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U dokumentu su prikazani rezultati monitoringa provedenog na tri lokacije urbanog tla: 12 uzoraka tla na lokacijama oko odlagališta otpada Jakuševec, 12 uzoraka tla na lokacijama oko uređaja za obradu otpadnih voda i 12 uzoraka tla na lokacijama u blizini postrojenja za obradu otpada CIOS. Analizirani su fizikalno-kemijski parametri u tlu (teški metali, PAH, PCB, TOC, BTEX, mineralna ulja, pesticidi), provedena su ekotoksikološka ispitivanja tla, postavljeni su procjedni lizimetri na tri lokacije, izrađen je model distribucije, postavljeni su senzori za praćenje dinamike relativne vlage tla i vodnog potencijala tla te je proveden i biomonitoring mahovinama (teški metali i PAH-ovi). Rezultati su prikazani na web GIS aplikaciji „Ekološka karta Grada Zagreba“. Program je financirao Gradski ured za zdravstvo.

U preliminarnim istraživanjima urbanih tala na području Grada Zagreba tijekom 2015. i 2016. godine uzorkovano je 150 uzoraka tla i dodatnih sedam uzoraka na području Zagrebačke županije. Na temelju rezultata ispitivanja odredile su se kritične lokacije uzorkovanja i proširila mreža uzorkovanja sukladno zahtjevima za uspostavu monitoringa urbanih tala na području grada Zagreba. Izrađen je elaborat o uspostavi monitoringa, provedena je ukupna pedološka obrada na lokaciji 10 profila, analizirani su fizikalno- kemijski parametri te je započet biomonitoring mahovinama. Program je financirao Gradski ured za zdravstvo.

Urban waste compost application to soil is an effective way for organic waste disposal and at the same time may have a positive effect on various soil rhizosphere processes. However, long term applications of organic waste amendments may lead to a noteworthy accumulation of micropollutants in soil. The long-term field experiment QualiAgro, an INRA- Veolia partnership (https://www6.inra.fr/qualiagro_eng/), has been conducted since 1998 with the objectives to characterize the agronomic value of urban composts and the environmental impacts of their application. Numerical modeling was performed using HYDRUS-2D to estimate the movement of Cd and Cu from compost incroporation in the tilled layer. Experimental plots regularly amended with co- compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (SGW), or a municipal solid waste compost (MSW) have been compared to control plot without any organic amendment (CONT). Field site was equipped with wicks lysimeters, TDR probes and tensiometers in order to determine water balance and trace metal concentrations during a 6 years’ time period (2004-2010). In the tilled layer different structures ( – compacted clods, – macroporous zone, IF – interfurrows, PP – plough pan) corresponding to the tillage and compost incorporation were delimited and reproduced in a 2-D model. The increase of Cd and Cu concentrations due to each compost addition was assumed to be located in IFs for further modeling. Four compost additions were performed during 2004-2010 period which increased the Cd and Cu concentrations in the IF zones considerably. After successful model description of water flow in highly heterogeneous soil profiles, Cd and Cu were added into the model and their fate was simulated during the same time period. Two approaches were followed to estimate plausible trace metals sorption coefficients (Kd), both while assuming equilibrium between dissolved and EDTA-extractable metals. The first approach was based on Kd estimated from ratios between EDTA and CaCl2-extracted metals (Kd-1). In the second approach we have calculated Kd from generic equations (literature), using soil organic carbon (SOC) and pH for Cd, and SOM, pH and DOC for Cu (Kd-2). Lysimeter data of Cu leaching were successfully reproduced by using first Kd-1 approach for three plots (model efficiency ESGW=0.97, EMSW=0.37 ; ECONT=0.95). Smaller agreement in MSW plot could be explained by the less stabile organic matter of MSW composts which increased its Cu mobile fraction after soil incorporation. The Cd leaching could be reproduced with the second Kd-2 approach for the two amended plots (ESGW=0.55, EMSW=0.80) while control plot simulations produced poorer fitting (ECONT=-0.57), probably due to an overestimation of the influence of the low pH of that plot on Kd-2(Cd). However, numerical modeling revealed interesting results in which, even with the high values of hydraulic conductivity in the interfurrow zones, the Cd and Cu showed low mobility. Although, the amended plots showed increased metal leaching below the tilled layer in both amended plots, their mobility in the tilled layer is reduced due to retention capacity of the applied composts. Acknowledgements: the involvement of INRA and Veolia members in the QualiAgro experiment and the financial support of Veolia are gratefully acknowledged

