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From 1912 to 1948, eighteen hundred artists participated in art competitions within the Olympic Games. Art competitions were held at the following Olympic Games during the period from 1912 to 1948: Stockholm (1912), Antwerp (1920), Paris (1924), Amsterdam (1928), Los Angeles (1932), Berlin (1936), and London (1948). The introduction of art competitions at the Olympic Games was intended to integrate sport and art, spirit and body, and at the same time as a reminder of the cultural values and ideals represented in Ancient Greece. Prominent artists of that era served as judges for the artworks. The aim of this study is to present artistic disciplines from 1912 to 1948, to determine how many works of art, from which field of art, were inspired by sports events, primarily those related to the disciplines of athletic competitions of the analyzed period. At the Cultural Olympiad, from 1912 to 1948, the largest number of medals were awarded for paintings and graphic art (a total of 38 (applied graphics 5, drawings and watercolors 8, other graphic arts 9, paintings 16 medals)), sculpture (a total of 34 (10 medals awarded for medals, 3 for reliefs, and 21 for sculptures)), followed by literature (a total of 29 (dramatic works 1, epic works 9, literature - all kinds 11, lyrics 8 medals)), architecture (a total of 28 (architectural designs 12, designs for town planning 16)), music (a total of 17 (compositions for one instrument 2, compositions for orchestra of all kinds 7, compositions of songs for soloists or choir with or without instrumental accompaniment 4, music - all kinds 4)). When the number of medals awarded for artistic works inspired by athletic events is separated, the most are those from sculpture (7 medals), architecture (4 medals), painting and graphics (3 medals), literature (3 medals), music (1 medal).

Introduction. Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common vascular tumors of infancy whose frequency increases with decreasing gestational age. Although rare, periorbital IHs (PIHs) have a high complication rate, with a substantial risk of impaired vision and aesthetic consequences. Because they are considered high-risk IH, such patients must be treated. In the available literature, there is little information about the treatment o f I Hs in very and extremely preterm newborns and infants. Case report. We present three male infants (one very and two extremely prematurely born) with PIHs involving the upper eyelid. In all three cases, IHs were solitary but with different subtypes according to soft-tissue depth (superficial, combined, deep). No additional congenital anomalies were found in any of these cases. An individualized approach to the management of each patient was applied. All infants were treated with oral administration of propranolol, with careful monitoring for potential side effects of the drug and adjustment of treatment, following their eventual occurrence. The introduction of oral propranolol was carried out in a hospital setting, with a gradual increase of the drug dose until the target dose was reached. Conclusion. In the case of PIH, an ophthalmologist is an inevitable part of the medical team. Very and extremely preterm infants are already under the supervision of an ophthalmologist due to mandatory screening for retinopathy of prematurity; how-ever, if they also have PIHs, monitoring must be particularly detailed and long-lasting.

The Belgrade Marathon has been held since 1988 and has the longest tradition in the Western Balkans region. The trend in the number of participants in the Belgrade Marathon showed a significant increase in the 2007-2019 period. In addition to the global increase in the number of participants, a decreasing performance trends in marathon races has been noticed. The aim of this paper was to determine the trends in the performances of participants from Serbia in the Belgrade Marathon in the 2007-2019 period. The general cognitive assumption was that with an increase in the number of participants led to a decline in the average performance in the race. The results on the official website of the Belgrade Marathon were used as a source of data for this non-experimental study. All performances of the marathoners from Serbia (n = 3554) in the period 2007-2019 were analyzed. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the trend of the performances of all marathoners from Serbia, their distribution according to age groups by every 10 years, as well as the performances of the 10 first-ranked athletes in total and in each of the groups. The linear trend model on the sample of all marathoners from Serbia has shown that the performance became significantly worse over the years i.e., by 2:14 minutes per year. The trend of a significant decline in performance, ranging from 1:52 to 3:02 minutes per year, has been observed in all age groups of up to 50 years. The linear trend models obtained on the subsamples of the 10 first-ranked men in each of the analyzed age groups did not exceed the level of statistical significance, except in the group of males aged 50-60, where a significant performance trends improvement by 2:10 minutes a year was determined. The performances of competitors from Serbia at the Belgrade Marathon were declining in the examined period, along with a simultaneous increase in the number of participants in this event. It can be assumed that the average performance is declining due to an increasing number of recreational runners participating in the marathon, while the number of categorized runners is not increasing significantly, which in a way reflects conservatism and unchangeability within athletic long-distance races and marathon running events.

