Search

Electrocution deaths are mostly accidental. However, reconstruction of events in unusual electrocution death is challenging. This article reports an accidental death due to electrocution in a highly unusual circumstance, in which a truck driver reversing his vehicle was electrocuted when his truck inadvertently touched an overhead high‐voltage wire. The electric injury marks were present over the sole of the right foot. The scene investigation revealed that the high‐voltage wire was loose and was below the level of the prescribed height. The truck was passing over an elevated area made up of dirt and stone. The interior of the cabin of the truck revealed a few non‐insulated metallic areas over the floor of the truck, between the accelerator and the brake, which were attributed as the sources of entry of electricity into the body. The electric injury marks were different than those usually seen in high‐voltage electrocution as there was an intermediate object (truck) involved, and the contact period between the truck and the electric wire was minimal. This fatality was attributed to the non‐proper insulation of the interior of the truck, the negligent driving of the truck driver over the elevated surface, and the loose high‐voltage wire without proper maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Momordica charantia var. muricata , a little-known wild form, as a source of favourable alleles in breeding and improvement of bitter melons (M. charantia var. charantia), is demonstrated. The M. charantia var. charantia cultivar Priyanka and M. charantia var. muricata accession IC634896 were crossed with each other and cross ability and performance of F1 plants were studied. These botanical varieties were fully cross-compatible on either direction. Surprisingly, cross of Priyanka × IC634896 produced 80.0 fruits compared to 17.0 in Priyanka and fruit yield per plant (2287.4 g) was more than double that in Priyanka (1042.3 g). This hybrid has to be back crossed with commercial cultivar to improve its fruit size, with no compromise on fruit number. This is the first study showing the promise of M. charantia var. muricata as a potential donor in bitter melon breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the potential of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in mild and severe TBI cases, including TBI-related deaths.This prospective cohort study includes 40 cases each of mild, severe, fatal TBI cases, and 40 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from live patients at 8 and 20 h post injury for UCH-L1 and GFAP respectively, and from deceased patients within 6 h of death.Elevated levels of both GFAP and UCH-L1 were observed in patients with severe and fatal TBI cases. These biomarkers exhibited promising potential for predicting various Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) categories. Combining GFAP and UCH-L1 yielded higher predictive accuracy both for diagnosis and prognosis in TBI cases. The study additionally established specific cut-off levels for GFAP and UCH-L1 stratified according to the severity and prognosis.GFAP and UCH-L1 individually demonstrated moderate to good discrimination capacity in predicting TBI severity and functional outcomes. However, combining these biomarkers is recommended for improved diagnostic and prognostic utility. This precision tool can enhance patient care, enabling tailored treatment plans, ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality rates in TBI cases.Methods: This study aimed to explore the potential of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in mild and severe TBI cases, including TBI-related deaths.This prospective cohort study includes 40 cases each of mild, severe, fatal TBI cases, and 40 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from live patients at 8 and 20 h post injury for UCH-L1 and GFAP respectively, and from deceased patients within 6 h of death.Elevated levels of both GFAP and UCH-L1 were observed in patients with severe and fatal TBI cases. These biomarkers exhibited promising potential for predicting various Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) categories. Combining GFAP and UCH-L1 yielded higher predictive accuracy both for diagnosis and prognosis in TBI cases. The study additionally established specific cut-off levels for GFAP and UCH-L1 stratified according to the severity and prognosis.GFAP and UCH-L1 individually demonstrated moderate to good discrimination capacity in predicting TBI severity and functional outcomes. However, combining these biomarkers is recommended for improved diagnostic and prognostic utility. This precision tool can enhance patient care, enabling tailored treatment plans, ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality rates in TBI cases.Results: This study aimed to explore the potential of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in mild and severe TBI cases, including TBI-related deaths.This prospective cohort study includes 40 cases each of mild, severe, fatal TBI cases, and 40 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from live patients at 8 and 20 h post injury for UCH-L1 and GFAP respectively, and from deceased patients within 6 h of death.Elevated levels of both GFAP and UCH-L1 were observed in patients with severe and fatal TBI cases. These biomarkers exhibited promising potential for predicting various Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) categories. Combining GFAP and UCH-L1 yielded higher predictive accuracy both for diagnosis and prognosis in TBI cases. The study additionally established specific cut-off levels for GFAP and UCH-L1 stratified according to the severity and prognosis.GFAP and UCH-L1 individually demonstrated moderate to good discrimination capacity in predicting TBI severity and functional outcomes. However, combining these biomarkers is recommended for improved diagnostic and prognostic utility. This precision tool can enhance patient care, enabling tailored treatment plans, ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality rates in TBI cases.Conclusion: This study aimed to explore the potential of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in mild and severe TBI cases, including TBI-related deaths.This prospective cohort study includes 40 cases each of mild, severe, fatal TBI cases, and 40 healthy controls. Serum samples were collected from live patients at 8 and 20 h post injury for UCH-L1 and GFAP respectively, and from deceased patients within 6 h of death.Elevated levels of both GFAP and UCH-L1 were observed in patients with severe and fatal TBI cases. These biomarkers exhibited promising potential for predicting various Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) categories. Combining GFAP and UCH-L1 yielded higher predictive accuracy both for diagnosis and prognosis in TBI cases. The study additionally established specific cut-off levels for GFAP and UCH-L1 stratified according to the severity and prognosis.GFAP and UCH-L1 individually demonstrated moderate to good discrimination capacity in predicting TBI severity and functional outcomes. However, combining these biomarkers is recommended for improved diagnostic and prognostic utility. This precision tool can enhance