Poboljšanje kvalitete vina i maslinovog ulja ključno je za financijski uspjeh gospodarskih subjekata. Kvaliteta vina jednako kao i kvaliteta maslinovog ulja povezana je s fiziološkim statusom vinove loze odnosno masline i to prvenstveno sa statusom vode u biljci. Budući da je voda ključni kontrolor fiziološkog statusa biljke, dobro gospodarenje vodom u vinogradu/masliniku može biti korišteno za poboljšanje kvalitete biljaka. To naročito dolazi do izražaja u nasadima gdje vodni stres nastupa brzo. Na mikrolokaciji Donje polje Jadrtovac gdje su suha i vruća ljeta razvoju vodnog stresa u podignutim nasadima vinove loze i masline još dodatno doprinosi izrazito mali kapacitet zadržavanja vode koji je svojstven kultiviranim tlima krša s visokim udjelom skeleta (

Urbana tla traže naročitu pozornost kako zbog raznovrsnosti načina korištenja prostora tako i zbog velikog broja izvora onečišćenja ili drugog načina degradacije kakvoće tla. Na koji će se način onečišćenje tala manifestirati u urbanom okolišu ovisi o vrsti onečišćivala, intenzitetu korištenja prostora i ekološkim uvjetima, ali u konačnici utječe na zdravlje čovjeka direktnim unosom putem kože, respiratornim putem (udisanjem čestica tla) ili gastrointestinalnim putem. Kako bi se osigurali pravovaljani i pravovremeni podaci o kvaliteti tala potrebno je uspostaviti organizirani sustav motrenja tala koji bi za cilj imao odrediti vrstu i intenzitet onečišćenja te u slučaju prisutnosti onečišćenja uslijed različitih aktivnosti pratiti kakvoću tla u definiranim vremenskim intervalima. Program se provodi na području Grada Zagreba u više faza sa ciljem da se: utvrdi postojeće stanje kakvoće tla na cjelokupnom području unutar administrativnih granica Grada Zagreba, identificiraju lokacije na kojima je prema unaprijed definiranim kriterijima i zakonskim propisima potrebno uspostaviti monitoring i definiraju način i pokazatelji za praćenje na tim lokacijama i provede prvi monitoring. Monitoringom je predviđeno obuhvatiti šest kategorija načina korištenja urbanog tla. Nastavkom preliminarnih istraživanja urbanih tala na području Grada Zagreba tijekom 2016. godine uzorkovano je daljnjih 85 od ukupno 150 uzoraka tla. Analizirani su fizikalni i kemijski parametri (organski i anorganski) te je provedeno ekotoksikološko ispitivanje tla. Rezultati analiza kvalitete tla na teške metale su prikazani na web GIS aplikaciji „Ekološka karta Grada Zagreba“. Program je financirao Gradski ured za zdravstvo.

Growing vegetables commercially requires intensive management and involves high irrigation demands and input of agrochemicals. Plastic mulch application in combination with drip irrigation is a common agricultural management technique practiced due to variety of benefits to the crop, mostly vegetable biomass production. However, the use of these techniques can result in various impacts on water and nutrient distribution in underlying soil and consequently affect nutrient leaching towards groundwater resources. The aim of this work is to estimate the effect of plastic mulch cover in combination with drip irrigation on water and nitrate dynamics in soil using HYDRUS-2D model. The field site was located in Croatian costal karst area on a Gleysol (WRB). The experiment was designed according to the split- plot design in three repetitions and was divided into plots with plastic mulch cover (MULCH) and control plots with bare soil (CONT). Each of these plots received applications of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer: 70, 140, and 210 kg per ha. All plots were equipped with drip irrigation and cropped with bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bianca F1). Lysimeters were installed at 90 cm depth in all plots and were used for monitoring the water and nitrate outflow. HYDRUS-2D was used for modeling the water and nitrogen outflow in the MULCH and CONT plots, implementing the proper boundary conditions. HYDRUS-2D simulated results showed good fitting to the field site observed data in both cumulative water and nitrate outflow, with high level of agreement. Water flow simulations produced model efficiency of 0.84 for CONT and 0.56 for MULCH plots, while nitrate simulations showed model efficiency ranging from 0.67 to 0.83 and from 0.70 to 0.93, respectively. Additional simulations were performed with the absence of the lysimeter, revealing faster transport of nitrates below drip line in the CONT plots, mostly because of the increased surface area subjected to precipitation/irrigation due the absence of soil cover. Contrary, in the MULCH plots most of the nitrate applied was still left in the upper soil layer at the end of simulations. Numerical modeling revealed a large influence of plastic mulch cover on water and nutrient outflow and distribution in soil. Results suggest that under this management practice the nitrogen amounts applied via fertigation can be lowered and optimized (higher application frequencies) to reduce possible negative influence of the nitrogen based fertilizer such as leaching of nitrates to groundwater.

