ise hazır giyim işletmelerinin fason üretimden markalı ürün üretimine geçebilmelerine yönelik bir model geliştirilmiştir. Bu model 8 adımdan (markalaşma kararı vermek, rakipleri analiz etmek, marka tescili yapmak, koleksiyon oluşturmak, tutundurma faaliyetlerinde bulunmak, müşterileri anlama çalışmalarında bulunmak, çalışanları sürekli eğitmek, müşteri sadakatini artırmak) oluşmaktadır. The production in the Turk ready-made garment sector is mostly outsourced. This situation prevents the enterprises operating in the sector from reaching the desired profitability rate. For this reason, Turk ready-made garment enterprises that perform contract manufacturing should create their own brands and start producing branded products. In this study, it is aimed to create a model by determining the activities that the enterprises operating in the Turk ready-made garment sector should perform in order to create a brand. For this purpose, the interview technique was used within the scope of qualitative research method in the research. A three-stage process was adopted within the scope of the research method. In the first stage, an open-ended question form was created and 19 experts were asked about the activities that the ready-made garment enterprises in contract manufacturing should carry out in order to become a brand. In the second stage, the data obtained from the experts were subjected to content analysis, and a road map was tried to be revealed by determining the steps that the ready-made garment enterprises in contract manufacturing should follow in order to create their own brands. In the third stage, a model has been developed for ready-made garment enterprises to switch from contract manufacturing to branded product production. This model consists of 8 steps (making a branding decision, analyzing competitors, registering a brand, creating a collection, engaging in promotional activities, understanding the customers, training employees continuously, increasing customer loyalty).

İnsanoğlunun birincil ihtiyaçlarının en önemlilerinden birisi hiç şüphesiz giysi ihtiyacı olup, bu ihtiyaç tekstil ürünleriyle karşılanmaktadır.Tekstil ürünlerinin üretimi ilk zamanlar elde, daha sonra el tezgâhlarında, birinci endüstri devrimiyle birlikte fabrikalarda üretilmeyebaşlanmıştır. Fabrikalarda insan ve makinelerin birlikte üretim yapmaya başlamalarıyla birlikte ise iş sağlığı ve güvenliği problemleriortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Fabrikalarda çalışan kişi sayısının artmasıyla birlikte iş sağlığı problemleri toplumları ilgilendiren boyuta ulaşmıştır.Devletler hem toplumu korumak hem de üretimi devam ettirmek için iş sağlığı yasaları yürürlüğe sokmuştur. Tekstil üretimindeiş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda en fazla karşılaşılan tehlikelerin başında; yangın, gürültü, toz, tehlikeli kimyasallar ve hareketli aksamlargelmektedir. Bu çalışmada ilgili tehlikeler tanımlanmakta, bu tehlikelerin kaynakları ve bu tehlikelere karşı alınabilecek önlemler hakkındabilgi verilmektedir.

