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Rainbow light trapping in plasmonic devices allows for field enhancement of multiple wavelengths within a single device. However, many of these devices lack precise control over spatial and spectral enhancement profiles and cannot provide extremely high localised field strengths. Here we present a versatile, analytical design paradigm for rainbow trapping in nanogroove arrays by utilising both the groove-width and groove-length as tuning parameters. We couple this design technique with fabrication through multilayer thin-film deposition and focused ion beam milling, which enables the realisation of unprecedented feature sizes down to 5 nm and corresponding extreme normalised local field enhancements up to 103. We demonstrate rainbow trapping within the devices through hyperspectral microscopy and show agreement between the experimental results and simulation. The combination of expeditious design and precise fabrication underpins the implementation of these nanogroove arrays for manifold applications in sensing and nanoscale optics.

Objective Preoperative detection of axillary lymph node metastases (ALNMs) from breast cancer is suboptimal; however, recent work suggests radiomics may improve detection of ALNMs. This study aims to develop a 3D CT radiomics model to improve detection of ALNMs compared to conventional imaging features in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed on patients referred to a specialty breast cancer center between 2015 and 2020 with US-guided biopsy-proven ALNMs and pretreatment chest CT. One hundred and twelve patients (224 lymph nodes) met inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assigned to discovery (n = 150 nodes) and testing (n = 74 nodes) cohorts. US-biopsy images were referenced in identifying ALNMs on CT, with contralateral nodes taken as negative controls. Positive and negative nodes were assessed for conventional features of lymphadenopathy as well as for 107 radiomic features extracted following 3D segmentation. Diagnostic performance of individual and combined radiomic features was evaluated. Results The strongest conventional imaging feature of ALNMs was short axis diameter ≥ 10 mm with a sensitivity of 64%, specificity of 95%, and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.94). Several radiomic features outperformed conventional features, most notably energy, a measure of voxel density magnitude. This feature demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of 91%, 79%, and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.98) for the discovery cohort. On the testing cohort, energy scored 92%, 81%, and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.89-0.99) for sensitivity, specificity, and AUC, respectively. Combining radiomic features did not improve AUC compared to energy alone (P = .08). Conclusion 3D radiomic analysis represents a promising approach for noninvasive and accurate detection of ALNMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy is a powerful tool in which plasmonically enhanced electromagnetic fields provide high‐sensitivity molecular detection. Most SEIRA platforms operate at a single resonant frequency, which must be tuned to match that of the target molecule, and commonly rely on time‐consuming lithographic techniques. This study presents a high‐throughput and cost‐effective plasmonic metasurface for broadband, tunable, and strong infrared signal enhancement. The platform is built upon the principle of dispersion‐engineered plasmonic Fabry–Pérot (FP) nanocavity arrays. It offers 1) tight squeezing of infrared (IR) photons into deep sub‐wavelength nano‐volumes and 2) spectrally tunable near‐field enhancements of up to ≈106, two to three orders of magnitude higher than most optical metasurface systems. By coupling multilayer nano‐thin film deposition and nanoskiving fabrication techniques, the dispersive FP metasurfaces can be rapidly and reproducibly constructed in a scalable and lithography‐free manner. Using IR spectroscopy, the selective and sensitive label‐free detection of a molecular monolayer is achieved at a range of frequencies. An enhancement factor of nearly 105 is measured at the carbonyl (C = O) vibrational marker band of the molecule. The confluence of high field enhancement, broadband plasmonic response, and facile fabrication makes this metasurface a promising platform for SEIRA spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic nanostructures capable of broadband light trapping and field enhancement have promising applications in a wide range of fields. This study presents a platform for broadband, polarization‐independent field enhancement in the visible regime through the use of width‐graded nanocavities in a bullseye configuration. The fabrication procedure utilizes electron beam lithography (EBL) to achieve fine control over the nanocavity geometry and template stripping to enable rapid and low‐cost production. The utility of these devices as substrates for multi‐wavelength surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is demonstrated through molecular detection in a 10 μM solution at two excitation wavelengths. The impact of bullseye geometry on both the broadband spectral response and multi‐wavelength SERS performance is examined. The measured SERS enhancement factor (EF) is shown to depend primarily on the plasmonically active surface area of the device, regardless of the local electromagnetic field strength within the nanocavities. These results highlight not only the utility of the width‐graded bullseye as a broadband platform for SERS and other applications but also provide design guidelines to optimize the enhancement factor and broadband performance of similar devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very well known that Japan has an extremely low rate of crime compared with other developed countries. Due to fewer serious incidents such as murder, rape, and arson, Japanese society is generally peaceful and orderly. For instance, although there are 23 million juveniles who are younger than 20 years old, only 39 homicides were committed in 2010 in Japan. Most people understand that it is very difficult to reduce crime rates, so how has Japan maintained such a low crime rate? Although there are a number of reasons, the correctional education system for serious juvenile offenders in Japan is worthy of special mention. In this commentary, the author introduces a unique correctional educational facility, Jido-Ziritsu-Shien-Shisetsu (JZSS), that she hopes will provide an interesting glimpse into service provision in Japan. (Contains 1 table.)