Površine privedene poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji melioracijskim zahvatima nepoznatih su pedoloških značajki. Količina sitnice, kao i kapaciteti tla za vodu i hranjiva, obično su neistraženi te se gospodarenje vodama i hranjivima na održivi način ne može provoditi. Osigurati dostatne količine vode za navodnjavanje poljoprivrednih kultura te održivo gospodarenje vodom i hranjivima na takvim površinama je znanstveno stručni izazov. Jedno od otvorenih pitanja je i utjecaj navodnjavanja na rast i razvoj primjerice vinove loze te na kvalitetu grožđa i vina proizvedenih u uvjetima navodnjavanja. Slična situacija je i s maslinama i kvalitetom maslinovog ulja. Na temelju navedenih polazišta i opisa problema u projektnom zadatku su definirani sljedeći ciljevi: 1. Odabrati stabilan izvor vode za navodnjavanje i uniformne lokacije za provedbu istraživanja, te nabaviti opremu za mjerenje klimatskih parametara ; 2. vlage u tlu, potencijala vode u listu kao i sustave za navodnjavanje ; 3. Postaviti poljski pokus ; 4. Odrediti značajke tla na pokusnom polju Jadrtovac ; Odrediti potrošnju vode ; 5. Odrediti intenzitet fotosinteze vinove loze, potencijal vode u listu vinove loze te mineralni sastav lišća vinove loze ; 6. Provesti ampelografska istraživanja, uvometriju i mehaničku analizu grozda i bobice ; 7. Odrediti prinos i bujnost vinove loze te pratiti dozrijevanje grožđa ; 8. Odrediti kemijski sastav mošta, analizirati organske, aminokiseline i polifenole ; 9. Provesti mikrovinifikaciju i analizu vina ; 10. Izvršiti morfološka mjerenja na stablima masline te folijarnu analizu masline.

Urbana tla traže naročitu pozornost kako zbog raznovrsnosti načina korištenja prostora tako i zbog velikog broja izvora onečišćenja ili drugog načina degradacije kakvoće tla. Na koji će se način onečišćenje tala manifestirati u urbanom okolišu ovisi o vrsti onečišćivala, intenzitetu korištenja prostora i ekološkim uvjetima, ali u konačnici utječe na zdravlje čovjeka direktnim unosom putem kože, respiratornim putem (udisanjem čestica tla) ili gastrointestinalnim putem. Kako bi se osigurali pravovaljani i pravovremeni podaci o kvaliteti tala potrebno je uspostaviti organizirani sustav motrenja tala koji bi za cilj imao odrediti vrstu i intenzitet onečišćenja te u slučaju prisutnosti onečišćenja uslijed različitih aktivnosti pratiti kakvoću tla u definiranim vremenskim intervalima. Program se provodi na području Grada Zagreba u više faza sa ciljem da se: utvrdi postojeće stanje kakvoće tla na cjelokupnom području unutar administrativnih granica Grada Zagreba, identificiraju lokacije na kojima je prema unaprijed definiranim kriterijima i zakonskim propisima potrebno uspostaviti monitoring i definiraju način i pokazatelji za praćenje na tim lokacijama i provede prvi monitoring. Monitoringom je predviđeno obuhvatiti šest kategorija načina korištenja urbanog tla. U istraživanjima urbanih tala na području Grada Zagreba tijekom 2015. godine uzorkovano je 65 od ukupno 150 uzoraka tla. Analizirani su fizikalni i kemijski parametri (organski i anorganski) te je provedeno ekotoksikološko ispitivanje tla. Rezultati analize tla na teške metale prikazani su na web GIS aplikaciji „Ekološka karta Grada Zagreba“. Program je financirao Gradski ured za zdravstvo.