Günümüzde hazır giyim pazarında rekabet kaliteden pazarlama faaliyetleri üzerinden yapılmaktadır. Pazarlama faaliyetleri ise uzman personel, para ve zaman gerektiren faaliyetlerdir. Fakat hazır giyim işletmelerinin büyük çoğunluğu, KOBİ niteliğinde olduklarından, pazarlama için gereken kaynaklara (özellikle uzman personel, para gibi) yeterli miktarda sahip değillerdir. Hazır giyim işletmelerinin pazarlama sorununa günümüz teknolojilerinin getirmiş olduğu pek çok çözüm mevcuttur. Bu çözümlerden birisi ise sosyal medyadır. Sosyal medya, günümüz pazarlama stratejileri arasında gittikçe önem kazanan ve her büyüklükteki işletmenin potansiyel müşterilere ulaşmasını sağlayan bir internet pazarlama biçimidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türk hazır giyim işletmelerinin sosyal medya kullanımlarını incelemektir. Bu amaca ulaşmak için yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu tasarlanmıştır. İlgili görüşme formu vasıtasıyla sosyal medya kullanan dört hazır giyim işletmesinden veri toplanmıştır. Bu verilerin analizinden; işletmeleri sosyal medya kullanmaya teşvik eden birincil sebeplerin; pazarlama, marka tanıtımı, marka bilinirliği ve geniş kitlelere ulaşmak olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin sosyal medya kullanmaya başlarken ki beklentilerinin; marka bilinirliği, marka tanıtımı, ünlerin özgünlüğünü göstermek ve müşteri kitlesini oluşturmak olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İşletmelerin mevcut sosyal medya kullanım düzeyine ulaşmak için gerçekleştirdikleri ilk faaliyetin sosyal medya hesabı açmak olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin sosyal medya kullanımının; müşteri ilişkilerini olumlu etkilediği, satışları, yeni ürün geliştirme sayısını ve marka değerini artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal medya kullanmakta olan hazır giyim işletmelerinin sosyal medya kullanmaya istekli hazır giyim işletmelerine önerileri ise, müşteri ile interaktif iletişim kurmaları, sosyal medya paylaşımları için bir strateji belirlemeleri, sosyal medyalarını profesyonel yönetmelerini ve sosyal medya ile iletişimde kurumsal bir dil kullanmaları şeklinde olmuştur. Nowadays competition in the ready-made clothing market is based on quality and marketing activities. Martketing activities, on the other hand are activities that require specialized personnel, money and time. However, since the majority of ready-made clothing businesses are SMEs, they do not have sufficient resources (especially expert personnel, money) for marketing. There are many solutions brought by todays technologies to the marketing problem of ready-made clothing companies. One of these solutions is social media. Social media is a form of internet marketing that is becoming increasingly important among today\"s marketing strategies and enables businesses of all sizes to reach potential customers. The aim of this study is to examine the social media usage of Turkish ready-made clothing businesses. To achieve this aim, a semi-structured interview form was designed. Data were collected from four ready-made clothing businesses using social media through the relevant interview form. From the analysis of these data; primary reasons that encourage businesses to use social media; marketing, brand promotion, brand awareness and reaching large audiences. Expectations of businesses when starting to use social media; It has been concluded that brand awareness, brand promotion, showing the originality of reputations and creating a customer base. It has been determined that the first activity of businesses to reach the current level of social media usage is to open a social media account. The use of social media by businesses; It has been determined that it affects customer relations positively, increases sales, the number of new product developments and brand value. The suggestions of the ready-made clothing businesses that use social media to the ready-made clothing businesses that are willing to use social media are to communicate interactively with their customers, to determine a strategy for social media sharing, to professionally manage their social media and to use a corporate language in communication with social media.

Günümüz işletmelerinin en önemli sorunlarından birisi ürünlerinin satışıdır. Ancak işletmelerin ürünlerinin satışını gerçekleştirebilmeleri için ekonomik imkan, zaman ve nitelikli personel ihtiyaçları bulunmaktadır. Fakat internet işletmelere satış faaliyetlerini daha ekonomik ve hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilme imkanı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, perde işletmelerinin; internet siteleri, sosyal medya platformları ve e-pazaryerlerinde satış gerçekleştirebilmeleri için ilgili mecralara hangi bilgileri girmeleri gerektiği araştırılmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında ilgi mecralarda perde satışı gerçekleştiren işletmelerin internet verileri incelenmiştir. Kendi internet sitesinden perde satış gerçekleştiren işletmelerin web siteleri incelendiğinde; ortalama perde başına 4 adet fotoğrafa yer verdikleri, perdeleri genellikle ürün tipine göre sınıflandırdıkları ayrıca perdelere ait; genişlik ve yükseklik, kumaş İçeriği, temizleme (yıkama, kuru temizleme vb.), yıkama sıcaklığı, renk değişimi, ödeme şekli ve indirim durumu, teslimat, iade koşulları, iptal ve değişim bilgilerinin yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir. İşletmelerin sosyal medya (Instagram) sayfaları incelendiğinde ise; perde başına fotoğraf sayısının 3 adet olduğu ancak diğer bilgiler konusunda ortaklaşmanın yeterince gelişmediği görülmüştür. İşletmelerin e-pazaryerleri incelendiğinde ise; ortalama 4 adet fotoğrafa yer verildiği, perdelerin genellikle fiyat aralığına göre sınıflandırıldığı, ayrıca perdelere ait; renk, kumaş (PES, nylon, pamuk vb.), temizleme (yıkama, kuru temizleme vb.), genişlik ve yükseklik, stok, ödeme şekli, indirim durumu, teslimat şekli (kargo, kapıda teslim, kendin al vb.), planlanan teslim tarihi hakkında bilgiler verildiği tespit edilmiştir. One of the most important problems of today\"s businesses is the sale of their products. However, businesses need economic opportunity, time and qualified personnel in order to sell their products. However, the internet provides businesses with the opportunity to perform their sales activities more economically and quickly. In this study, curtain companies; It is investigated which information they need to enter in the relevant channels in order to make sales on websites, social media platforms and e-marketplaces. Within the scope of the research, the internet data of the companies that sell curtains in the relevant channels were examined. When the websites of the businesses that sell curtains on their own website are examined; There are an average of 4 photographs per curtain, curtains are generally classified according to product type, and also belong to curtains; width and height, fabric content, cleaning (washing, dry cleaning, etc.), washing temperature, color change, payment method and discount status, delivery, return conditions, cancellation and change information. When the social media (Instagram) pages of businesses are examined; It was concluded that the number of photographs per screen was 3, but the businesses could not agree on other information. When the e-marketplaces of the enterprises are examined; an average of 4 photographs are included, curtains are generally classified according to price range, and also belong to curtains; color, fabric (PES, nylon, cotton, etc.), cleaning (washing, dry cleaning, etc.), width and height, stock, payment method, discount status, delivery method (shipping, delivery at the door, pick up yourself, etc.), planned It was determined that information about the delivery date was given.