Introduction. Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) occur 3 to 4 times more frequently in preterm infants than in those born at term. Yet, data about efficacy and safety of topical therapy for IHs in preterm infants, especially in those born with very low gestational age (less than 33 gestational weeks) is very scarce. Case report. We reported five very preterm girls treated with topical timolol maleate 0.5% gel for superficial cutaneous IHs. In four infants topical timolol was applied on a single IH each, and in one infant two IHs were treated. Out of six treated IHs, one was located on the face, four on the trunk and one on the leg. They were regularly monitored for IH involution and potential adverse effects of timolol for 6–13 months of local treatment. Good therapeutic effect was achieved in all the presented infants, with no adverse effects related to topical administration of timolol-maleate. Conclusion. Topical timolol is an effective and safe therapy for superficial cutaneous infantile hemangiomas in very preterm infants. The treatment should be discussed in detail with parents and individualized management plan should be tailored for each infant in order to maximize the chances of a successful outcome, while avoiding adverse effects.

Background/Aim. Development of allergic contact der-matitis as a complication of treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is well known. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk of eczematous contact sensitization in patients with CVI, as well as the correlation between disease duration and contact sensitization. Methods. The study involved 266 subjects examined during three-year-period who were divided into two groups: the study group included patients with CVI referred for allergy testing due to suspected contact dermatitis, and the control group included the ones without CVI patch tested for suspected contact dermatitis. The severity of CVI was assessed by Clinical Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification. Thereafter, each patient underwent patch testing. Results. The incidence of contact sensitization among patients with CVI was 49.3%. In these patients, the incidence of contact sensitization to the European standard battery of allergens was 31.55%; to the battery specific for CVI it was 28.45%. Patients with CVI had a 2.45-fold higher risk for developing contact sensitization to two or more allergens, and a 3.69-fold higher risk for developing contact sensitization to five or more allergens compared to those without CVI. The prevalence of contact sensitization in patients with CVI was not significantly different from those without CVI. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of contact sensitization and the duration of the disease. Conclusion. Patients with CVI had no statistically significantly distinct contact sensitization prevalence and had 2.45 and 3.69 times higher risk to manifest contact sensitization to two and more allergens and five and more allergens, respectively, than patients with no CVI. The positive correlation between frequency of contact sensitization and disease duration was found.

The subject of this research are the motor abilities of track and field athletes and calisthenics practitioners. The aim of the study was to examine the differences in the motor abilities of track and field athletes and calisthenics practitioners. The research was conducted on a sample of a total of 11 participants from the City of Belgrade: 6 track and field athletes (group 1) and 5 calisthenics practitioners (group 2). The standing long jump (SLJ), standing triple jump (STJ), 20 m sprinting, 50m sprinting (20 flying start) tests were used for the assessment of motor abilities. Descriptive and comparative statistical methods were used for data processing. The results of the research showed that track and field athletes perform better in the examined motor abilities. The results of descriptive statistics showed that track and field athletes perform better in all tests that assess the ability of power, speed, and acceleration. The results of comparative statistics, using the t-test for independent samples showed that a statistically significant difference (p