patient care, enabling tailored treatment plans, ultimately reducing morbidity and mortality rates in TBI cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eleven month old female Persian cat, was presented at Veterinary Polyclinic Chengannur, with a complaint of injury and protrusion of left eye. On clinical examination, proptosis of left eye could be detected and the affected eye was found to be blind. Advised enucleation of the eye as a remedy. The cat was presented on the day of surgery after an overnight fasting. The clinical parameters were found to be normal. Enucleation of left eye was done under general anaesthesia. Then managed with antibiotics and analgesics for the next 5 days. The cat recovered uneventfully and adapted well to the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosaic disease spread by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is the major threat to cassava cultivation. This study reveals the variations in cassava whitefly populations across 13 agro-ecological zones of Kerala State, India, and their virulence. Discriminant analysis of morphometric measurements of whitefly pupa from different agro-ecological zones showed more evident distinction compared to adult, and analysis of the whitefly genome using 10 selected ISSR primers has revealed two major clusters within the Sulthan Bathery population, as out group. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase1 gene showed the presence of two whitefly biotypes, Asia I and Asia II 5. This is the first report of whitefly biotype Asia I infesting cassava. The genetic variation could be the result of isolated speciation under highly diverse elevations and agro-ecological conditions. Cassava plants infested with the Asia I biotype had very low cassava mosaic disease severity compared to those infested with the Asia II 5 biotype. The present study, for the first time, provides molecular evidence of the possibility of more than one biotype of B. tabaci infesting cassava in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid development and adoption of biofortified, provitamin A-dense orange maize (Zea mays L.) varieties could be facilitated by a greater understanding of the natural variation underlying kernel color, including as it relates to carotenoid biosynthesis and retention in maize grain. Greater abundance of carotenoids in maize kernels is generally accompanied by deeper orange color, useful for distinguishing provitamin A-dense varieties to consumers. While kernel color can be scored and selected with high-throughput, low-cost phenotypic methods within breeding selection programs, it remains to be well established as to what would be the logical genetic loci to target for selection for kernel color. We conducted a genome-wide association study of maize kernel color, as determined by colorimetry, in 1,651 yellow and orange inbreds from the Ames maize inbred panel. Associations were found with y1, encoding the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis, and with dxs2, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors of carotenoids. These genes logically could contribute to overall carotenoid abundance and thus kernel color. The lcyE and zep1 genes, which can affect carotenoid composition, were also found to be associated with colorimeter values. A pathway-level analysis, focused on genes with a priori evidence of involvement in carotenoid biosynthesis and retention, revealed associations for dxs3 and dmes1, involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis; ps1 and vp5, within the core carotenoid pathway; and vp14, involved in cleavage of carotenoids. Collectively, these identified genes appear relevant to the accumulation of kernel color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A young Labrador dog was presented with complaint of persistent vomiting for past one week. On palpation, a hard foreign body could be palpated in abdomen and was confirmed as radio opaque in radiograph. Patient was stabilized and enterotomy was performed for surgical removal of foreign body. A hard stone was removed and animal recovered successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The curry leaf extract is known to have anticancer property against breast cancer. Identification of the specific compound therein the curry leaf and its validation is essential for successful discovery of drugs. In that content, here, we extracted oleoresin from the mature curry leaves was subjected to antioxidant fractionation using column chromatography. Fraction obtained using 60:40 hexane and ethyl acetate solvent system, showing the maximum inhibition of DPPH, was subfractionated and those with the highest antioxidant property was analyzed in LC-MS/MS. Spectrum of molecules identified, along with FDA approved drugs, were docked with target proteins for breast cancer. In vitro screening of candidate phytocompounds doxylamine, histidinol and pheniramine, in their commercially available form, through Trypan blue exclusion assay against murine cancer cell lines EAC and DLA had shown that they have no cytotoxicity. Pheniramine maleate salt (PMS), doxylamine succinate salt (DSS) and L-histidinol dihydrochloride (LHD) have shown dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of MCF-7 cells, with 280 µg/mL PMS at 72 h of incubation giving the maximum of 98.46%. Acute toxicity studies in Swiss albino mice (100 mg PMS/kg body wt.) have confirmed that the drug has no toxicity. Mouse mammary pad tumour model has shown that PMS significantly reduces the WBC count in the tumour induced mice. Liver function tests, histopathological analyses of liver, mammary pad and kidney tissues and expression analysis of oncogenes ER-α1, Bcl-2, c-Myc and Pin1 have confirmed the drug candidature of PMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic interrelationship among all the popular vegetable cowpea varieties cultivated in Kerala was investigated through morphometric, RAPD and SSR analyses. High polymorphism was observed in RAPD (88.0 per cent of bands were polymorphic) and SSR (80.0 per cent ofbands were polymorphic) analyses. Dendrogram based on morphological parameters has divided the genotypes into two main clusters which truncated at 68.0 per cent similarity, with purple and green poded varieties segregating into separate clusters. Morphometric analysis was successful to group the varieties with determinate and indeterminate growth habits whereas, RAPD and SSR markers could not make a clear division. However, distinction was apparent between purple poded and green poded types and purple poded varieties viz Vyjayanthi and Varun exhibited high similarity with each other in SSR analysis (80.0 per cent) when compared to RAPD (77.0 per cent). Dendrogram of pooled data of SSR and RAPD analyses has revealed maximum similarity between Vyjayanthi and Varun (77.0 per cent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Step-wise analysis of core variability in centers of origin and distribution can resolve conflicts over the taxonomic status of any plant species. Ash gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] and tinda [Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo] are vegetables in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Identification