Eighty-three inmates of a correctional facility, who committed serious offences, participated in this study. They were all male and aged 14-17 years, with a mean age of 15.5 (SD=1.21) years. Eighty-six age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Some psychological questionnaires such as on self-esteem and aggression were conducted in both groups. The aims of the present study were as follows: first, to clarify the characteristics of the subjects, such as IQ, psychological traits, and AD/HD symptoms; second, to examine how the subjects' self-esteem and aggression changed and/or improved on admission and at the time of parole (during the correctional educational period). For the results of paired t-tests, the self-esteem of subjects changed little. Therefore, our findings suggest that the improvement of antisocial behavior and transition of self-esteem are not directly linked with each other. Most inmates of the correctional facility showed a borderline IQ, markedly low self-esteem, unstable aggression, and serious AD/HD symptoms. In addition, the low self-esteem of subjects was not consistently elevated during the correctional education period. Moreover, their aggression was strongly correlated with AD/HD symptoms, both on admission and at the time of parole. (Contains 4 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to clarify the following 2 points: (1) whether self-esteem changes after correctional education, and (2) whether attention deficit/hyperactivity characteristics affect self-esteem. The subjects were 118 juveniles (all males) admitted to "A" juvenile correctional facility. Our findings indicated that during the correctional education period, changes in self-esteem were limited. The AD/HD-YSR attention deficit score was negatively correlated with the self-esteem score on admission but was not associated with the self-esteem score at the time of parole. Next, the subjects were classified according to the self-esteem score. Consequently, the attention deficit score was significantly associated with self-esteem in all groups. Our results were suggested that total AD/HD-YSR score in the high self-esteem group was lower than that in the other groups. Our cross-sectional surveys have shown an association between the AD/HD-YSR score and self-esteem, suggesting the influences of developmental problems on self-esteem. Research implications were discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)

Abstract Background Previous reports have suggested impairment in facial expression recognition in delinquents, but controversy remains with respect to how such recognition is impaired. To address this issue, we investigated facial expression recognition in delinquents in detail. Methods We tested 24 male adolescent/young adult delinquents incarcerated in correctional facilities. We compared their performances with those of 24 age- and gender-matched control participants. Using standard photographs of facial expressions illustrating six basic emotions, participants matched each emotional facial expression with an appropriate verbal label. Results Delinquents were less accurate in the recognition of facial expressions that conveyed disgust than were control participants. The delinquents misrecognized the facial expressions of disgust as anger more frequently than did controls. Conclusion These results suggest that one of the underpinnings of delinquency might be impaired recognition of emotional facial expressions, with a specific bias toward interpreting disgusted expressions as hostile angry expressions.