In this study, two novel silicon phthalocyanines (SiPc) having axial anchoring groups (3: SiPc carrying bis-dibutyl phenoxy acrylic acid and 5: SiPc carrying bis-dibutyl phenoxy carboxylic acid) are synthesized as the photosensitizers of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The obtained novel photosensitizers are elucidated by using 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Moreover, the electrochemistry of SiPcs is investigated with voltametric and in-situ spectroelectrochemical analysis. Both SiPcs illustrate similar two reductions and one oxidation Pc based redox processes. In-situ spectroelectrochemical results support the Pc based characters of the voltametric responses. The chromaticity diagrams and optical responses of the anionic and cationic moieties are recorded with the in-situ spectroelectrochemistry to determine the viability of them for various photoelectrochemical usage. Finally, SiPcs are investigated as dyes in DSSCs in order to investigate the influence of bis-dibutyl phenoxy acrylic acid and bis-dibutyl phenoxy carboxylic acid anchoring groups to the photovoltaic performance of SiPcs. DSSCs sensitized with SiPc (3) and SiPc (5) illustrate good photovoltaic performance with 1.48 and 1.99 mA/cm2 short circuit current density, 0.751 and 0.657 V open circuit potential, 0.52 and 0.57 fill factor, and 0.57% and 0.75% power conversion efficiency respectively.

The purpose of this study is to improve the water harvesting capacity of the traditional wire mesh from the fog by modifying its surface using a nature-inspired composite structure consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic zones. Hydrophilic zones were obtained by electrospinning or electrospraying of the polyamide 6 (PA6) / chitosan (CH) blend, and similarly hydrophobic zones were attained by electrospraying of polycaprolactone (PCL). The water harvesting capacity of the resulting meshes was tested and compared with each other. The highest water harvesting capacity was achieved with the PA6/CH nanofiber coated wire mesh as 87 mg / cm2/h. This mesh collected twice as much water compared to the uncoated mesh. However, its water collection rate decreased when nanofiber surface reached the saturation level. The addition of hydrophobic PCL particles onto nanofibers reduced the amount of water captured. In this case, the water collection rate of the mesh continued to increase.

The noil percentage of the combing process can be varied 8-25% depending on the cotton quality and combing machine adjustments to obtain desired cotton yarn quality parameters. In this study, the effect of combing noil percentage on yarn quality for different linear densities (19.7 and 14.8 tex) and twist coefficients (3, 3.5 and 4) in the production of the compact spun yarn was investigated. Comber noil percentage was chosen in accordance with optimum combing machine setting as 14, 16 and 18%. The amount of noil percentage to be extracted at comber was achieved by forward feeding detaching which means the material is fed whilst the nipper is rocking towards the detaching roller to obtain better fiber control. Then, the tenacity, elongation, unevenness, imperfection index (IPI) and hairiness values of the yarn samples were determined. Analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship between a yarn quality variables and linear density, twist coefficient, noil percentage independent variables.

