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Ideberg type III glenoid fractures are relatively rare, and the mechanisms of injury and treatment strategies remain controversial. We reviewed the fracture patterns and final radiological findings in four cases. All fractures were wider on the medial side than on the side of the articular surface. All patients had multiple ipsilateral rib fractures; three out of four patients had a concomitant acromion fracture. Therefore, the mechanism of injury for the fracture is assumed to be external force applied in the caudal direction to the medial side of the body of the scapula. The superior shoulder suspensory complex was disrupted in most cases. A good clinical outcome was obtained in two patients with percutaneous screw fixation for the glenoid fracture and rigid plate fixation for the acromion fracture and in one patient who did not have an acromion fracture. However, one patient who did not undergo fixation of the acromion fracture developed osteoarthrosis of the shoulder joint. In this type of fracture, it is important to stabilize the acromion fracture at the same time as fixation of the glenoid fracture.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the main fragment fracture type (oblique or transverse) on the union rate of femoral shaft fractures., Methods: Patients who underwent surgical treatment with an antegrade intramedullary nail for femoral shaft fracture (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen / Orthopaedic Trauma Association; AO/OTA type 32 type B or C) between January 2009 and March 2021 were included in this study. Patients with oblique fractures of the two main fragments on radiographs immediately after surgery were classified into the oblique fracture group. Patients with at least one of the two main fractures being transverse fractures were classified into the transverse fracture group. We investigated age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), AO/OTA classification, time from fracture to surgery, intramedullary nail length and diameter, number of interlocking screws, and bone union rate., Results: A total of 55 fractures were included. The mean age was 34.4 ± 16.7 (range, 16-77) years. There were 41 fractures classified into the oblique fracture group and 14 fractures classified into the transverse fracture group. There was a significantly higher proportion of men in the transverse fracture group. Patients in the transverse fracture group were significantly younger and taller. Only 1 of 41 (2.4%) patients in the oblique group experienced nonunion, while 3 of 14 (21.4%) patients in the transverse group experienced nonunion (p = 0.030)., Conclusion: Comminuted femoral shaft fractures with transverse fracture components are more prone to nonunion.

Background: In this study, we investigated the area that can be addressed with an approach in which the skin incision is made directly above the dorsal column with Thiel cadaveric specimens., Methods: Six Thiel cadaveric specimens were prepared. A skin incision was made directly above the dorsal column. The accessible proximal end from the proximal part of the greater sciatic notch to the gluteal ridge and the accessible distal end of the ischium were marked with a flat chisel. A molded 8-hole reconstruction plate was placed from the base of the ischium toward the gluteal ridge and fixed with 3 screws proximally and 2 screws distally. The length of the skin incision and the distance from each reference point on the bone to the reachable markings were assessed after the muscles were removed., Results: Mean skin incision length was 9.3 ± 0.7 (range, 8.0-10.0) cm. In 3 of 6 cases, proximal screws were inserted through different spaces between muscle fibers. In all cases, we were able to reach at least the greater sciatic notch, the gluteal ridge at the level of superior border of the acetabulum, and the base of the ischial tuberosity. In all cases, an 8-hole plate could be placed from the gluteal ridge to the base of the ischium. There were no superior gluteal artery or sciatic nerve injuries in any of the cases., Conclusion: We anatomically investigated the area that can be addressed with an approach in which the skin incision was made directly above the dorsal column. In all cases, we were able to access the areas needed to reduce the fracture and place the plates necessary to stabilize the fracture through a 9.3 ± 0.7 cm skin incision. This approach can be a useful minimally invasive posterior approach for acetabular fractures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest DePuy Synthes lent us the surgical instruments needed to perform the dissection., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiological results of reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures treated with dynamic distal locked intramedullary hip nails., Materials and Methods: Patients with a reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fracture (AO/OTA type 31 A3.1 or A3.3) underwent surgical treatment with a dynamic distal locked intramedullary hip nail between August 2017 and September 2020. Fracture type, reduction quality, change in the position of the distal bone fragment, bone union, complications, and walking ability were evaluated., Results: Ten patients with reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures (seven females and three males) underwent dynamic distal locked intramedullary hip nailing. The mean age was 72.0 ± 18.9 years. Two patients were classi fied as having A3.1 fractures; eight patients were classified as having A3.3 fractures. Anatomical reduction was achieved in six patients, medial displacement remained in three patients, and lateral displacement remained in one patient postoperatively. In 9 out of 10 patients, the center of the proximal end of the distal bone fragment had moved laterally between the time immediately after surgery and the time of the final evaluation. Bone union was obtained uneventfully without any additional treatments in all patients. There were no complications such as infection or implant failure. Walking ability decreased in four patients., Conclusion: In all patients, bone union was achieved due to good contact of the medial cortices or the migration of the distal bone fragment into the proximal bone fragment. This procedure can be an option for treating reverse obliquity intertrochanteric fractures.