of unique genotypes under Benincasa has led to a situation that requires verifying the monotypic status of this genus. Tinda, also known as round melon, was recommended to be included as a second species in Benincasa. This study tested the hypothesis that Benincasa is monotypic. Morphological evaluation of a mini-core collection comprising 26 ash gourd and 5 tinda entries exhibited variability. Ash gourd and tinda genotypes varied for multiple morphological traits. Cluster analysis differentiated ash gourd and tinda, with nearly 70% dissimilarity. All ash gourd accessions were freely crossable in both directions, ruling out the possibility of any new species. Non-cross-ability of tinda with ash gourd has confirmed its genetic distinctiveness. Nine barcodes distinctly differentiating the genera were identified from the matK and ITS2 loci. With the characteristic morphological traits, non-crossable nature and distinct barcodes that are not shared with any of the members of Praecitrullus, Benincasa should be considered monotypic and a separate genus status retained for Praecitrullus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer is one of the common malignancies reported in India. Most of these cancers are preceded by potentially malignant disorders. Despite improvements in the management strategies of these cancers the posttreatment prognosis has remained poor. The 5-year survival rates of oral cancers in most countries are still below 50%. The poor outcomes in oral cancer prevention and treatment can be due to nature of the spread of genetically altered cells as fields within the epithelial compartment. The conventional management protocols need to be modified taking into consideration the field spread of genetically altered cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Interference with viral βC1 ORF offers YVMV resistance in transgenic okra lines. • ihpRNA cassette with sense and antisense strands was cloned in pRNAi-LIC vector. • Ligation independent cloning is an easier, PCR based strategy. • Agrobacterium mediated in planta transformation is an efficient strategy in okra. • Artificial screening with infected vectors in containment has proven the resistance. Begomovirus Yellow vein mosaic virus causes severe yield losses in okra and even the resistant lines developed through conventional breeding show susceptibility at various levels. This paper describes the development of YVMV resistant lines through RNAi strategy. A universal ihpRNA construct harbouring βC1 ORF from the β-satellite of the begomovirus was designed using pRNAi-LIC plasmid. Complementarity checks in sequence databases had shown no off-target effects by the target region and the success of siRNA in interference was proven using Custom Dicer-Substrate siRNA analysis. The βC1 ORF of the begomovirus was PCR amplified and sequenced using the primer combination designed. The pRNAi-LIC vector, a derivative of pCAMBIA2300 containing duplicated CaMV 35S promoter and Nos terminator from pYL44, was Sma I digested and the amplified sense and antisense strands of the βC1 region were cloned. E. coli transformed with the plasmid were screened for antibiotic resistance, and the plasmids confirmed for the sense and antisense regions through sequencing, were transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. In planta transformation strategy was followed to transform a highly susceptible okra cv. Salkeerthi with ihpRNA- βC1 cassette. Transformation success, confirmed by the amplification of sense strand using the primers VLIC1 and VLIC5, was 11.42 %. Transcription of siRNA from the βC1 ORF in the transgenic lines was confirmed by its PCR amplification from the cDNA, using the stem loop primers designed (68 bp). When the transformed and healthy wild-type plants were co-grown with infected wild-type plants, inside an insect cage released with whiteflies and maintained within a containment facility, three of the four transgenic plants remained completely healthy throughout the crop span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the bacterial wilt is identified as the most destructive disease in hot peppers world-wide, robust molecular markers that facilitate marker assisted selection are absent till date. Kerala Agricultural University (India) has released two hot peppers named Ujwala and Anugraha which show high level field resistance to this pathogen. The variety Anugraha was developed through backcross breeding between a high yielding but highly susceptible variety Pusa Jwala with the highly resistant Ujwala, using Pusa Jwala as a recurrent parent. Thus, Pusa Jwala and Anugraha are near isogenic lines (NILs) differing for the resistance to bacterial wilt only and the resistance is governed by a homozygous recessive (rr) gene action. The F 1 s of Anugraha × Pusa Jwala were selfed to generate the segregating F 2 population. The F 2 population has been field screened, 10 highly susceptible and 10 most resistant plants were identified and DNA from these plants were bulked separately. Bulked segregant analysis with AFLP primer combination Eco ACT + Mse CAC was done using the DNA from donor parent Ujwala, susceptible parent Pusa Jwala, resistant parent Anugraha, bulked susceptible F 2 and bulked resistant F 2 plants. On resolution using capillary electrophoresis system in genetic analyzer, the AFLP products have yielded three polymorphic bands (103, 117, and 161 bp) which were linked with the resistant recessive allele and three polymorphic bands (183, 296, 319 bp) linked with the dominant susceptible allele of the bacterial wilt resistance gene. The results were confirmed through co-segregation analysis in most resistant and susceptible plants of F 2 segregating population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The existing protocol for the cultivation of oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus florida) in polyethylene bags leads to environmental pollution amounting to 18 g of polyethylene per 450 g of mushroom, which is the average biological efficiency achieved from a bag. Thus the projected annual global pollution amounts to 2 million tones, corresponding to the production of 48 million tones. Experiments were conducted at Kerala Agricultural University, India, to formulate an oyster mushroom cultivation strategy that reduces this pollution level. RESULTS: Pooled results of experiments at the institute's and farmers' units have shown that reusable plastic buckets having perforations of 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm throughout the side walls could be used to substitute polyethylene bags, while following the standard cultivation protocols. Cultivation in perforated buckets has recorded a biological efficiency of 435.69 ± 56.75 g in 47.07 ± 5.22 days against 459.11 ± 53.52 g in 38.05 ± 4.54 days in polyethylene bags. The rate of contamination in buckets was significantly lower than that in bags: 9.28 ± 2.12 and 12.60 ± 3.73% respectively. CONCLUSION: Reusable plastic buckets with perforations on the side walls could be used to substitute the conventional polyethylene bags in oyster mushroom cultivation, with no significant difference in yield. Losses due to slight increase in crop duration in buckets will be compensated with a lower rate of contamination. For a unit having a daily output of 100 kg, it was estimated that during 10 years of permanent cultivation following this technique, the cost of cultivation could be reduced to one-tenth and the environmental pollution reduced by at least 730 000 non-degradable polyethylene bags. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mistletoes are serious phanerogamic parasites on perennials trees and severe infestations question the survival of host plant itself. Extreme regenerative capability of these plants handicaps the prevailing management strategies. The outcome of various mechanical and chemical treatments on mistletoes on mango hosts is detailed, and the ineffectiveness of foliar sprays for systemic mortality is histologically traced to the discrete phloem. Based on these findings, we commercially recommend a new technique – base banding with 1% 2,4-D – for xylem translocation that results in non-regenerative parasitic mortality. This involves the banding around the pest trunk with cotton cloth strip soaked in herbicide, at the point of attachment to the host, after removing the outer skin to about 0.5 cm length. Two consecutive foliar sprays with either 1% ethephon or 60% diesel, with the second spray on leaf re-emergence was also effective but costly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes differ considerably in scape length, flowering ability, and seed production. In bolting clones reproductive processes are facilitated by a combination of specific temperature and photoperiod regimes. However, it is yet unclear whether the phase-specific photoperiod effect on florogenesis is universal for all garlic genotypes. We investigated the effect of ambient day length interruption by 10 or 30 days of long photoperiod in ten garlic accessions belonging to four bio-morphological groups. It was evident that garlic genotypes vary significantly in response to long photoperiod, and that in some clones the treatment enhances florogenesis, flower stalk elongation and bulbing. The competition for resources by the simultaneously developing bulb and inflorescence sinks differentially determines the fate of stalk elongation and flower development in the investigated genotypes. It is concluded that florogenesis in garlic can be promoted by exposure to proper environmental stimuli, during pre-planting storage and sprouting to the later growth stages. The genetic variability acquired from sexual reproduction and vegetatively preserved collections can serve in genetic and physiological studies as well as in breeding programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The phenomenon of flowering and aerial bulbil production in Asiatic garlic was observed under long photoperiodic conditions of Ladakh, India. Flowers were sterile and the bulbils produced on the umbel were true to type. Observations on a large number of flowering and nonflowering plants have led to the formulation of a precise flowering index (FI) in garlic. Plants with a minimum leaf number of 7, height 25 cm, collar width 0.6 cm, bulb diameter 3.7 cm, bulb weight 22.5 g, and functional leaf area of 182.4 cm² had only shown the flowering. The flowering index formulated was a product of leaf number, plant height, functional leaf area, and bulb weight. For flowering, FI should be more than 788, and availability of a minimum photoperiod of 4020 hours during a growth period of 11 months was another prerequisite. Nonfulfillment of any one of the factors of flowering, although FI and photoperiod were satisfactory, led to nonflowering. Garlic aerial bulbil yield was positively correlated with leaf number, plant height, bulb weight, bulb diameter, length of flower stalk, 100 seed weight, and head diameter. Following the multiple regression model y = -11.9 - (0.00031 x number of bulbils) + (0.147 x 100 bulbil weight) + (4.95 x head diameter) + (0.0460 x length of flower stalk), aerial bulbil yield prediction was possible at a mean accuracy of 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the Heterorhabditis spp. harbour symbiotically associated bacteria which are toxic to a wide range of insect pests. Isolation, purification, characterization and mass multiplication of such bacteria will be a promising strategy in the management of the pests. This study was carried out to isolate the EPN from different locations, isolate and purify the bacterial colonies, characterize the bacteria through morphological and molecular strategies and to test the efficacy of different bacteria in the control of polyphagous Tetranychus truncatus Ehara mites. Results: EPNs were isolated from soil samples at 11 localities of Kerala State, India, and used to infect the Galleria mellonella L. larvae. Bacteria associated with the haemolymph of the infected larvae were isolated, which on NBTA medium have produced circular to irregular, entire, opaque and smooth colonies. Sequence characterization of the 16S rRNA revealed nine isolates namely: one symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens, two Pseudomonas aeruginosa, five Ochrobactrum sp. and one Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Phylogenetic analysis using the sequences has further confirmed the bacterial identity. Evaluation of the cell suspension (CS) and cell-free supernatant (CFS) of P. luminescens, P. aeruginosa and Ochrobactrum sp. for their adulticidal and ovicidal efficiencies on T. truncatus had identified significant adulticidal effects by P. luminescens, followed by P. aeruginosa. After 96 h of treatment, P. luminescens at 108 cells/ml resulted in a significantly higher mortality rate of adult mites (64.00 and 60.67%, respectively, for CFS and CS), compared to that resulted by P. aeruginosa (38.67 and 33.33%). Conclusions: Results of this study showed that P. luminescens associated with the EPN Heterorhabditis spp. is a promising biocontrol agent for T. truncatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome wide microsatellite maps shall support Phytophthora systematics through the development of reliable markers, enabling species discrimination and variability analyses. Whole genome sequences of 17 Phytophthora accessions belonging to 14 species were retrieved from GenBank and the genome-wide microsatellites in each species were mined. A total of 51,200 microsatellites, including dinucleotide to decanucleotide motifs, have been identified across all the species and each one was characterized for uniqueness and repeat number. The P. infestans T30-4 genome had the highest (6873) and P. multivora 3378 had the lowest number of microsatellites (1802). Dinucleotide motifs (63.6%) followed by trinucleotide motifs (30.1%) were most abundant in all the genome. From 14 species, 250 microsatellites which are unique for the respective genomes are detailed along with their primer combinations and product sizes. P. sojae had the highest number of unique microsatellite motifs. Genome wide microsatellite maps for all the 14 Phytophthora species including the chromosome, position, motif, repeat number, forward and reverse primer sequences and expected PCR product size, for every microsatellite are presented. Markers based on the unique microsatellites could be used to identify each species, whereas the