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The abrupt alternation between hot and wet extremes can lead to more severe societal impacts than isolated extremes. However, despite an understanding of hot and wet extremes separately, their temporally compounding characteristics are not well examined yet. Our study presents a comprehensive assessment of successive heat-pluvial and pluvial-heat events globally. We find that these successive extremes within a week occur every 6–7 years on average within warm seasons during 1956–2015, about 15% more often than would be expected by chance, and that they have a significant increase in frequency of about 22% per decade due to warming. We further investigate the role of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and find that heat-pluvial (pluvial-heat) events are linked to negative (positive) VPD anomalies. Our results are statistically significant based on moving-blocks bootstrap resampling and field significance tests, highlighting these methods' importance in robustly identifying compound events under autocorrelation and multiple-testing conditions.

This paper introduces the AtsMOS workflow, designed to enhance mountain meteorology predictions through the downscaling of coarse numerical weather predictions using local observational data. AtsMOS provides a modular, open-source toolkit for local and large-scale forecasting of various meteorological variables through modified Model Output Statistics – and may be applied to data from a single station or an entire network. We demonstrate its effectiveness through an example application at the summit of Mt. Everest, where it improves the prediction of both meteorological variables (e.g. wind speed, temperature) and derivative variables (e.g. facial frostbite time) critical for mountaineering safety. As a bridge between numerical weather prediction models and ground observations, AtsMOS help produce insights for hazard mitigation, water resource management, and other weather-dependant issues in mountainous regions and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the lack of meteorological data and observations from the upper reaches of Mount Everest, emphasizing the importance of understanding high-altitude climates and their relation to freshwater storage and climate change. The authors present new winter weather observations from Mount Everest, including sublimation rates, wind chill temperatures, and frostbite risks. The data collected from the weather station network on Mount Everest provides valuable insights into climate conditions and mass loss from the highest glacier on Earth. The study reveals extremely cold temperatures and significant sublimation due to strong winds and low humidity. Further research on the impact of climate change on water resources in High Mountain Asia, including Mount Everest, is recommended. [Extracted from the article]

Relating drought indicators and real‐world impacts is fundamental for understanding and addressing drought vulnerability. We link drought indices and impacts from newspapers compiled in the Irish Drought Impacts Database (IDID) for the period 1900–2016. For three catchment clusters across the island of Ireland we link the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) with land‐based impacts and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI) with water‐based impacts by matching total reported articles per month with concurrent drought indices. Using logistic regression we find SPI‐3 links best with land‐based impact reports, whereas SSI‐2 links best with water‐based impact reports. Catchments in the east/southeast display the highest sensitivity to land‐ and water‐based impacts; however, in summer months at low deficits northwestern catchments show a higher likelihood of impact reports. In winter months the likelihood of water‐based impacts is considerably greater than the land‐based equivalent, particularly in east/southeastern catchments. Moreover, the likelihood of news‐worthy drought impacts has changed over the 117 year period. More severe deficits are required to induce a high likelihood (0.6) of land‐ and water‐based impacts in east/southeastern and southwestern catchments during 1961–2016 compared with 1900–1960. Largest changes emerge in the southwest with SPI‐3 values of −2.51 (<−3.00) required to reach the high impact likelihood threshold in the pre (post) 1961 period. Even greater reductions are found for water‐based impacts in the southwest with SSI‐2 values associated with high impact likelihoods changing from −2.04 to −2.58. Conversely, for catchments in the northwest more moderate drought deficits result in high impact likelihoods for both land‐based (from <−3.00 to −2.32 SPI‐3) and water‐based impacts (from <−3.00 to −2.29 SSI‐2) for the 1961–2016 period. These findings show the value of newspaper archives for understanding regional sensitivities to drought plus their potential for underpinning a near real‐time, drought monitoring and warning system in Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a global industry, sport makes potentially significant contributions to climate change through both carbon emissions and influence over sustainability practices. Yet, evidence regarding impacts is uneven and spread across many disciplines. This paper investigates the impacts of sport emissions on climate and identifies knowledge gaps. We undertook a systematic and iterative meta‐analysis of relevant literature (1992–2022) on organized and individual sports. Using a defined search protocol, 116 sources were identified that map to four sport‐related themes: (1) carbon emissions and their measurement; (2) emissions control and decarbonization; (3) carbon sinks and offsets; and (4) behavior change. We find that mega sport events, elite sport, soccer, skiing, and golf have received most attention, whereas grass‐roots and women's sport, activity in Africa and South America, cricket, tennis, and volleyball are understudied. Other knowledge gaps include carbon accounting tools and indicators for smaller sports clubs and active participants; cobenefits and tradeoffs between mitigation‐adaptation efforts in sport, such as around logistics, venues, sports equipment, and facilities; geopolitical influence; and scope for climate change litigation against hosts and/or sponsors of carbon‐intensive events. Among these, researchers should target cobenefits given their scope to deliver wins for both climate mitigation and risk management of sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Google Trends (GT) offers a historical database of global internet searches with the potential to complement conventional records of environmental hazards, especially in regions where formal hydrometeorological data are scarce. We evaluate the extent to which GT can discern heavy rainfall and floods in Kenya and Uganda during the period 2014 to 2018. We triangulate counts of flood searches from GT with available rainfall records and media reports to build an inventory of extreme events. The Spearman rank correlation (ρ) between monthly mean search interest for flooding and monthly Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) rainfall totals was ρ = +0.38 (p < 0.005) for Kenya and ρ = +0.64 (p < 0.001) for Uganda. Media reports of flooding were used to specify a threshold of detectability to give the same overall frequency of floods based on GT search interest. When the GT search index threshold was set at ≥15 and ≥29, the correct detection rate was 75% and 64% within a five‐day window of known flood events in Kenya and Uganda, respectively. From these preliminary explorations we conclude that GT has potential as a proxy data source, but greater skill may emerge in places with larger search volumes and by linking to historical information about environmental hazards at sub‐national scales. Wider applicability of the GT platform might be possible if there is greater transparency about how Google algorithms determine topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]