Keng Bee Yap, Mathew Niti, Tze Pin Ng, Yanxia Lu, Sue Anne Khoo, Anis Larbi, Gribson Chan, Liang Feng, Philip Yap, Crystal Tze Ying Tan, Sue Mei Chan, Boon Yeow Tan, and Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt
Key Points Question How is an active lifestyle intervention associated with improvement in muscle mass and function among frail older persons with sarcopenia? Findings In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial of physical, nutritional, cognitive, or combined interventions among 92 community dwelling at-risk frail adults aged 65 years and older with sarcopenia, the intervention was associated with a significant reduction in sarcopenia and improved muscle mass and strength and gait speed at 3 months and 6 months. Sarcopenia reversal was more likely to happen in men, younger individuals, and those with higher baseline lean muscle mass. Meaning These findings suggest that multidomain lifestyle interventions may be effective in reversing sarcopenia and improving muscle mass and function in community-dwelling at-risk frail older adults., This secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial examines the association of a 6-month multidomain active lifestyle intervention with sarcopenia among elderly participants in Singapore., Importance There is little understanding of the outcomes associated with active lifestyle interventions for sarcopenia among older persons. Objective To determine the association of 6-month multidomain lifestyle interventions (physical exercise, nutritional enhancement, cognitive training, combined treatment, and standard care) with change in sarcopenia status and physical function among adults 65 years and older. Design, Setting, and Participants Post hoc secondary analysis of a parallel-group randomized clinical trial conducted from September 1, 2012, to September 1, 2014, at community centers providing services to elderly individuals in Singapore. Participants included a subsample of 92 community-dwelling prefrail or frail older persons with sarcopenia aged 65 years and older. Data were analyzed from June 1, 2017, to January 1, 2018. Interventions The 5 intervention groups were a 6-month duration of physical exercise that included resistance and balance training, nutritional enhancement with a commercial oral nutrition supplement formula, cognitive training, a combination of the preceding 3 interventions, and standard care (control). Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were changes in sarcopenia status and its components, appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), knee extension strength (KES), and gait speed (GS) at 3 months and 6 months following the intervention. Sarcopenia was defined as the presence of both low ASMI and low KES and/or GS. Results In 92 participants with sarcopenia, the mean (SD) age was 70.0 (4.7) years and 59 (64.1%) were female. Seventy-eight participants received active interventions and 14 received standard care. Of 92 total participants, the number who remained sarcopenic was reduced to 48 (of 73) after 3 months and 51 (of 75) after 6 months of intervention, indicating that 25 of 92 participants (27.2%) experienced sarcopenia reduction at 3 months and 24 of 92 (26.1%) had sarcopenia reduction at 6 months. Low KES was present in 88 of 92 patients (95.6%), and low GS in 30 of 92 patients (32.6%) at baseline. Among the components of sarcopenia, GS had the greatest change associated with active interventions, with 22 of 30 participants (73.3%) free of low GS at 6 months; in comparison, 17 of 88 participants (19.3%) were free of low KES at 6 months and 7 of 92 participants (7.6%) were free of low ASMI at 6 months. Men experienced greater reduction in sarcopenia than women (χ2 = 5.925; P = .02), as did those with younger age (t = −2.078; P = .04) or higher ASMI (mean [SD] ASMI, 5.74 [0.77] vs 5.14 [0.77] kg/m2; P = .002). Participants in the active intervention group experienced statistically significant decreases in sarcopenia score and its components at 3 months and 6 months from baseline (F = 14.138; P