ones common to all species could be used to identify the genetic variability. Furthermore, to confirm the results, pure cultures of P. capsici, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora were procured from the Phytophthora Repository, DNA was isolated and the unique markers were screened across the species. The characteristic markers developed have confirmed the genome analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora capsici is the serious most disease in black pepper, leading to complete crop losses. Even though the cultivars field tolerant to this disease have been identified, molecular mechanisms for the tolerance remain unknown. This study had the objective to identify the candidate genes involved in the foot rot field tolerance of black pepper through comparative transcriptome analysis. P. capsici tolerant/moderately resistant cultivar IISR-Shakthi and susceptible cultivar IISR-Subhakara were artificially inoculated under controlled conditions and mRNAs were isolated from the leaves of treated and control plants at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 h after inoculation. Transcriptome profiles were compared using DD-RT PCR on cDNA fragments and differentially expressed bands were sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed the involvement of signal proteins and defence enzymes Premnaspirodiene oxygenase, Phosphatase 2C-like domain-containing protein, Nitrous oxide reductase family maturation protein, putative disease resistance protein RGA3, Aspartyl protease, beta-glucosidase enzyme, Cytochrome P450 signal protein, Serine/Threonine Protein kinase WAG1 and nucleoredoxin 1-1 enzyme in field tolerance of black pepper to foot rot. Pathway analysis followed had paved additional insights in to the molecular mechanism of tolerance. Image 1 • Foot rot caused by the oomycete (Phytophthora capsici sp. nov.) is the most devastating disease of black pepper. • Susceptible and tolerant cultivars artificially inoculated, mRNA isolated and first strand cDNA synthesized. • Genes amplified using random primers, expression visualised on Urea-PAGE, differentially expressed bands sequenced. • Signal proteins and defence enzymes involved in tolerance mechanism identified. • Gene expression confirmed through e-Northen and pathways and resistance mechanisms identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Saraca asoca (Asoka) is reported to possess phytoestrogenic components with anticancer properties. The phytoestrogens are recognized as natural agonists for ERβ, which acts as an antagonist to ERα. Despite the absence of ERα, studies have identified ERβ in 50–80% of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). Thus, the present study is intended to reveal the role of phytoestrogens of Asoka on TNBC. The cytotoxic effect of Asoka methanol bark extract was analyzed on different breast cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Estrogen-screen assay was employed to determine the proliferative/antiproliferative effect. Identification of phytoestrogens in Asoka was accomplished using LC-MS analysis and in silico docking studies were performed to investigate possible interactions of phytoestrogens with ERα and β. Results: The extract of Asoka was found to be cytotoxic against TNBC cell line, MDAMB-231 with IC50 of 70.22 ± 1.89 μg/mL and towards HER+ breast cancer cell line, SKBR3 with IC50 of 98.41 ± 2.31 μg/mL, respectively. Whereas the extract did not show any cytotoxicity towards ERα cell line, MCF-7 even up to the concentration 300 μg/mL. Estrogen-screen assay emphasized an estrogenic effect of the extract on MCF-7 and an anti-estrogenic/antiproliferative effect on MDAMB-231 cells. LC–MS analysis identified phytoestrogens such as β-sitosterol, quercetin, kaempferol and others. The docking results revealed good binding efficacy of phytoestrogens with ERβ than ERα and quercetin shows more affinity with the highest docking score of − 9.220. Strikingly, it was found that the S. asoca methanol extract was preferentially cytotoxic to TNBC cells. Conclusion: The study demonstrates selective anticancer properties of S. asoca methanol extract on TNBC, which indicates a selective impact on ER subtypes. The identification of phytoestrogens, such as β-sitosterol, quercetin and kaempferol, in the Asoka methanol bark extract provides a molecular basis for its observed effects. In silico studies further support the view that these phytoestrogens may preferentially interact with ERβ rather than ERα. Quercetin, in particular, demonstrated the highest binding efficacy with ERβ, suggesting its potential role in mediating the anticancer effects observed in TNBC cells. Further research is warranted to explore the full therapeutic potential of phytoestrogens in breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evolutionarily conserved in plants, the enzyme D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPS; EC 5.5.1.4) regulates the initial, rate-limiting reaction in the phytic acid biosynthetic pathway. They are reported to be transcriptional regulators involved in various physiological functions in the plants, growth, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. Even though the genomes of most legumes are fully sequenced and available, an all-inclusive study of the MIPS family members in legumes is still ongoing. Results: We found 24 MIPS genes in ten legumes: Arachis hypogea, Cicer arietinum, Cajanus cajan, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Medicago truncatula, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Trifolium pratense and Vigna unguiculata. The total number of MIPS genes found in each species ranged from two to three. The MIPS genes were classified into five clades based on their evolutionary relationships with Arabidopsis genes. The structural patterns of intron/exon and the protein motifs that were conserved in each gene were highly group-specific. In legumes, MIPS genes were inconsistently distributed across their genomes. A comparison of genomes and gene sequences showed that this family was subjected to purifying selection and the gene expansion in MIPS family in legumes was mainly caused by segmental duplication. Through quantitative PCR, expression patterns of MIPS in response to various abiotic stresses, in the vegetative tissues of various legumes were studied. Expression pattern shows that MIPS genes control the development and differentiation of various organs, and have significant responses to salinity and drought stress. Conclusion: The MIPS genes in the genomes of legumes have been identified, characterized and their expression was analysed. The findings pave way for understanding their molecular functions and evolution, and lead to identify the putative MIPS genes associated with different cell and tissue development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of loci and linked markers enable the marker-assisted selection for transferring the reproductive phase heat tolerance in rice. Microsatellite marker-based bulked segregant analysis (BSA) for heat tolerance was performed in F3 progenies of the cross between temperature sensitive high yielding variety Uma and tolerant variety N22. Hightemperature stress ranged from 23.33 to 38.99 °C at the