Background: A palmaris longus (PL) to extensor pollicis longus (EPL) is a standard tendon transfer used to restore thumb extension in patients with radial nerve palsy. This transfer is done by withdrawing the EPL from the third compartment and passing it subcutaneously to reach the PL. We modified this transfer by rerouting the EPL through the second extensor compartment to improve the retropulsion of the thumb. The aim of this study is to report the outcomes of this modified transfer. Methods: Four patients with traumatic radial nerve palsy underwent the modified PL to EPL transfer. They also underwent transfer of the pronator teres (PT) to extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) to extensor digitorum communis (EDC). Patients were followed up for at least 1 year after surgery. The data with regard to age, gender, cause of radial nerve palsy, duration between injury and surgery, and duration of follow-up was recorded. At final follow-up, the arc of motion at the interphalangeal joint (IPJ), metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ), palmar and radial abduction and retropulsion were measured for the reconstructed thumb and contralateral normal thumb. Results: All patients were male, with a mean age of 34.3 (range, 19-46) years. The mean duration between the injury and surgery was 15.9 (7-27) months, and the mean post-operative follow-up period was 16.8 (12-25) months. All patients recovered good thumb function. The mean arc of motion of the affected and contralateral thumb were IPJ flexion: 52°/80°; IPJ extension: 21°/14°; MCPJ flexion: 30°/33°; MCPJ extension:24°/31°; radial abduction: 70°/74°; palmar abduction: 68°/75° and retropulsion: 4.8cm/5.0cm. Conclusion: Rerouting the PL to EPL tendon transfer through the second extensor compartment in radial nerve palsy can restore good thumb function especially retropulsion. Level of Evidence: Level IV (Therapeutic).

Suicidal jumper's fractures are transversal fractures of the upper sacrum. The treatment for this type of fracture remains controversial. We present a case of a Roy-Camille type 2 suicidal jumper's fracture treated with reduction by hyperextension of the lumbosacral junction, the joystick method, and percutaneous fixation on the day of injury. After the operation, the sacral canal at the S2 level was enlarged and both lower extremities began to move gradually. At 19 days after the injury, direct decompression via sacral laminectomy was performed to promote further neurological improvement. At 10 months after the injury, cauda equina syndrome and radicular symptoms were completely resolved. Considering its minimal invasiveness, we recommend trying hyperextension and the joystick method to treat Roy-Camille type 2 suicidal jumper's fractures on the day of injury., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in connection with this paper. All authors confirm that they have no financial or personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence this work., (© 2021 The Authors.)

Background: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). "Hybrid training", a training that involves both voluntary and electrical muscle contractions, causes beneficial alterations in muscles even after short durations of exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of hybrid training in patients with NAFLD., Methods: Thirty-five patients with NAFLD who were resistant to lifestyle counseling were assigned to a hybrid-training group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 23). In the hybrid-training group, quadriceps and hamstrings were contracted voluntarily or electrically for 19 min twice a week. In the control group, patients received lifestyle counseling. The therapeutic efficacy of the hybrid training was evaluated after 12 weeks of the intervention., Results: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and hepatic steatosis grade were significantly decreased in the hybrid-training group compared to that of the control group (-14.1 ± 5.8 vs. 3.5 ± 5.4 IU/mL; P < 0.05, -0.67 ± 0.19 vs. 0.09 ± 0.06 grade; P < 0.01, respectively). No significant changes were seen between the two groups in skeletal muscle mass. The decreases in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value and in serum IL-6 levels were significantly greater in the hybrid-training group than in the control group (-6.2 ± 3.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.6; P < 0.05, -3.1 ± 1.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5 pg/mL; P < 0.01, respectively)., Conclusion: Hybrid training of voluntary and electrical muscle contractions improved hepatic steatosis and reduced insulin resistance and serum IL-6 levels in NAFLD patients who are resistant to lifestyle counseling.

