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Introduction: Tumour Budding (TB) in Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC) has been studied comprehensively and brought TB into the clinical dominion as an additional prognostic parameter. The tumour aggressiveness with poorer survival of CRC patient is linked to presence of Peritumoural Budding (PTB) at the invasion front and Intratumoural Budding (ITB) in the tumour centre. Aim: To study and compare the scoring system of TB by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining with immunohistochemistry (IHC) CK20 in resected specimens of CRC and, its relation between TB grades with known prognostic histopathological parameters of CRC. Materials and Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in JSS Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. A total of 50 cases of CRC were studied prospectively over a period of two years. Both H&E and IHC CK20 stained slides were studied. A total of 10 high power field (10 HPF) in invasive front were evaluated for PTB10HPF and within the tumour for ITB10HPF. The high dense area which had the maximum TB was taken as Hot Spot (HS). Continuous and cut off values of PTB, ITB and OTB (overall tumour budding) scores were compared in both H&E and IHC stained sections and also evaluated the association with various clinicopathological prognostic features. Results: An increase in the number of TB (PTB-46%, ITB-72%, OTB-28%), via IHC was noted. On continuous scores PTB, ITB and OTB counts showed significant association with tumour stage, lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion (all p

One of the most important scientific disciplines is determining the toxicity of heavy metals in freshwater, and there is a rising concern about the development of methodologies for identifying toxic effects in aquatic creatures. To test the efficacy of this approach, an experimental study was conducted on the fish Cyprinus carpio from a pond in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Surface bioaccumulation of mercury and lead on Cyprinus carpio was studies using Scanning Electron microscopy. Molecular bioaccumulation of Mercury and lead were analysed by ICPMS. Brain showed highest level of mercury (1780 ppb) when compared to kidney (1365 ppb) and liver (1150 ppb) tissues of C. carpio. Similarly, highest accumulation of lead noticed in brain (1490 ppb) followed by kidney (1245 ppb) and liver (1100 ppb). Moreover, mercury and lead surface accumulation and molecular bioaccumulation were highest in the brain compared to the liver and kidney Cyprinus carpio. The surface morphology of kidney, liver and brain is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study has elicited a strong response from freshwater aquaculture to implement toxicity control measures and avoid future infiltration into the food chain. The present study has been undertaken to explore the toxic effects of lead and mercury on kidney, liver and brain of fish Cyprinus carpio and to detect the spectral biochemical and surface morphological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stature plays a major role in forensic identification. It is also considered to be one of the fundamental components of physical anthropology. When a full skeleton is not available, stature can be estimated from incomplete human remains. Teeth form an excellent material for anthropological, genetic, odontologic and forensic investigations. Various studies have ventured to ascertain the usefulness of tooth crown measurements in stature prediction. Methodology: Tooth lengths of all 28 teeth except 3rd molars were measured on digital OPG using inbuilt software IMPAXH (Agfa, Belgium). Stature was measured from the vertical distance from the vertex of head to the floor. Correlation between the tooth length and height of an individual was done by Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis for prediction of stature from tooth length. Result & conclusion: Overall the results revealed that individual tooth variables have a good correlation with stature with r value ranging from 0.12-0.57 and p value less than 0.05. Among the tooth lengths, the length of the maxillary right molars showed the highest correlation with stature followed by maxillary right premolars and maxillary right canine than the other teeth. Regression equation was generated from tooth length, to predict height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tumour Budding (TB) in Colorectal Carcinoma (CRC) has been studied comprehensively and brought TB into the clinical dominion as an additional prognostic parameter. The tumour aggressiveness with poorer survival of CRC patient is linked to presence of Peritumoural Budding (PTB) at the invasion front and Intratumoural Budding (ITB) in the tumour centre. Aim: To study and compare the scoring system of TB by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining with immunohistochemistry (IHC) CK20 in resected specimens of CRC and, its relation between TB grades with known prognostic histopathological parameters of CRC. Materials and Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in JSS Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India. A total of 50 cases of CRC were studied prospectively