booting-stage, and spikelet-fertility was considered as a direct measure of tolerance. N22 has exhibited a high spikelet-fertility of 90.92 per cent against 2.62 per cent, 44.78 per cent in Uma and F3 plants, respectively. Of the 197 microsatellite markers screened, 41 were found to be polymorphic and used for BSA of tolerant and susceptible F3 bulk along with both the parents. Marker RM5749 on chromosome 4 had co-segregated with tolerance, whereas, previously reported markers for heat tolerance in rice did not have an effect in the study population. The LOD value obtained during single marker analysis for the linkage between marker RM5749 and spikelet fertility was 6.86, indicating a strong linkage with the spikelet fertility under heat stress. The failure of the reported markers in our population suggests that the reproductive phase heat tolerance mechanisms in rice vary across the populations and the markers have to be validated for each population before being employed in MAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Extraction and chemical characterisation of turmeric leaf waste essential oil (TLEO) • The predominant phytochemical constituent in TLEO was α-phellandrene. • TLEO exhibited significant insecticidal activities against two stored grain insects. • The antioxidant potential of TLEO was determined. • Turmeric leaf waste can be valorised for essential oil-based pesticide formulation. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a significant crop that has historically been used worldwide as a medicinal plant, spice, food colouring agent, and a significant ingredient in cosmetic industries. After harvesting rhizomes, leaves are considered waste material. This research study aims to extract and chemically characterise the essential oil from the leaves waste of turmeric with an evaluation of different insecticidal, antioxidant, and phytotoxic activities. Subsequently, the contact toxicity, fumigant toxicity, and repellent activity were evaluated against two key stored grain insect species. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) characterisation revealed that α-phellandrene (28.95%), 2-carene (16.51%), eucalyptol (10.54%) and terpinolene (10.24%) were the major chemical constituents. The study's findings on the insecticidal effects of essential oils extracted from turmeric leaves revealed noteworthy repellent, contact (at 24 h, LC 50 = 6.51 mg/cm2 for Tribolium castaneum and LC 50 = 4.74 mg/cm2 for Rhyzopertha dominica) and fumigant toxicities (at 24 h, LC 50 = 2.57 mg/L air for T. castaneum and LC 50 = 2.83 mg/L air for R. dominica), against two key stored grain insects. In addition, turmeric leaf essential oil showed notable antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 10.04 ± 0.03 µg/mL for DPPH assay; IC 50 = 14.12 ± 0.21 µg/mL for ABTS assay. Furthermore, a phytotoxicity study was carried out on stored paddy seeds and no toxic effects were found on germination rate and seedling growth. So, it might be expected that the essential oils extracted from the turmeric leaf waste could be valorised and demonstrate their potential as safe botanical insecticides against stored-product insects, with noble antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3 year old Pomeranian dog was presented with abdominal distension and anorexia, 3 days after whelping. Roentgenogram revealed two retained fetuses. Emergency laparotomy was performed and Unicornuectomy done, following identification of devitalised left horn which had undergone torsion. The patient had an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A few birds reared by a private owner as backyard poultry were brought to the Veterinary Dispensary, Thiruvanvandoor, with the complaint of inability to open the eyes. Irritation and secretion of tears from the eyes of birds were observed. White, small, thread like nematode worms recovered from the eyes, The worms were identified as Oxyspirura mansoni based on morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the outbreak of Stenochironomus (S) nelumbus Tolunaga et Kuroda, a midge found in the flowering plant lotus, in India. S. nelumbus has been the common pest affecting lotus plants which results to leaf decay. It was found that freshwater serves as the breeding place for the pest where the hatched-out larvae invades the surface of a leaf making a 2.0 millimeter circular hole. It reveals that the growth of the pest's invasion has caused serious damage to agricultural crops.

Ginger rhizomes contain high amount of water, polysaccharides, polyphenols and secondary metabolites which interfere with isolation of total RNA. High quality RNA with sufficient quantity is crucial for conducting gene expression studies. An effective protocol for isolation of RNA from ginger rhizomes is essential. The present study is focused on isolation of high quality RNA from ginger rhizome which can be further utilized for downstream applications like cDNA library preparation and differential gene expression studies. The protocol reported by Kumar et al. (2007) was modified and was compared with the original protocol. The modified protocol was found effective in getting higher quality (A260/A280-1.95 to 2.05) and quantity (51-58.6 µg/g) of isolated total RNA from fresh and frozen rhizomes. In the original protocol the quality obtained was (A260/A280-1.47 to 1.54) and quantity was 24.0-42.0 µg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leading cultivars of pineapple Mauritius and Kew were hybridized and 25 hybrids were evaluated under open field conditions using randomized block design with two replications. Performance of the female parent cum check variety Mauritius, male parent Kew and check variety in Kerala state, India, Amritha, were also evaluated and compared. Based on the performance, heterobeltiosis, average heterosis and standard heterosis over two check varieties, in each hybrid, for 10 plant growth traits and 24 fruit traits, were calculated. For fruit weight, hybrid H35 had the highest heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis over Amritha whereas H62 had highest standard heterosis over Mauritius and average heterosis. For pulp weight, hybrid H17 had the highest values for all heterosis parameters. For TSS, hybrid H62 had the highest heterobeltiosis and other parameters were highest in H43. For days to attain physiological maturity, crown weight, peel weight and acidity, H27, H30, H77 and H43 respectively were lowest in all heterosis parameters. Based on the selection criterion [Σ average heterosis (fruit weight, TSS, pulp weight) -- Σ average heterosis (crown weight, peel weight, eye profile, eye relative surface, time taken for physiological maturity, acidity)]developed using the average heterosis values for desirable and undesirable fruit traits, six hybrids H66, H17, H59, H43, H70 and H35 were identified for further evaluation. The identified hybrids also satisfied the requirements infruit weight (≥1.0 kg), pulp weight (≥750.58 g), TSS (≥14.49 °Brix), days to attain physiological maturity (≤185.70 days), crown weight (≤305.50 g), peel weight (≤159.27 g) and acidity (≤1.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article on invasive nature of Stenochironomus nelumbus in the previous issue.