Background: Increased lipid levels are one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of short-term (8 weeks) aerobic exercise of moderate to vigorous intensity on lipid profile in young healthy females. Methods: 27 female students (mean age 20.5 ± 1 year) completed 8 weeks of aerobic training that included two exercise sessions of continuous aerobic activity of moderate intensity (running 35-60 min) and one exercise session with interval training of vigorous intensity. Intervention aerobic capacity and lipid profile were examined before and after the exercise. Results: Exercise intervention has caused a decrease of low density lipoprotein levels per 9.8% (from 2.52 ± 0.47 to 2.27 ± 0.53 mmol/L; p < 0.001) and significant improvement of high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels per 22.7% (from 1.29 ± 0.24 to 1.59 ± 0.24 mmol/L; p < 0.001), total cholesterol/HDL ratio per 17.2 % and aerobic capacity (VO2 max) per 3.8 % (43.9 ± 3.7 to 45.56 ± 3.63 mLO2/kg/min). Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that a short-term aerobic exercise intervention of moderate to vigorous intensity may have significant effects on blood lipid profile in young healthy females.

Countermovement jump is an exercise that develops leg muscle power, the efficiency of using the stretch-shortening cycle, and the jump height. Numerous factors influence countermovement jump height. This paper analyses the most important external and internal factors. The aim of this paper was to describe and explain the influence of external factors on countermovement jump height. A comparative analytical method is used to compare and comment on the results of scientific research. The following external factors are considered in this paper: type of training, performance technique, and instructions, and internal factors: age, sex, body composition. The results of the paper showed that among external factors, the greatest influence is noted in the performance technique factor, while among internal factors there is a contingent influence of age, sex, and body composition factors on countermovement jump height. The results of the paper contribute to the understanding of the nature of the influence of external and internal factors that affect countermovement jump height, which can improve scientific - professional work in sports.

Introduction. Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rare condition characterized by the focal absence of skin, and sometimes other underlying structures at birth. It may occur as an isolated defect or associated with other anomalies and defects. Bullous ACC (BACC) is a clinical subtype of the condition with few cases reported in the literature. It presents as a bullous lesion at birth which gradually transforms into an atrophic scar covered by a thin epithelial membrane. It is considered as cutaneous sign of possible neural tube dysraphism. Some cases present with a dark hair around the lesion (the hair collar sign), which can be even more indicative of neural tube defect. However, cases of BACC reported till today are inconclusive regarding this connection. Case report. We report a two cases of BACC of the scalp, in one patient associated with hair collar sign without neural tube defects and the other with hemangioma and we give a brief review of the selected literature. Conclusion. Bullous or membranous aplasia cutis congenita is benign condition, but may represent as a cutaneous marker of occult neural tube defect. Recognising the condition is important in order to rule out associated anomalies.

Introduction. Acronym tick-borne lymphoadenoathy (TIBOLA (Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and lymphoadenopathy – DEBONEL, scalp eschar associated with neck lymphoadenopathy – SENLAT) comprises clinical diagnosis of tick-borne symptoms of cervical or occipital lymphadenopathy with inoculation eschar at the site of tick bite on scalp. Since the first description, it was proved to be associated with several infectious agents, most frequently Rickettsia slovaca, or less often other spotted fever group Rickettsiae (Rickettsia raoulti and Rickettsia rioja), and gained an emerging infectious disease status in Europe. Dermacentor ticks serve as vectors and possible natural reservoir. The course is in most cases benign and infection is limited. Doxicycline is the recommended initial treatment, both for adult and most cases in children. Case report. Two subjects who acquired the desease caused by tick bites in Vojvodina region of Serbia are presented. Both patients are females. A tick was removed from the scalp, and several days later doxicycline treatment started because of the inflammatory symptoms of lymph node enlargement. Diagnostic eschar appeared in both patients during doxicycline treatment. After a switch to ciprofloxacine, inflammatory symptoms subsided, but the complete healing of scalp necrosis took longer than one month, with residual cicatricial alopecia. Conclusion. Although rare, it is necessary to include TIBOLA in a spectrum of epidemiologic risks in cases of tick bites.