Within the framework of the European Green Deal, with the adoption of the circular economy model, it is necessary to investigate the recyclable possibilities of the wastes produced in the production of residual products. We can classify textile industry wastes as fiber, yarn, fabric waste, and post-consumer waste of the product in terms of raw materials. Raw material wastes formed during production before consumer use are expressed as pre-consumer, and wastes formed after use are expressed as post-consumer. Both pre-consumer and post-consumer wastes can be recycled and used at certain rates in the production of new textile products. In this way, the waste of textile products before and after use is recycled, contributing to the ecological environment. This study covers the recycling of 100% acrylic yarn waste, which is pre-consumer waste, by mechanical method and reuses in acrylic yarn production. For this purpose, Ne 20/1 yarns were produced with the same production parameters by blending acrylic fiber recycled from yarn waste with acrylic virgin fiber at 20, 30, and 40% ratios. Furthermore, a control sample was produced from virgin acrylic fiber. The tenacity, elongation, unevenness, IPI and hairiness properties of these produced yarns were determined. Single jersey fabrics were produced using these yarns in the SDL ATLAS sample knitting machine. Fabric weight, course and wale per cm, air permeability, bursting strength, bursting height and pilling properties were analyzed. Test results show that the blend ratio of recycled acrylic fiber ratio has a statistically significant effect on yarn properties. On the other hand, it was found that this parameter has no significant effect on fabric properties.

In this study, the development of filters made of spunbond fabric coated with nanofiber surface was studied. With Covid 19, filters have gained importance in terms of human health. In this study, it is aimed to produce filters by using cellulose acetate and polyvinyl alcohol materials with the help of solution blowing method. The purpose of choosing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) raw material is that it is not toxic and not polluting the environment, has high chemical stability, high abrasion resistance and low cost. Cellulose acetate (CA) material was chosen because it is a renewable, biodegradable, low-cost and high-quality fiber source that can be used in many manufacturing processes. These two materials were chosen in order to make the produced filter environmentally friendly and biodegradable. For the samples produced; tensile strength and FT-IR tests were carried out.

In order to reduce the requirement of waste eliminating and environmental pollution, recycling seems to be a suitable solution. In this study, polyester fibers with three different number of filament and two fiber cross section form (round and plus) were spun from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) polymer and texturised on an industrial scale. rPET yams were used as a weft yam in woven fabric production. Fabric performance properties such as breaking, tearing and seam slippage resistance, weight, breaking elongation, abrasion resistance and air permeability were analysed and compared with that of virgin PET fabrics. As a result of this study, it was determined that virgin and rPET polymers provided almost similar fabric properties. Higher number of filaments gave lower fabric breaking elongation, seam strength, abrasion resistance and air permeability values while led to higher tearing strength. Except fabric weight and tensile properties, filament cross section had a significant affect on other studied fabric properties.

Auxetic materials with a negative Poison’s ratio (PR) have the potential to meet the demand for different materials, especially technical textiles. In the literature, Universal Tensile Test (UTT) devices and various experimental setups developed by researchers have been used in PR measurements. This study aims to investigate the PR of knitted fabrics with UTT and extensometer devices comparatively by using the same measurement parameters according to ASTM E132. Knitted fabrics with zigzag and foldable patterns were produced in the study because of their auxetic behaviour. It has been determined that the extensometer device can be used as an alternative to the UTT device for PR measurements. While the PR of foldable fabrics cannot be measured with the UTT device because of the fabrics' folding on themselves, it has been observed that it can be easily measured with the extensometer device thanks to the horizontal axis principle.

