Search

Wie profitierte die KWG von der nationalsozialistischen Politik, die Eigentumsrechte an politische bzw. rassistische Kategorien knüpfte? Dieser Frage wird im folgenden anhand von Fallbeispielen bei der Übernahme von Immobilien und dem Umgang mit Stiftungsgeldern nachgegangen. Dabei wird deutlich, daß sich – namentlich in der Agrarforschung – Fälle von Teilhabe an Geschäften häuften, die als „unredlich“ zu klassifizieren sind. Auch auf dem Gebiet der Verwendung von Mitteln, die der KWG von Juden in Form von Stiftungen überlassen worden waren, folgte die KWG den Grundsätzen der nationalsozialistischen Eigentumspolitik, sofern dies zu ihrem eigenen Vorteil war. Stiftungen wurden umbenannt und umgewidmet. Es zeichnet sich allerdings ab, daß schon vor 1933 in der KWG ein laxer Umgang mit dem Willen der Stifter üblich gewesen zu sein scheint, der bis an die Grenze der Mißachtung gesetzlicher Vorgaben ging., How did the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft profit from the National-Socialist policy of linking ownership rights to political and racist classifications? This question is researched by means of case studies of the society’s acquisition of real estate and handling of foundation funds. It becomes obvious that in the field of agricultural research, a number of deals were made which can only be regarded as “dishonest.” Where the use of funds is concerned that were given to the KWG by Jewish donors as foundations, it also becomes clear that the KWG did not abstain from pursuing National-Socialist ownership policy where this worked to its advantage and renamed and misapplied foundations. There are also indications, however, of a tendency in the KWG to treat the will of donors with a certain disrespect, bordering on the illicit, even before 1933.

Rational design and advancement in materials science will ultimately rely on an atomic-scale understanding of the targeted functionality. Corresponding modeling must then address the behavior of electrons and the resulting interactions that govern the elementary processes among the atoms and molecules. Modern electronic structure theory methods like density-functional theory (DFT) have matured, allowing a description that is often already accurate enough to allow for a modeling with predictive character. These techniques are referred to as first-principles (or in latin: ab initio) to indicate that they do not rely on empirical or fitted parameters, which then makes them applicable for a wide range of realistic conditions. A predictive modeling of materials properties requires a consistent treatment in the wide hierarchy of scales from the electronic level to macroscopic lengths and times. The central idea of ab initio atomistic thermodynamics is to employ the information on the potential energy surface provided by modern electronic structure theories, in order to calculate appropriate thermodynamic potential functions. With the latter, macroscopic system properties at finite temperatures can immediately be discussed. At surfaces, such a thermodynamic description can be particularly useful, since it provides the possibility to suitably divide the total system into smaller subsystems that are mutually (or partly) in equilibrium with each other. This way, infinite, but homogeneous parts of the system like bulk or surrounding gas phase can be efficiently represented by corresponding reservoirs, which e.g. allows to address surfaces in contact with realistic environments. In this tutorial text we have focused on a very simple realization of this general scheme, namely the direct screening approach, to determine the equilibrium geometry and composition of a solid surface in contact with a given environment at finite temperature and pressure., Paper presented during the AVT-142 RTO AVT/VKI Lecture Series held at the von Karman Institute, Rhode St Genese, Belgium, 6-10 Feb 2006. Published in Experiment, Modeling and Simulation of Gas-Surface Interactions for Reactive Flows in Hypersonic Flights, Educational Notes RTO-EN-AVT-142, Paper 2; ISBN-978-92-837-0057-9. See also ADM002058. The original document contains color images.

This paper indicates that changes in chain mobility, heat capacity, WAXS crystallinity, SAXS long period, SAXS peak intensity, specific volume and morphology as a function of increasing temperature, occur in three fairly distinct annealing ranges (I, II and III) that are more or less the same for all crystallized polymers with a lamellar morphology. It is shown that none of the proposed molecular models to date, including the well-known fold surface premelting model, can satisfactorily account for all the experimental data. However, a new molecular interpretation, based primarily on electron microscopy and SAXS studies of changes such as lateral `melting' from edges of microparacrystallites (mPC) within the lamellae seen at the annealing temperatures can account for the data. With our new molecular interpretation, the effect of temperature increase is established to result in a slight breakup of the laterally aligned mPC within the lamellae at low annealing temperatures in range I, and selective lateral `melting' of the exposed mPC and recrystallization at higher annealing temperatures in ranges II and III, with the recrystallization being very limited in range III. Annealing effects seen in cold- or hot-drawn polymers with a fibrillar morphology can also be readily accounted for by this very general molecular mechanism occurring in the same annealing temperature ranges.