Background/Aim. Treatment of psoriasis is very complex and there are no still universal, nor unique treatment modalities. Apart from conventional treatment, which includes topical calcipotriol (vitamin D3 analogue), balneotherapy is drawing increased attention worldwide. Being part of climatotherapy, balneotherapy is defined as the use of natural environmental factors in the treatment of health conditions, whereas in the treatment of psoriasis it means the use of mineral baths and peloids. The aim of this study was to examine the therapeutic efficacy of mineral waters and peloids of the Rusanda Spa on plaque psoriasis in patients also treated with calcipotriol. Methods. The study included 60 patients divided into two groups. The first group included patients treated with mineral waters, peloids and calcipotriol in the Rusanda Spa, while the second one included those treated only with calcipotriol. The study took 21 days, and each patient was followed up for at least one month after ending the treatment. The treatment efficacy was measured by psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scores on the days 0, 7, 14 and 21 during the treatment and 30 after the end of the therapy. Results. After a 3-week treatment in the Rusanda Spa, the first group showed a decrease in PASI score by 59.45%, whereas in the group of outpatients treated by calcipotriol it was 39.34%. On the day 30 following the treatment, the first group presented with the PASI score reduction of 58.44%, and the second group of 34.78%. The therapeutic efficacy of mineral waters and peloids combined with calcipotriol showed to be significantly higher in regard to monotherapy with calcipotriol (p < 0.05). In regard to clinical symptoms, the best results were obtained in the reduction of desquamation (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The results of our study show that in the treatment of plaque-type psoriasis, topical calcipotriol combined with Spa Rusanda balneotherapy is more effective than topical calcipotriol alone. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the effects of balneotherapy as monotherapy in treatment of this type of psoriasis.

The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic variables of side volley in elite soccer players, as well as examining kinematic variables adjustment in relation to the change of velocity and height of incoming ball. Thirty professional soccer players participated in this study. The experimental protocol implied kicking the ball towards the subject at three different velocities and three different heights. The analysis included a total of the following seven dependent variables: Maximum linear velocity of the foot, the knee and the hip (V_FOOT_max, V_KNEE_max, V_HIP_max), Maximum knee and hip joint angular velocities (W_KNEE_max, W_HIP_max), Distance between the foot and the hip at impact with the ball (D_hip.foot_tk), and Angle between the shoulder and hip axis and the hip and foot axis at impact with the ball (α_SHF_tk). Also, for the purpose of descriptive kinematic analysis, the variables of changed angles and hip and knee joint angular velocities were used in different phases of side volley performance, as well as the variables of changed linear velocity of the foot, the knee and the hip. The variables of side volley kinematics were measured with the 3D kinematic analysis system (Qualisys). The effects of the ball height and velocity, and their interaction, on dependent kinematic variables were tested by using the statistical method of two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (two-way ANOVA). The velocity and height of the incoming ball had a significant effect on V_ FOOT_max in the sense that, as ball velocity grew, V_FOOT_max increased as well, while as ball height increased, V_FOOT_max dropped. A similar effects of the ball velocity and ball height was observed for V_ HIP_max, but is observed only a tendency towards statistical significance. Also, it was observed that increased speed of the incoming ball affected increase of D_hip.foot_tk, as well as α_SHF_tk, while values of W_HIP_max were decreased. The statistical analysis revealed that changes in the mechanical conditions in which side volleys were performed such as a different velocity/height of the incoming ball affected the modulation of the velocity of the farthermost proximal and distal ends of the kinetic chain/hip and foot joints, while the knee joint function was primarily to fine-tune the distance between the subjects' position and the ball.