U ovom dokumentu prikazani su rezultati monitoringa koji je proveden u 2013. godini. U razdoblju od siječnja do prosinca 2013. godine ukupno je prikupljeno i laboratorijski ispitano: 117 uzoraka podzemne vode, 156 uzoraka površinske vode i 40 uzoraka tla. U svakom uzorku analizirano je 12 odabranih pokazatelja, što je rezultiralo s ukupno 3660 utvrñenih koncentracija odabranih pokazatelja. Rezultati su grupirani prema mjernim područjima – melioracijskim jedinicama na području donjeg toka rijeke Neretve da bi se analizirao i prikazao prostorni i vremenski trend promjena u vodama i tlu.

Trace metals (TMs) are very reactive in the environment and increased TMs concentrations may result in increased availability to organisms. Since the major excessive TMs entry into human organism is via consumption of vegetables grown on contaminated soil, there is a considerable interest in understanding TMs bioavailability in soil, with an emphasis on crop uptake process. Even though the majority of TMs are essential for organisms, in a certain concentration, they may become toxic (e.g. copper). As a result of the use of Cu- containing fungicides, Cu may be found in elevated levels in agricultural soils. However, total soil Cu concentration usually does not well reflect the fraction available for uptake by organisms, and in the assessment of soil Cu bioavailability chemical extractions are frequently compared with Cu content in a plant tissue. Therefore, agricultural soil was spiked with Cu at two levels and soil total and CaCl2- extractable Cu concentration was correlated with a faba bean (Vicia faba L.) tissue Cu concentration (leaf, pod and seed, separately). Faba bean Cu uptake increased with raising soil Cu concentration. Furthermore, CaCl2- extractable Cu significantly (P

Salinization is one of the major environmental constraints that limit crop productivity and quality. Although being more expressed in southern regions of the world, this process is increasingly affecting European agricultural land as well, especially those in Mediterranean coastal areas due to use of saline irrigation water. Use of saline water for crop irrigation leads to rhizosphere salinization that affects plant element uptake, as well as trace elements accumulation in plant tissue. Imbalance in crop element uptake can reflect on crop productivity. Thus, assessment of crop salt stress response is useful for elucidating crop performance under salt stress. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in soil biogeochemical processes and especially affects trace element mobility and bioavailability. Thus, it is an important factor for assessment of plant responses under varying ecological conditions, including salinity. A greenhouse pot experiment was set up to study the effects of saline irrigation and increased SOM on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) salt stress response. Soil from arable land of Croatian coastal region was used for the trial. One half of the bulk of soil provided for the experiment was mixed with commercial peat (4:1) and two trial variants, unmodified and increased SOM content, were investigated. Two weeks after transplanting faba bean seedlings into pots, treatment with NaCl salinity was applied in nutrient solution as follows: NaCl0 – control (basic nutrient solution without added NaCl), NaCl50 (control + 50 mM NaCl) and NaCl100 (control + 100 mM NaCl). Increased SOM affected P (pod, seed), Mg (leaf), Zn (seed), Mo (leaf, pod, seed) and Cu (pod) content of faba bean plants. Raised rhizosphere salinity affected faba bean dry matter content (leaf, pod), Na and Ca (leaf, pod, seed), Mg (leaf, pod), K (leaf), S (seed), as well as Mo (pod, seed) and Cu (pod) content. Saline irrigation and increased SOM affected element accumulation in bean plant, although no significant interaction between rhizosphere salinization and SOM was revealed.

Processes that control the mobility, transformation and toxicity of metals in soil are of special importance in the soil root developing zone. For this reason, there is a considerable interest in understanding trace elements behaviour in soil, with special emphasis on processes by which plants take them up. Increased root zone salinity due to saline irrigation can affect plant element uptake and trace elements accumulation in tissue. Long-term and extensive use of land for agriculture with frequent application of agri– chemicals is one of the major causes of trace metal, such as copper, nickel, zinc and cadmium, accumulation in soil. Accumulation of Cu in agricultural soil is a common consequence of using copper containing fungicides to control plant diseases. The soil property that most determines the sorption of TEs is organic matter (OM) content and Cu complexation by OM is an effective mechanism of Cu retention in soils, controlling thus its bioavailability. A greenhouse pot experiment was therefore conducted to study the effects of soil copper contamination in a saline environment on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) element uptake. Treatment with NaCl salinity was applied (control, 50 mM NaCl and 100 mM NaCl) on faba bean plants grown in a control and in a soil spiked with Cu (250 and 500 mg/kg). Low and high soil OM content trial variants were investigated. Cu accumulation occurred in faba bean leaf, pod and seed. Cu contamination affected plant element content in leaves (Na, Ca, Mg, Mn), pod (Mn) and seed (Mn, Mo, Zn). Root zone salinity also affected faba bean element content. Furthermore, Cu contamination – salinity and salinity – OM content interaction was significant for pod Cu content. Future research will be focused on the mechanisms of Cu translocation in plant and adaptation aspects of abiotic stress.