"Hybrid exercise" utilizing combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction has been developed as a muscle exercise method. Although our previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the procedure, the mechanisms of its efficacy still remain unclear. In the present study, we identified genes that are specifically expressed in disused muscles, using the semitendinosus muscle from patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Preoperative exercise was performed by four ACL-injured patients, who were subjected either to hybrid exercise (n=2), electrical stimulation (n=1), or no electrical stimulation (n=1), in addition to standard weight training for 4 weeks. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of the semitendinosus muscle was measured before and after the exercise by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A piece of the semitendinosus muscle was isolated during the surgery, and comprehensive analysis of the gene expression in this sample was performed using DNA microarray analysis. CSA increased in size by 4.2 and 14.7%, respectively, after hybrid exercise, and by 1.4% after electrical stimulation. However it shrunk by 7.7% without electrical stimulation. DNA microarray analysis revealed that hybrid exercise was more effective at stimulating the expression of signal transduction-, transcription- and cytoskeleton-related genes in semitendinosus muscles than electrical stimulation alone. In particular, gene ontology analysis revealed that hybrid exercise induced significantly higher expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (EIFSA), peroxisomal biogenesis factor 6 (PEX6) and histone cluster 1 H4 (HIST1H4), compared with electrical stimulation alone. The expression of signal transduction-, transcription- and cytoskeleton-related genes may play an important role in muscle bulk increasing mechanisms in hybrid exercise.

The N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)/Cap43 is closely associated with cell differentiation, and its expression is induced by hypoxia and increasing intracellular calcium levels. Whether the NDRG1/Cap43 expression in cancer cells is a predictive marker of good or poor prognosis in patients, depends upon tumor types and differentiation status. In this study, we examined whether the NDRG1/Cap43 expression was involved in the differentiation of osteosarcoma cells, using three osteosarcoma cell lines, MG63, U2OS and SaOS2. The NDRG1/Cap43 expression in MG63 and U2OS was significantly enhanced by vitamin D3, which also induced the production of osteocalcin, a differentiation marker of osteoblasts. The knockdown of NDRG1/Cap43 using small interfering RNA also suppressed the production of osteocalcin and enhanced cell proliferation, accompanied by the suppression of p21 expression. Furthermore, the acquired invasiveness of osteosarcoma cells during the invasion in Matrigel resulted in the decreased expression of NDRG1/Cap43. On the basis of these results, our proposed role for NDRG1/Cap43 would be in the capacity of differentiation and invasion in osteosarcoma cells.

Extreme skeletal muscle atrophy is rampant in astronauts exposed to extended periods of microgravity (muG), and it is one of the main problems in human space exploration. A "Hybrid training" (HYB) method utilizing combined electrical stimulation and voluntary muscle contraction has been developed as a possible solution. A wearable HYB device and a virtual reality (VR) system were developed for use in space, and were verified at muG generated by parabolic flight (PF). A 36-year-old male subject performed HYB of reciprocal flexion and extension as a knee joint exercise training in a seated position at 1G, 2G and muG. The wearable HYB device and VR system developed for the study functioned well during the flight. However knee extension was insufficient at 1G and 2G, and the maximum knee extension angles at 1G and 2G were smaller than at muG. The extension velocity in the latter half of each motion was slower than in the first half at 1G and 2G, but no difference in velocity was observed at muG. The subject could extend the knee joint sufficiently and keep a constant extension velocity, because his legs were weightless at muG. The congruity between the subject's actual joint motions and instructed joint motions during muG was improved, when VR was employed with or without body fixation; accordingly, the subject was able to perform the desired joint motion. The VR system improved HYB exercise performance at muG during PF. HYB is considered a useful training method for future human space exploration.