Running at an even pace is, in both physical and tactical aspect, an essential factor when achieving good results in middle and long distance races. The appropriate strategy for running a tactically effective race starts by selecting the optimal running speed. Two models of training lasting for six weeks were applied on the group of subjects (N=43) composed of students from the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade. The aim of the study was to determine how the applied models of training would affect the deviations of running speed from the mean values in 2400m races when running for the best result and also, how the applied models of training would affect the improvement of aerobic capacities, showed through maximal oxygen uptake. The analysis of the obtained results showed that no statistically significant differences in the average deviations of running speed from the mean values in 2400m races were recorded in any of the experimental groups either in the initial (G1=2.44±1.74 % and G2=1±0.75 %) or the final measurements (G1=3.72±3.69 % and G2=4.57±3.63 %). Although there were no statistically significant differences after training stimulus in either final measurements, the subjects achieved better result, that is, they improved the running speed in the final (G1=4.12±0.48 m/s and G2=4.23±0.31 m/s) as compared with the initial measurement (G1=3.7±0.36 m/s and G2=3.84±0.38 m/s). The results of the study showed that in both groups, there was a statistically significant improvement in the final measurement (G1=56.05±6.91 ml/kg/min and G2=59.55±6.95 ml/kg/min) as compared to the initial measurement (G1=53.71±7.23 ml/kg/min and G2=54.58±6.49 ml/kg/min) regarding the maximal oxygen uptake so that both training models have a significant effect on this variable. The results obtained could have a significant contribution when working with students and school population, assuming that in the lessons of theory and practical teaching they are first educated and then, over a relatively extended period of time, are enabled to develop their own 'sense of space and time' with an aim to increase the efficiency of running in middle and long distance races, which in the end manifests itself through achieving better results.

Background/Aim. Erythema infectiosum (EI) is a common childhood illness, caused by human parvovirus B19. It occurs sporadically or in epidemics and is characterized by mild constitutional symptoms and a blotchy or maculopapular lacy rash on the cheeks (slapped-cheek) spreading primarily to the extremities and trunk. The aim of our study was to analyse the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of erythema infectiosum in children. Methods. This study included 88 children observed in the Department of Dermatology of the Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, in Novi Sad, during the period January 2000-December 2009. We compared the data about the clinical characteristics during and after the outbreak of EI observed from December 2001 to September 2002. The data were retrieved from the hospital database. Results. During the study period, EI was detected in 88 children (44 females and 44 males), 0.213% of the total number of 4 1345 children observed in the Department of Dermatology. An outbreak of erythema infectiosum was observed from December 2001 to September 2002, with the peak frequency in April and May 2002 and 39 diagnosed cases, and stable number of cases from 2005 to 2009 (a total of 49 diagnosed cases). The average age of infected children was 7.59 ± 3.339. Eleven (12.5%) children were referred from primary care pediatricians with the diagnosis of urticaria or rash of allergic origin. The most constant clinical sign was reticular exanthema on the limbs, present in 100% of the cases, followed by 89.77% of cheek erythema. Pruritus was present in 9.09% of the children, mild constitutional symptoms in 5.68% and palpable lymph glands in 3.41% of the children. In all the cases the course of the disease was without complications. Conclusion. The results of this study confirm the presence of EI (the fifth disease) in our area with a mild course in the majority of patients. Since the diagnosis of EI is usually based on clinical findings, continuing medical education of primary health care pediatricians is essential for reducing the number of misdiagnosed cases.

The syllabus of the track and field subject at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education includes cross-country running - running in nature. The main objective of this study was to determine the structure and intensity of students' attitude toward the cross-country running. Besides, the objective was to check the connection of the students' attitude towards the cross-country running and the achieved results of cross-country running, as well as of doing sport and recreational running. The sample comprised 69 students of the second year of studies who attended the cross-country running classes. For measuring the attitude toward the cross-country running, the Connotative differential instrument was used consisting of 15 pairs of opposite adjectives presented in a form of seven-part bipolar scale grouped into three dimensions: affective, cognitive and conative. This instrument was applied within an extensive questionnaire which included questions about doing sports, jogging, as well as the results of cross-country running at the end of the teaching period. The descriptive analysis has shown that students have a positive attitude of moderate intensity toward cross-country running, observed through all three dimensions of attitude. The correlation analysis between the dimensions of attitude toward cross country running and the results achieved at cross country running showed that the correlations are negative and statistically significant, suggesting that if the result of running is better, the students' attitude toward cross country running is more positive. Competitive sport is not connected with the quality of attitude toward cross-country running. The results obtained by the study give grounds for assuming that, given that attitudes are an important component of the motivational aspect of personality, it can be expected that the students' positive attitude toward cross country running would contribute to cross country running application in their future professional activity and encourage this form of physical activity.