Using of saline water for agricultural irrigation is leading towards salt accumulation in the root zone and consequent damage to crop production and soil fertility. Furthermore, it is known that increased root zone salinity can potentially increase plant trace element uptake. In this context, crop salt tolerance and growth response assessment is useful tool in managing salinity stress. A greenhouse pot experiment was set up to study the effects of irrigation water salinity on growth and element uptake of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Three weeks old faba bean seedlings were transplanted into pots and automatically fertigated with a modified Hoagland nutrient solution. Two weeks after transplanting, treatment with four NaCl salinity concentrations in nutrient solution was applied as follows: NaCl0 – control (basic nutrient solution without added NaCl), NaCl35 (control + 35 mM NaCl), NaCl50 (control + 50 mM NaCl), NaCl65 (control + 65 mM NaCl). Increasing root zone salinity significantly enhanced Na and Cl accumulation in faba bean leaves. A decrease in Mo and K leaf content occurred most significantly at NaCl50 treatment, as well as an increase in Mn leaf content. NaCl treatments reduced P leaf content in regard to control but without significant difference amongst treatments. Results have shown that increased root zone salinity can affect certain faba bean leaf element accumulation, although trace element leaf content was not significantly altered. Hence, faba bean could be considered as rather salt tolerant horticultural crop., European Chemical Bulletin, Vol 1, No 12 (2012): European Chemical Bulletin

Predsjetvenom bakterizacijom lucerne sa učinkovitim sojevima Sinorhizobium meliloti nastoji se što više iskoristiti prirodni proces simbiozne fiksacije dušika. Prisustvo autohtonih sojeva S. meliloti u tlu može ograničiti uspjeh predsjetvene bakterizacije čak i sa visoko učinkovitim komercijalnim sojevima. Cilj rada je izolacija i identifikacija autohtonih sojeva Sinorhizobium meliloti iz različitih tipova tala središnje Slavonije te utvrđivanje genetske varijabilnosti prirodne populacije S. meliloti. Identifikacija prirodne populacije S. meliloti te procjena genetske varijabilnosti provedena je primjenom 16S rDNA PCR – RFLP i ERIC – PCR metoda. Rezultati svake od navedenih metoda prevedeni su u dvodimenzionalnu binarnu matricu i analizirani primjenom biostatističkog programa NTSYS. U svim istraživanim tipovima tala utvrđeno je postojanje prirodne populacije S. meliloti. Na osnovi rezultata 16S rDNA PCR – RFLP metode utvrđeno je da 15 od ukupno 22 analizirana izolata pripada vrsti Sinorhizobium meliloti, da soj S5 pripada vrsti Sinorhizobium medicae te da se 6 sojeva značajno razlikuje od svih ostalih sojeva. Primjenom ERIC – PCR metode utvrđena je velika genetska varijabilnost između ispitivanih sojeva. Najveća sličnost između sojeva izoliranih s različitih lokacija utvrđena je između soja S21 i identičnih sojeva S15 i S16. Soj S12 pokazao se kao najrazličitiji soj od svih analiziranih sojeva.

U identifikaciji kvržičnih bakterija od molekularnih metoda koristi se osnovna PCR molekularna metoda, te metode nastale modifikacijom osnovne PCR metode: PCR – RFLP, rep – PCR, RAPD. Sve te metode temelje se na proučavanju nukleinskih kiselina kvržičnih bakterija što je omogućilo njihovu bržu i precizniju identifikaciju. Osnovne faze PCR metode su faza denaturacije dvolančane DNA u dva jednolančana lanca, faza sparivanja početnica i faza produljivanja lanca DNA. Osnovne razlike između modificiranih PCR metoda su u korištenim klicama (primerima), temperaturi vezanja i trajanju vezanja primera s DNA, te genskim markerima. Također, razlika je i u nivou do kojeg se primjenom pojedine molekularne metode mogu identificirati kvržične bakterije (rod, vrsta, podvrsta, biovarijetet, soj). U radu su detaljnije opisane pojedine molekularne metode koje su do sada našle primjenu u identifikaciji kvržičnih bakterija.