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The use of point of care diagnostics (POCD) in animal diseases has steadily increased over the years since its introduction. Its potential application to diagnose infectious diseases in remote and resource limited settings have made it an ideal diagnostic in animal disease diagnosis and surveillance. The rapid increase in incidence of emerging infectious diseases requires urgent attention where POCD could be indispensable tools for immediate detection and early warning of a potential pathogen. The advantages of being rapid, easily affordable and the ability to diagnose an infectious disease on spot has driven an intense effort to refine and build on the existing technologies to generate advanced POCD with incremental improvements in analytical performance to diagnose a broad spectrum of animal diseases. The rural communities in developing countries are invariably affected by the burden of infectious animal diseases due to limited access to diagnostics and animal health personnel. Besides, the alarming trend of emerging and transboundary diseases with pathogen spill-overs at livestock-wildlife interfaces has been identified as a threat to the domestic population and wildlife conservation. Under such circumstances, POCD coupled with non-invasive sampling techniques could be successfully deployed at field level without the use of sophisticated laboratory infrastructures. This review illustrates the current and prospective POCD for existing and emerging animal diseases, the status of non-invasive sampling strategies for animal diseases, and the tremendous potential of POCD to uplift the status of global animal health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary calculi or uroliths in the urinary system is called as urolithiasis. Obstructive urolithiasis can become a lifethreatening complication. Two buffalo calves were presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Banaras Hindu University, with history of anuria since 3 days. On physical examination, the calves were weak and on abdominal percussion, fluid thrill was observed. Lateral projection of abdomen on radiograph had a poor serosal detail with fluid opacity inside the abdomen suggestive of uro-abdomen. The buffalo calves were subjected for surgical correction by tube cystostomy technique and post-operatively they were kept on ammonium chloride tablets for dissolving the uroliths along with other medications. Both the buffalo calves had an uneventful recovery in a month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study fibroblasts seeded matrices prepared from bovine pericardium was evaluated in the repair of full thickness skin defects in rats. The pericardium tissue from buffalo was treated with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for 48 hours showed complete acellularity with normal thickness and arrangements of collagen fibres. In vitro primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (p-MEF) cells were cultured and seeded on the acellular pericardium matrix (APM) using static seeding technique. Forty eight (48) rats of either sex were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 animals each. Under general anaesthesia a 20x20 mm2 full thickness skin defect was created on dorsal thoracic area. The defect in group A (control) was repaired with standard dressing material whereas, groups B, C and D animals were repaired with autograft, APM and p-MEF seeded APM, respectively. Wound healing was evaluated on the basis of clinical, gross, immunological and histopathological observations. On the basis of different observations recorded it can be said that APM have wound healing potency however, seeding with p-MEF increases the wound healing potency. APM seeded p-MEF was found to be a novel biomaterial which has amphipathic character in full thickness skin repair and enhances wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the protocol for in-vitro culture of rat and dog bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells have been standardized. The protocols for de-epithelialization and decellularization of rabbit dermal matrix were optimized. Exposing the dermal matrices to hypertonic solution for 8h duration causes de-epithelialization and later on subjecting the de-epithelialized rabbit skin to 1% ionic biological detergent for 24h resulted in complete decellularization. Decellularized tissues had less protein which was evident from the SDS-PAGE analysis. It has been observed that the young's modulus increased on decellularization of the tissues. Rat and dog bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on rabbit acellular dermal matrix to evaluate its healing potential on full thickness skin wounds. A 20 x 20 mm2 sized full thickness skin defect was created on dorsum of forty eight Sprague Dawley rats, randomly divided into four equal groups. The defect in group I (control) was repaired with autograft whereas, groups II, III and IV were repaired with rabbit acellular dermal matrix, rabbit dermal matrix seeded with rat mesenchymal stem cells and dog mesenchymal stem cells, repectively. Wound healing was evaluated on the basis of gross, immunologic, oxidative stress parameters, histopathologic and immunohistochemistry. Acellular rabbit dermal matrix seeded with rat mesenchymal stem cells had an accelerated wound healing potential when compared to the autograft, acellular rabbit dermal matrix and acellular rabbit dermal matrix seeded with dog bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Early angiogenesis were evident in the mesenchymal stem cells seeded groups. The bio-engineered dermal matrices are biocompatible and biodegradable and can be used for delivering cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of study was to develop bioengineered scaffolds by seeding primary mouse embryo fibroblast cells (p-MEF) on polypropylene mesh and to