Background: Stethorini are specialized mite predators in the family Coccinellidae, which are small with black body and brown or yellow colored appendages. This study aimed to survey species of Stethorini associated with phytophagous mites of South India and their prey range. Results: Eight species of Stethorini, viz., Parastethorus sp. Stethorus (Allostethorus) forficatus, S. (A.) pauperculus, S. (A.) tetranychi, S. (A.) sp., S. keralicus, S. (S.) rani and S. (S.) sp., each associated with distinct species of mite were identified in this study and part of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences of seven of these species are provided. Barcode gap analysis and distance summary analysis in the BOLD system as well as phylogenetic analysis of these seven species were given. Conclusions: This study revealed the species of Stethorini in South India along with their prey range and associated plants. As all the species look similar with black body and yellow appendages, DNA barcodes generated can be used as an effective bio-identification tool for this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on findings of a research on candidate molecular markers for monoecy in dioecious tree spice nutmeg, or Myristica fragrans, and analysis of genetic variability. It states that the dioecious sex nature of the plant species is the most significant bottleneck in its cultivation, and mentions that clustering pattern observed was found correlated with the morphological features of accessions. It notes that molecular analysis represented morphological variation.

Erlotinib and gefitinib are quinazoline derivatives with antineoplastic properties. Usually, intake of antineoplastic agents results in much a greater degree of oxidative stress, i.e. the production of free radicals, than induced by cancer itself. Hence, anticancerous drugs must also exhibit antioxidant activity but this has not been studied thus far. In this study, the antioxidant activity of erlotinib and gefitinib was examined by experimental and computational studies. It was found that erlotinib and gefitinib exhibit good 2,2-dipheny l-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) activities. In DPPH assay, the IC50 for erlotinib and gefitinib were 0.584 and 0.696 mM, respectively, while IC50 for HRS assay were 0.843 and 1.03 mM for erlotinib and gefitinib, respectively. Structural characteristics such as frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), molecular electrostatic potential maps (MESPs), and global descriptive parameters were calculated at DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G (d,p) on the optimized geometries of erlotinib and gefitinib. UV–visible spectroscopy revealed the possible electronic transitions between the FMOs and their associated excitation energies of both drugs and found that erlotinib has π to π* transitions while gefitinib has π to π* and σ to π* transitions. To elucidate the antioxidant activity of erlotinib and gefitinib, three mechanisms namely hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer proton transfer (SETPT), and sequential proton-loss electron-transfer (SPLET) were employed and articulated the results in arithmetic parameters like bond dissociation energy (BDE), proton affinity (PA), ionization potential (IP), electron transfer enthalpy (ETE), and proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE). Further, molecular docking studies have been carried out to have a better understanding of binding sites and modes of interaction with a well-known antioxidant target protein monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) employing docking scores and types of interactions. All the calculated parameters point out that though gefitinib and erlotinib were interchangeable, erlotinib requires a lesser amount of energy for proton transfer and electron transfer, moreover it scavenges radicals easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Narcissus tazetta, a monocotyledonous bulbous geophyte, floral initiation and differentiation occur within the bulb during the quiescent period in summer, when ambient temperatures are relatively high and the bulb is located underground with no foliage or roots. In many plant species, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its homologues are considered powerful promoters of flowering. The Narcissus FT gene homologue (NtFT) was isolated, and organ-specific expression patterns of NtFT during the annual cycle and reproductive development under different temperature regimes were analysed using quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT–PCR) and RNA in situ hybridization. During floral induction, NtFT was not expressed in bulb scales, roots, or foliage leaves, but it was detected inside the bulb in the apical meristem and leaf primordia. The expression of another key flowering gene, NLF, the LEAFY homologue in N. tazetta, was also observed only in meristem and leaf primordia within the bulbs; however, its expression did not coincide with that of NtFT during meristem transition to reproductive stage. Under high temperatures (25–30 °C) in the dark, NtFT expression occurred simultaneously with floral induction timing, indicating that floral induction is affected by high temperatures but not by photoperiod or vernalization. Monitoring the apical meristem of Narcissus in February–August of two growing seasons under ambient and controlled storage conditions showed that transition to flowering is temperature dependent and varies between years. Lack of NtFT and NLF expression in foliage leaves suggests that flower initiation control in Narcissus differs from that in common model plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotus rhizome is a huge biowaste from the commercial lotus flower cultivation and its disposal is a serious issue. Physico-chemical analyses of fresh lotus rhizomes were performed and alternative use of lotus rhizomes in commercial cookie making industry was experimented. Cookies were prepared by supplementing different proportions of lotus rhizome flour to wheat flour (10-100%) and their nutritional, sensory, antioxidant properties and glycaemic indices were studied. Composition analysis had shown that the lotus rhizomes are good source of starch, carbohydrates, protein, fat, dietary fibre, vitamin C, calcium, iron, phosphorus and potassium. Cookies prepared from 10% lotus rhizome flour and 90% wheat flour was most acceptable in sensory evaluation and richer in minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, phenols and antioxidant value. The glycaemic index and total fat content were lower in lotus rhizome flour incorporated cookies, pointing that the biowaste from lotus cultivation can be efficiently used in biscuit industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callus like galls were observed inside the stem of more than 5-year old papaya trees in Kerala, India. The bacterium Pantoea dispersa and the fungus Fusarium spinosum were isolated from these galls. Identity of the fungus was confirmed by sequencing and analysis of rDNA region, EFα gene and phylogenetic and barcode analyses. Bacterial identity was confirmed by analysis of rDNA region. Pathogenicity tests with a combination of the fungus and bacterium and bacterium alone, resulted in gall formation. Individual inoculation of F. spinosum did not result in gall. Only P. dispersa was re-isolated from the galls, indicating its etiological role. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2021.1974686. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bitter gourd, being a rich source of phytonutrients, holds a special value in dietary habits of the consumers. Genetic improvement of this crop by inclusion of wide array of genes through inter-specific and intergeneric breeding approaches is substantially important. Microsatellites are extensively used by breeders as a molecular tool for mapping and introgression of qualitative and quantitative traits into the crop plants. This study was conducted to identify the microsatellites from Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae family that can be efficiently used in Momordica genus. A total of 182 microsatellites from above families were studied for their amplification in two sub-species of Momordica charantia. Thirty one microsatellites were successfully amplified in bitter gourd producing 32 different alleles. The identified transferable microsatellites are useful in studying the relationships between these families and for mapping genes/QTLs in bitter gourd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yield improvement is the major breeding objective in cowpea. In the present study, F3 derived populations (23 selected F3 plants) of two cowpea crosses, namely, H10 (Anaswara x PKB3) and H11 (Anaswara x PKB4), were evaluated along with check parent Anaswara for yield and protein content and pedigree selection was imposed to select superior transgressive segregants. After screening F4, F5 and F6 generations of the two crosses, five lines (of which four from cross H11 and one from cross H10) were selected which were found superior to parent Anaswara in grain yield. Moreover, tender green pods had good organoleptic value, suggesting the utility as dual-purpose type. Comparison of mean showed that these plants outclassed the parental performance. Superior culture identified here can be further evaluated in replicated yield trials and tested for stability over locations and seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most notorious invasive insect pests, infesting more than 900 species of plants and spreading more than 200 viral diseases. This polyphagous agricultural pest harbours diverse bacterial communities in its gut, which perform multiple functions in whiteflies, including nutrient provisioning, amino acid biosynthesis, and virus transmission. The present exploratory study compares the bacterial communities associated with silverleaf whitefly infesting cassava, also known as cassava whitefly, collected from two different zones (zone P: plains; zone H: high ranges), from Kerala, India, using next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA. The data sets for these two regions consisted of 1 321 906 and 690 661 high-quality paired-end sequences with mean length of 150 bp. Highly diverse bacterial communities were present in the sample, containing approximately 3513 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Sequence analysis showed a marked difference in the relative abundance of bacteria in the populations. A total of 16 bacterial phyla, 27 classes, 56 orders, 91 families, 236 genera, and 409 species were identified from the P population, against 16, 31, 60, 88, 225, and 355, respectively, in the H population. Arsenophonus sp. (Enterobacteriaceae), which is important for virus transmission by whiteflies, was relatively abundant in the P population, whereas in the H population Bacillus sp. was the most dominant group. The association of whitefly biotypes and secondary symbionts suggests a possible contribution of these bacteria to host characteristics such as virus transmission, host range, insecticide resistance, and speciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the features of the MangoDB database featuring the mango varieties grown in the Indian subcontinent. Topics include the types of mango fruit grown in the country, the overall design of the MangoDB database, and the fields and entity relationship diagram of the MangoDB database.

SSR polymorphism in two rice varieties viz., N22 (donor parent for heat and drought tolerance) and Uma (high yielding variety susceptible to heat and drought) was investigated to identify ready to use SSR markers which can be employed in selection in the marker assisted breeding programmes involving these varieties. For this, 197 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers which were distributed on all the twelve chromosomes of rice were utilised. The results revealed distinct polymorphism among the tolerant and susceptible parents for 41 RM primers. Based on this study, the large range of similarity and dissimilarity values for N22 and Uma provides greater confidence for the assessment of simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphism. Diversity analysis can be done by using these polymorphic SSR markers. These polymorphic markers can also be used for the linkage analysis of various traits. Besides, these identified polymorphic SSR markers can be utilised for QTL mapping by screening the progenies of the cross Uma × N22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction of previously reported 656 phytocompound ligands with four well-characterized diabetic target proteins were studied in 20 plant species throughin silicoscreening techniques. The binding energy, number of hydrogen bonds, and hydrogen binding residues with the receptor molecules were analyzed using the CDOCKER protocol of the software Discovery Studio 4.0. A total 23 molecules were found to have interaction with the four target proteins. Among these compounds, based on the ADME/toxicity profile, three promising drug candidates, namely, methyl gallate, ferulic acid, and anthranilic acid, were recommended as potential lead molecule for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Molecular markers have been used for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for numerous agriculturally important traits in tomato including resistance / tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and fruit and flower-related characteristics. Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) disease caused by begomovirus and the bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum are rated as the most serious production constraints in tomato. Though the breeding for disease resistance is an important objective in tomato improvement, the extent to which markers have been utilized in such programs has not been clearly determined. The utility of molecular markers for use in tomato breeding programs is limited as most of the markers reported are not validated across tomato genotypes or are not polymorphic within tomato breeding populations. In this study, the validity of available markers specific for bacterial wilt and ToLCV resistance traits in tomato was examined by testing them with an F3 population produced by crossing two resistant genotypes - Sakthi (BW resistant) and IIHR 2196 (ToLCV resistant). Most of the primers needed PCR optimization for successful amplification and some were not informative in the genotypes studied. Out of the eight markers examined, two were specific for resistance to bacterial wilt (TSCARAAG/CAT) and ToLCV (Ualty 16). Most of the available markers need to be further refined or examined for trait association and presence of polymorphism in the breeding lines and populations. However, with recent advances in tomato genome sequencing, it has become increasingly possible to develop more informative markers to accelerate the use of MAS and tagging the genes of interest in tomato breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of secondary metabolites even in the immature tissues leave the process of quality DNA isolation very difficult in the genus Mysristica. This difficulty is often characterized in the form of lower levels of DNA recovery and poor absorbance ratios due to RNA and protein contaminations, while analyzed in a spectrophotometer. The quantity and quality of DNA obtained through different methods were comparatively evaluated and the conditions for suitable recovery were optimized. A CTAB based simple and reliable method, standardized with necessary modifications on the protocol given by Doyle and Doyle was found to yield the best in terms of DNA quantity and quality. This method when compared with other protocols such as Rogers and Bendich and the Murray and Thompson, which are reported by the previous workers, was proven superior. The DNA recovery from the tender leaf tissues was high in the mean range of 83.55 μg/g with a purity of 1.79. The standardized protocol was further experimented in other phenolic-rich plants such as cashew and cocoa and was found to yield high quality DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]