Dual-core yarns, which are developed to have high elasticity and strength properties at the same time in the yarn structure, have been the focus of interest in yarn sector. Considering the purpose of developing dual-core yarns, it is obvious that the breaking strength and elongation performances expected from these yarns are very important. In this paper, the twist coefficient and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate)/Elastane draft ratios of dual-core yarns were optimized by Taguchi Method for improved of breaking strength and elongation performance. The signal to noise ratio (SNR) was calculated for each output and optimum levels were determined over these ratios. As a result of the study, it was determined that PET draft was the most effective parameter for both outputs. Considering the individual optimum levels determined for each output, common factor-level combinations covering both outputs were determined. Consequently, optimal common combination for the multi-performances was found as 4.2 twist coefficient, 1.15 PET draft ratio and 3.8 elastane ratio.

The focus of this work is to make a significant contribution to solid waste management by designing impact-absorbing bio-composite panels using bio-resin and denim wastes. In this context, composite panels are produced by vacuum infusion technique using both epoxy and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) based hybrid resins while denim wastes are utilized as reinforcement materials in fiber and fabric forms. Both physical (fiber density and fiber weight ratio) and mechanical analyses (drop-weight impact resistance and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)) of the composites are performed. The outcomes of the study prove that the increase in the AESO ratio of the resin system improves the ductility of the composite and consequently the impact resistance. On the other hand, dynamic mechanical analysis results indicate that the AESO plug-in reduces the storage module and increases the damping factor.

Skin models are used for determination of water and thermal resistance of fabrics. Measurement in these instruments starts with determination of water vapour resistance of a boundary layer above the sweating hotplate. In the second step, the hotplate is covered by the tested fabrics and the instrument measures WV resistance of the fabric and that of boundary layer. Afterwards, the difference between these measurements presents the required WV resistance of the measured fabric, provided that WV resistance of the boundary layer is in both measurements identical. However, fabric surface roughness may change WV resistance of the boundary layer in the second measurement. In the paper, the effect of the fabric surface on measurement precision is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified by procedure, which provides same air surface friction during both steps of the measurement. Experiments confirmed certain but small effect of the fabric surface roughness on the measurement precision.

Seams provide the shape of the garments and support the fabric pieces together. The seam quality is important for the serviceability of any garment. In general, the seam quality depends on various factors such as fabric weight, sewing thread type, and stitches per unit area. In this research, three different levels of fabric types with the same construction and different weights, which are mostly used in the production of denim products, were examined. For this purpose, each fabric was sewn in the warp direction with three different levels of sewing threads and three different levels of stitch densities. Then, the values of seam strength, and the seam pucker values were obtained with three replications for each combination of levels. In this study, it is aimed to obtain the optimum levels of fabric weight, sewing thread type, and stitch density of denim fabrics by using the Taguchi method. Custom Taguchi Design is employed to observe the efficiency of factor levels on seam strength and seam pucker, and existence of interactions among fabric weight, sewing thread type, and stitch density.

The textile industry is one of the causes of environmental problems, which have a negative effect on all organisms in the ecosystem. In addition to the textile wastes generated by the textile industry, wet processes (dyeing, rinsing, softening, mechanical/chemical finishing) release inorganic compounds, polymers, organic products, dyes, and microfibers (MFs) into the environment. Microfibers may also accumulate in marine species and be passed to higher trophic levels, including humans, through the food chain. In order to solve this problem, it is first necessary to correctly identify it. These stages are sample pretreatment, microplastic separation, and characterization/quantification. The aim of this research is to assess the significance of sample pretreatment in detecting microfibers in wastewater from various parts of a textile company. For the purpose of observing the effect of organic removal, half of the wastewater from each process was pretreated, while the other half was not. A 6-hour pretreatment at 60 °C with Fenton's reagent was performed. A microscope and FTIR were used to investigate the MFs collected on the filter. In particular, due to the rich amount of organic matter in inflow and outflow wastewater, the lack of pretreatment made the analysis very difficult. Additionally, the FTIR analysis failed to detect some of the distinctive peaks that should have been visible in the materials.

The objective of this research is to study antibacterial and antistatic properties of polyamide yarn which coated silver nanoparticles and carboxymethylstarch (CMS). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a green synthesis method and coated onto polyamide (PA) fibers. The presence of nanosilver onto yarns was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–visible spectra (UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The concentration of silver deposited on the composite PA yarns was measured by ICP-OES spectroscopy. Electrical conductivity of composite yarns was measured by four point conductivity measurement technique and was changed from 1.452x10-5 to 2.853x10-3 S/cm.