over a period of two years. Both H&E and IHC CK20 stained slides were studied. A total of 10 high power field (10 HPF) in invasive front were evaluated for PTB10HPF and within the tumour for ITB10HPF. The high dense area which had the maximum TB was taken as Hot Spot (HS). Continuous and cut off values of PTB, ITB and OTB (overall tumour budding) scores were compared in both H&E and IHC stained sections and also evaluated the association with various clinicopathological prognostic features. Results: An increase in the number of TB (PTB-46%, ITB-72%, OTB-28%), via IHC was noted. On continuous scores PTB, ITB and OTB counts showed significant association with tumour stage, lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion (all p<0.05). When cut-offs were applied these statistical significance were lost. The Pearson's correlation coefficient confirmed that OTB is better in evaluating TB than PTB and ITB. Conclusion: TB is a potential and potent histopathological prognostic forecaster of lymph nodal metastasis and a higher stage of tumour and allocates as a marker for stratification of patients into high risk categories in CRC. The TB in routine histopathology report should be advocated as H&E staining aided by IHC show significant association with histopathological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of 42‑year‑old gentleman is presented with episodic arthritis involving large and small joints for 4 years. Topics include examines he had painful erythematous nodular lesions over the anterior aspect of the shin of both lower limbs with a history of whitish discharge from the lesions intermittently and he used to have relief of pain with nonsteroidal anti‑inflammatory agents.

A 64-year-old female with complaints of swelling right preauricular region was referred to our tertiary cancer center with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) report of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and radiological differential of malignant salivary gland neoplasm and sarcoma. On examination, there was a mass over her right parotid region Clinical diagnosis was malignant salivary gland neoplasm. Slide review of FNAC was inconclusive. Biopsy was done. Histopathology showed neoplasm comprising of nests of cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm with focal area showing peripherally arranged columnar cells with palisading. On enquiry, the patient gave a history of surgery of right mandible 48 years back. Correlating histopathology and clinical history, a diagnosis of granular cell ameloblastoma was rendered. Radiological evaluation showed a solid-cystic lesion in the right masticator space. Right mandible showed only part of head of mandible consistent with previous surgery. Radical surgery was done. Final report confirmed the biopsy diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most chronic diseases have been associated with deregulated inflammatory response. An imbalance between apoptosis and cell proliferation is believed to underlie cancer development. Assessment of cell proliferation has become popular as a means of predicting the behavior of tumors. It is established that disruption in apoptotic pathways can contribute to onset and development of cancers. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) evolves through a sequence of changes from oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) of varying degrees to frank malignancy. In the present era where numerous sophisticated techniques to assess inflammatory response, cell proliferation and cell death have emerged as prognostic tools, an attempt is made to identify those parameters and to study any possible correlation with tumor grades. Aims: To evaluate apoptotic index (AI), mitotic index (MI), inflammatory cell infiltration in OED and OSCC and to correlate them with histological grading of OED and OSCC. Materials and Methods: The study will be a retrospective analysis of clinically and pathologically diagnosed archival cases of various grades of OED (n = 30) and OSCC (n = 30). Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained sections will be examined using x100 magnification and from 10 fields 100 epithelial cells will be evaluated for abnormal mitoses and apoptotic cells and the index will be calculated as the number of mitotic/apoptotic cells, expressed as the percentage of total number of tumor cells. To assess the inflammatory component, the number of lymphocytes/100 inflammatory cells in five high power fields will be counted. Results: The study showed statistically significant and steady decrease in apoptotic cells and increase in abnormal mitoses with higher grades of the disease. The increase in mitosis is not matched by an increase in apoptosis, so that there is trend for AI: MI to fall with disease progression. The increase in inflammatory component was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Dissociation of apoptotic and mitosis may be of crucial importance in development of OSCC in preexisting dysplasia. Light microscopy though less sensitive is a rapid, easy and economic method to study the above parameters. Larger samples can be studied to imply apoptotic markers/AI: MI index as predictors of response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]