This paper gives comparison and discussion of adhesives used for attachment of silicon piezoresistive pressure sensor dies. Special attention is paid on low pressure sensor dies because of their extreme sensitivity on stresses, which can arise from packaging procedure and applied materials. Commercially available adhesives “Scotch Weld 2214 Hi-Temp” from “3M Co.” and “DM2700P/H848” from “DIEMAT”, USA, were compared. First of them is aluminum filled epoxy adhesive and second is low melting temperature (LMT) glass paste. Comparing test results for low pressure sensor chips we found that LMT glass (glass frit) is better adhesive for this application. Applying LMT glass paste minimizes internal stresses caused by disagreement of coefficients of thermal expansions between sensor die and housing material. Also, it minimizes stresses introduced during applying external loads in the process of pressure measuring. Regarding the measurements, for the sensors installed with filled epoxy paste, resistor for compensation of temperature offset change had negative values in all cases, which means that linear temperature compensation, of sensors installed this way, would be impossible. In the sensors installed with LMT glass paste, all results, without exception, were in their common limits (values), which give the possibility of passive temperature compensation. Furthermore, LMT glass attachment can broaden temperature operating range of MEM silicon pressure sensors towards higher values, up to 120 ºC.

Introduction. Acantholysis is rarely reported histological feature of Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP), recently recognized as having diagnostic specificity for differentiating PRP from psoriasis. Case report. Adult male patient one week after the introduction of simvastatin had experienced pruritic erythemo-squamous eruption on head and upper trunk that in a month progressed to erythrodermia, with islands of sparing. Histological picture combined pemphigus-like acantholysis with alternating hyper- and parakeratosis, follicular plugs and dermal inflammation, and confirmed the clinical diagnosis of classic adult type 1 PRP. Acitretin therapy resulted in a resolution of skin disease. Patch test with simvastatin was negative, scratch test was positive, and it was estimated that potential risk of oral challenge with simvastatin outweighed actual need for it. Drug triggering PRP episode is the most likely explanation for temporal relation between the start of simvastatin treatment and skin eruption. Conclusion. In management of rare inflammatory skin disease, such as PRP, we have to carefully observe and evaluate not only diagnostic features but possible external influences on its course also.