To obtain a sustainable competitive advantage, companies in the national and global markets should direct their activities to new goods and services that create differences. Economic units with high technology and capital accumulation have the opportunity to work more efficiently and create innovations in the market. Nowadays, the main economic resource beyond capital, labor, or natural resources is knowledge. So far, innovation continuously appears in the markets with technological developments in information and communication-intensive sectors such as informatics. \"Innovation\", which has become the most important competitive tool in today\"s economy, is also referred to as innovation. According to the most widely accepted approach of Schmookler (1966), \"An enterprise makes a technical change if it develops a new product or service for itself or uses a new method or input for itself. The enterprise that makes a certain technical change first is the one that makes the innovation, and this action that it does is innovation.\" (Oguzturk, 2003).According to Evans et al. (2010), attitude is a mental state that creates behaviors towards a stimulus. This stimulus can be any product, person, service, brand, idea, physical object, advertisement, event, or symbol as an attitude object. According to the three-component model of attitude that was first added to the literature by Rosenberg and Hovland (1960), attitudes are defined as generalizable structures that consist of beliefs, feelings and behavioral tendencies towards an attitude object. In this model, thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object constitute the cognitive element; emotion and mood represent the affective (or sensory) component, and action intentions represent the behavioral component. Eagly and Chaiken (1993) stated in their studies that it is necessary to understand the underlying cognitive, affective and behavioral processes in order to predict how much the attitude will change. In the process of shaping the evaluations that can occur in different forms, the direct and indirect effects of product interest and benefits on consumer attitude (sensory, cognitive, behavioral evaluations) will be examined in this research.

Demand forecasting is a key factor for apparel retail stores to sustain their business, especially where there are variety of products and intermittent demand. In this study, two of the most popular machine learning methods, random forest (RF) and k-nearest neighbour (KNN), have been used to forecast retail apparel’s intermittent demand. Numerous variables that may have an effect on the sales, have been taken into account one of which is defined as “special day” that might trigger intermittence in the demand. During the application of the forecast, four different datasets were used to provide reliability. 28 different variables were used to increase accuracy of the forecasting and experience of the behaviours of the algorithms. Root mean square error (RMSE) was used to evaluate performance of the methods and as a result of this study, RF showed better performance in all four datasets comparing to KNN.

The aim of the paper was to improve development of a basic pattern block with modelling a curve of a side seam across the hips of the skirt or trousers. The area between waist and maximum hip line is completely overlooked since none of the pattern construction systems give exact instructions. Data from anthropometric measurement of the 162 young Slovenian females between 18 and 27 years of age were used to support the idea. The shape of the curve on the side seam of the skirt was quantified with a hip curve distance (HCD) based on a new measure: additional girth measurement 11 cm below the waist girth. HCD range of 4,77 cm pointed to significant differences in shape of the curve on the side seam of the skirt which could not be neglected.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an applied and objective analysis into heat transfer and mass transfer parameters such as relative water vapour permeability, thermal conductivity and thermal absorptivity as well as liquid accumulation of baby diapers which have critical importance on skin health using non-destructive Alambeta and Permetest instruments. SEM investigation was also carried out for characterization of breathable film layer of the diaper assembly. According to the water vapour transmission assessment, it was found that a few hours later, the composite diaper assembly becomes almost zero vapour permeable which results in discomfort and a poor breathability in baby diaper. It was also found that the liquid accumulation in diaper has increased in the course of time. The thickness of the diapers had an important effect on thermal parameters however production type of nonwoven top sheet and back sheet layers had a dramatic effect on these parameters.