test its efficacy for the repair of abdominal wall defects in rats. Methods The study was conducted on 18 clinically healthy adult Wistar rats of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into two equal groups having nine animals in each group. In both the groups a 20 mm × 20 mm size full thickness muscle defect was created under xylazine and ketamine anesthesia in the mid-ventral abdominal wall. In group I the defect was repaired with polypropylene mesh alone and in group II it was repaired with p-MEF seeded polypropylene mesh. Matrices were implanted by synthetic absorbable suture material (polyglycolic acid) in continuous suture pattern. The efficacy of the bio-engineered matrices in the reconstruction of full thickness abdominal wall defects was evaluated on the basis of macro and histopathological observations. Results Macroscopic observations revealed that adhesions with skin and abdominal viscera were minimum in group II as compared to group I. Histopathological observations confirmed better fibroplasia and collagen fiber arrangement in group II. No recurrence of hernia was found in both the groups. Conclusion Hernias are effectively repaired by implanting polypropylene mesh. However, this work demonstrates that in vitro seeding of mesh with fibroblasts resulted in earlier subsidization of pain, angiogenesis and deposition of collagen, increased thickness of matrices with lesser adhesions with underlying viscera. On the basis of the results p-MEF seeded mesh was better than non-seeded mesh for repair of abdominal wall defects in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, three dimensional growth of fibroblasts on carbon fibre mesh and assessment of biocompatibilty by in-vitro and in-vivo examination was done. Carbon fiber mesh was cut in desired size and after sterilization, placed in six well cell culture plates. The mesh was co-cultured with p-MEF cells. At different time intervals the viability and proliferation of the p-MEF cells was evaluated. The primary objective of this study was biological evaluation of carbon fibre mesh which can be used for creation of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Among the possible forms of implants, fibrous matrices are highly promising for the tissue regeneration by acting as a cell-supporting scaffold. Results of in-vitro observations of the morphology p-MEF cells seeded on the surface of carbon fibre mesh shows adhesions and attachment fibroblasts cells to carbon fibres on day 3 post seeding. They attached firmly and were uniformly spread along the fibres on day 5 post seeding and mostly spindle-shaped and cover almost all their surface on day 7 post seeding and such a spreading of cells indicates good adhesions and biocompatibility of carbon fibres. In-vivo examination of retrieved sample on day 30 post implantation shows that carbon fibre mesh was covered by dense thick fibrous connective tissue. Complications like infection or pus formation was not seen in the vicinity of any implanted biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article present a case study which describes the use of an acellular dermal matrix for the reconstruction of large ventro-lateral hernia in a buffalo. topics discussed include use of biomaterials for the surgical repair of abdominal wall defects, collection of rabbit skin and its preservation in ice-cold sterile phosphate buffered saline, and biocompatibility and biodegradable properties of collagen.

Tissue engineering of skin, based on bioengineered cell-matrix constructs has resulted in significant advancement in the field of wound healing. In the present study a cell-matrix construct was used for the repair of full thickness skin wound. An acellular collagen based matrix was developed from fish swim bladder. Bone marrow derived cells of rat (r-BMSc) were seeded over this decellularized matrix and efficacy of this tissue engineered cell-matrix construct in wound repair was tested by implanting it over 20×20 mm² size full thickness skin wound created over the dorsum in a rat model. The study was conducted in 24 clinically healthy adult rats of either sex. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each. Group I animals were treated as control where no treatment was given. The defects of groups II and III were repaired with acellular fish swim bladder (FSB) matrix and r-BMSc seeded acellular FSB matrix, respectively. The wound healing was studied for a period of 28 days or till the completion of healing. The acellular FSB matrix alone and the matrix seeded with r-BMSc were found to be effective biomaterials in repair and regeneration of full thickness skin wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the attachment, proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells on acellular matrices and to develop bioengineered collagen matrices for reconstructive surgery. The tissues used for making 3-D scaffolds were diaphragm and pericardium of buffalo as well as skin of rat and rabbit. These tissues were subjected to different protocols for decellularisation to minimize the immunological reaction. Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were cultured in-vitro and were seeded on decellularised tissues. These decellularised tissues as well as mouse embryonic fibroblast cells seeded tissues were subjected to histological and scanning electron microscopic examinations. Light microscopic examination of decellularised tissues revealed partial to complete decellularisation. Light microscopic as well as scanning electron microscopic examinations revealed that the mouse embryonic fibroblast cells got attached, proliferated and migrated over the acellualr matrix. The protocols for decellularisation of different tissues were standardized. The bioengineered 3-D scaffolds with mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were developed. These scaffolds can be used for reconstructive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in 18 wistar rats in two equal groups (n=9) to evaluate the wound healing potentiality of xenogenic mesenchymal stem cells for the healing of full thickness skin wound. One 2 X 2 cm² full thickness wound was created on dorsal region of thorax of adult wistar rats of either sex. Topical application of paraffin gauze over the wound acted as control. The wounds were evaluated based on clinical and macroscopical observation. Gross observations and photographic evaluations were also performed until the end of study. The result suggested that an early granulation tissue formation with reduced exudation and peripheral swelling was observed in the MSC treated group and proved better than control wound. Complete full thickness skin wound healing was observed on day 18-20 with minimum scar in the MSC treated group, whereas, in control group wound healing was completed by day 27- 28. In conclusion, topical transplantation of MSC results in paracrine effects on cellular proliferation and had better wound healing potentiality and MSC appeared as immune-privileged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the extraction techniques for decellularising the rat dermis. The rat skin was procured after euthanizing rats. The rat skin was then first processed to remove the epithelium (de-epithelialization) by subjecting it to hypertonic solution for different time intervals. Later the de-epithelialized tissues were subjected to five different protocols which includes hypertonic solution, TritonX-100, sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium deoxycholate (1% and 2%) for different time intervals for decellularizing the tissues. Tissue samples were collected at different time intervals for histological examinations. In hypertonic solution for 8 hours resulted in complete de-epithelialization of rat dermis. At 48 hours, all the samples treated with different protocols showed complete acellularity with removal of cellular debris from tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rat skin was de-epithelialized using hypertonic saline solution and further decellularized with 1% sodium deoxycholate. The primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (P-MEF) cells were seeded on acellular dermal matrix (ADM). Fortyfive rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 animals each. A 20×20mm2 full thickness skin defect was created on dorsum. The defect in group-I was dressed with standard dressing material, group-II with ADM, and group-III ADM seeded with P-MEF. In group- III, complete healing was observed at day21. The values of hydroxyproline contents in group III were significantly higher on days14 and 21 as compared to group-I. Significant decrease in glucosamine content was observed up to day28 in group-III. Native graft antigen challenged animals showed highest B-cell response. The acellular graft antigen challenged animals showed no B-cell response. Biopsy specimens showed minimum histopathological scores in group-III. The level of MDA and SOD increased significantly up to day14 in group-I. On day3, significantly lower values of GSH were observed in group-I whereas, significantly higher values of catalase were observed in all groups. SEM examination revealed well spread fibroblasts over the scaffold in group-III. These results indicate that bioengineered grafts can be used clinically to manage full thickness skin wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the surgical management of intestinal obstruction that was caused by a white marble stone. The researchers observed a Basset Hound dog with a history and vomiting and anorexia. They performed enterotomy at the antimesentric border that revealed a marble stone, after which they closed the intestinal lumen with 2-0 chromic catgut. They gave the dog ceftriaxone post-operatively for seven days and then maintained it on parenteral alimentation with Dextrose and Ringers lactate two times a day together with Metronidazole.

Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) represent an attractive cell population for tissue engineering purpose. The objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) to a silica-coated calcium hydroxyapatite (HASi) - rabbit bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell (rBMSC) construct promoted bone healing in a large segmental bone defect beyond standard critical -size radial defects (15mm) in rabbits. An extensively large 30mm long radial ostectomy was performed unilaterally in thirty rabbits divided equally in five groups. Defects were filled with a HASi scaffold only (group B); HASi scaffold seeded with rBMSC (group C); HASi scaffold seeded with rBMSC along with rhBMP-2 and IGF-1 in groups D and E respectively. The same number of rBMSC (five million cells) and concentration of growth factors rhBMP-2 (50µg) and IGF-1 (50µg) was again injected at the site of bone defect after 15 days of surgery in their respective groups. An empty defect served as the control group (group A). Radiographically, bone healing was evaluated at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days post implantation. Histological qualitative analysis with microCT (µ-CT), haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and Masson's trichrome staining were performed 90 days after implantation. All rhBMP-2-added constructs induced the formation of well-differentiated mineralized woven bone surrounding the HASi scaffolds and bridging bone/implant interfaces as early as eight weeks after surgery. Bone regeneration appeared to develop earlier with the rhBMP-2 constructs than with the IGF-1 added construct. Constructs without any rhBMP-2 or IGF-1 showed osteoconductive properties limited to the bone junctions without bone ingrowths within the implantation site. In conclusion, the addition of rhBMP-2 to a HASi scaffold could promote bone generation in a large critical-size-defect.