Background/Aim. Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are often colonized by various types of bacteria, which can lead to infection that requires empirical antibiotic therapy. Bacterial types and their antibiotic susceptibility vary widely over time and by geographic location. The aim of the study was to determine the change trends of causative bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility in patients with VLUs over the past two decades. Methods. The study was conducted at a tertiary care dermatovenereology clinic. Data on the microbiological analysis of ulcer swabs from patients with VLUs were collected over two consecutive months at three time points: 2001, 2014, and 2020. Results. The study included 250 patients divided into three groups. The first group (2001) had 111 participants, the second group (2014) had 64, and the third group (2020) had 75 participants. Out of the 250 swabs sent for microbiological testing, only 4 (1.6%) samples yielded negative results. In 2001, the bacteria identified were 31.83% Gram-positive (G+) and 68.13% Gram-negative (G-). In 2014, the ratio between G+ and G- bacteria was 27.18% vs. 72.82%. In 2020, the predominance of G- bacteria was even more pronounced, with 89.86% compared to 10.14% G+ (p < 0.001). In 2001, Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (26.54%) was the predominant G- bacterium, and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (24.78%) was the most common G+ bacterium. In 2014, P. aeruginosa (30.10%) and S. aureus (23.30%) remained prevalent. By 2020, P. aeruginosa (35.14%) increased further, while S. aureus (7.43%) decreased significantly (p < 0.001). Antibiotic sensitivity varied over the years, with older antibiotics showing decreased efficacy and newer classes demonstrating increased sensitivity. Conclusion. Throughout the study period, there was a notable shift toward G- bacterial dominance, particularly P. aeruginosa. Antibiotic resistance patterns also evolved. This study highlights the importance of local surveillance of bacterial flora of VLUs and antibiotic resistance profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of applying synchronized music and appropriate music selection on motivation for exercise and achieving better results in individuals of different fitness levels. Methods: The study included a total of 20 female participants, who for certain analyses were divided into two groups with slightly different levels of aerobic fitness: students from the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education (n = 10, age 23.0 ± 2.8), and middle-aged adult women exercising recreationally (n = 10, age 38.3 ± 11.6). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was conducted using a treadmill and gas analysis equipment, and motivational music qualities were assessed using the BMRI-2 questionnaire. The procedure included an initial maximal CPET test, echocardiography, and spirometric tests, followed by an interview to select preferred music tracks. A second CPET test was then performed with the chosen motivational music. The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale was used in both tests. Results: The internal consistency of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.982. The synchronized motivational music significantly improved cardiopulmonary parameters such as peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), oxygen consumption (VO2) at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), peak heart rate (peak HR), test duration, and reduced perceived exertion (RPE) at the beginning of the test and at the intensity level corresponding to the VT2. Negligible differences were noted between students and recreational athletes, so it can be assumed that music had an equal impact on these two groups of subjects. Conclusions: The study concluded that synchronous motivational music significantly enhances cardiopulmonary performance and reduces perceived fatigue during physical exertion by serving as a key motivational element and facilitating more economical movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body weight exercises represent the most accessible way to improve muscle strength, power, and other motor abilities. Many muscles are simultaneously involved in performing body weight exercises. Problem statement: How to classify body weight exercises according to the topological criterion? Approach: The subject of this paper was the analytical classification of body weight exercises based on the topological criterion. The aim of this paper was to describe, analyze and classify the basic body weight exercises from the basic set according to the topological criterion. In the paper was used a method of descriptive analytical classification consisted of four steps. In the first step, a review of various information sources was performed. The basic set of exercises was defined in the second step. In the third step, the criterion for classifying the exercises was chosen. The type of exercise classification is determined in the fourth step. Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to create a clear overview of body weight exercises as a basis for successful training planning and programming. Results: By analyzed body weight exercises according to the topological criterion, exercises were classified into three classes shown in the tables. A total of 68 exercises were classified; for the upper body, 26 exercises were classified, 22 for the middle body ("core"), and 20 for the lower body. Conclusions: All body weight exercises from the basic set were classified according to the topological criterion regarding the exercise's primarily engaged muscle and body parts. The dichotomy occurred when the exercise was topologically represented in both classes and when exercise was performed as one movement but required the primary engagement of two subclasses. The presented classification of body weight exercises according to the topological criterion can serve as a basis for planning and programming training of different needs and goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. Hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer, also known as Martorell ulcer, is not very rare, but an under-recognized type of leg ulcer. It has specific clinical and histopathological characteristics. It occurs almost exclusively in patients with arterial hypertension. It is more common in women and in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is localized particularly in the laterodorsal distal third of the lower leg. This ulcer is extremely painful. Its clinical features may very much resemble pyoderma gangrenosum. Case Report. We are presenting a case of a 40-year-old obese male, who suffered from arterial hypertension during the past 26 years. His ulcer appeared spontaneously on the lateral aspect of the right lower leg and progressed gradually. From the very onset, the ulcer was extremely painful. At first, it was diagnosed as pyoderma gangrenosum and treated with systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Since the response to therapy was not satisfactory, the histopathology was revised and the diagnosis of hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer was made. After initial wound debridement and local negative pressure therapy, split-thickness skin grafting was performed. The pain disappeared right away almost completely and complete epithelization was achieved two weeks after skin grafting. Conclusion. It is important to consider Martorell ulcer in hypertensive patients with extremely painful ulcers of the lower leg. In order to establish the appropriate diagnosis, it is essential to take a deep skin biopsy and correlate the finding with a specific histopathological picture. It is the only way not to confuse hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer with pyoderma gangrenosum, since the management of the two conditions is completely different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]