Pamuk ve poliester günümüzde en çok kullanılan konvansiyonel lifler olarak tekstil endüstrisinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Bu elyafların güç tutuşurluk terbiye işlemlerinde kullanılan kimyasallara alternatif olarak çevre atık yükü düşük ve sürdürülebilir doğal malzemelerinin elde edilmesi çalışmanın çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Bu noktada doğal materyallerden birisi olan muz kabuklarının, yapılarındaki potasyum, magnezyum ve kalsiyum mineralleri dolayısıyla tekstil materyali üzerinde bir alev almaya karşı kalkan görevi görebileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada, ilk olarak muz kabuğunun yapısından ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle büyük boyutlu ve yabancı maddeler uzaklaştırılmıştır. Bitkisel atık ekstratları ilk olarak yakma, haşıl sökme, merserize ve kasar ön terbiye işlemleri ile aynı gramaj ve konstrüksiyona sahip %100 pamuklu kumaşlara emdirme ve kaplama yöntemlerine göre uygulanmıştır. İkinci olarak ise; yakma, soğuk kasar ön terbiye işlemlerinden geçirilen %50 pamuk-%50 poliester karışımlı dokuma kumaşlar üzerine aynı aplikasyon yöntemleriyle uygulanmıştır. Muz kabuğu atık ekstratlarının pamuk ve pamuk-poliester karışımlı kumaşların yapısındaki dağılımını incelemek için SEM görüntüleri alınmıştır. Pamuk ve pamuk/poliester karışımı kumaşlarda emdirme ve kaplama sonrası muz kabuğu atık ekstraktlarının sıcaklık-zaman fonksiyonuna bağlı kütle kayıpları TGA analizleri ile tespit edilmiştir. Muz kabuğu ekstraktı ve ticari güç tutuşurluk kimyasallarıyla emdirme ve kaplama işlemine tabi tutulan %100 pamuklu ve %50 Pamuk-%50 PES karışımlı kumaşların alev alması için ortamda bulunması gereken oksijen miktarının belirlenmesi için LOI analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Bu çalışma kapsamında iletken nano malzemeler (çok duvarlı nano karbon, grafen, Nikel Oksit, Baryum Titanat, Demir Oksit) kullanılarak poliester film üretimi amaçlanmıştır. Film yüzeylerin iletkenlik ölçümlerinin tespiti için Waterun Sl-030 yüzey özdirenç ölçer kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen filmler malzeme karakterizasyonu için Fourier Dönüşümlü Infrared Spektroskopisi (FT-IR), Diferansiyel Taramalı Kalorimetre (DSC), Termal Gravimetrik (TGA) ve SEM EDX analizlerine tabi tutulmuştur. Ayrıca bu çalışmanın devamı niteliğinde iletken iplik üretilebilirliği de hedeflendiğinden elde edilen filmlerin viskozite testleri de yapılmıştır. Farklı nanopartikül katkılı poliester film yüzeyler arasından 10^5 ohm/s yüzey özdirenci gösteren karbon katkılı filmler iletken özellik göstermiş olup, yüzey özdirenç değerleri 10^7 ile 10^10 ohm/s arasında değişen grafen katkılı filmler ise antistatik özellik göstermiştir. Ayrıca genel bir sonuç olarak nanopartikül katkı oranı (%) artışı ile özellikle grafen ve karbon katkılı film malzemelerde iletkenlik artarken termal özelliklerde dramatik bir değişim olmadığı gözlenmiştir., It was aimed to produce polyester films by using conductive nanomaterials within this study. Surface resistivity of the film surfaces was evaluated by using Waterun Sl-030 model surface resistivity meter device. Obtained film surfaces were analyzed for material characterization by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, since the conductive yarn production is planned as an extension of this project, viscosity tests were also conducted for the films. Among the nanoparticle added polyester films, carbon added samples revealed a conductive property with the surface resistivity of 10^5 ohm/s while graphene added samples indicated an antistatic property with the surface resistivity varying between 10^5 ile 10^11 ohm/s. In addition, as a general result, it is observed that with the increase in the nanoparticle particle ratio (%), the conductivity of the film materials increases especially in graphene and carbon-added film materials while, there is no dramatic change in thermal properties.

Nowadays needleless electrospinning is a well-known technique to produce polymeric nanofibers on large scale. This study was conducted to see the influence of spinneret polarity on needleless electrospinning. Depending on the type of spinneret polarity, electrospinning led to different fiber morphology, productivity and areal density. The electric field profile in the electrospinning zone was analyzed by using finite element method. It was revealed that the intensity of electric field was higher in the part that was connected with a high voltage electrode. This could be the main reason of variances in fiber diameter, productivity and areal density