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L’activation de l’hypothalamus par des signaux inflammatoires et/ou de stress peut déclencher celle de l’axe HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), qui intègre l’hypothalamus, l’hypophyse et la glande surrénale. L’activation aiguë de l’axe HPA est fondamentale pour la réponse fight or flight (« combats ou fuis »). Elle permet de mobiliser un maximum d’énergie pour un effort, tout en effaçant la fatigue. En revanche, son activation chronique diminue l’efficacité musculaire et entraîne une fatigue chronique. On discutera dans cette partie de plusieurs points stratégiques à considérer pour tenter de comprendre et de traiter ensemble inflammation et fatigue chroniques.

In recent article, Zhou and Zhou conjectured that among cubic circulant graphs with n vertices the maximum energy occurs whenever the largest number of components is attained. In this article, first we compute the upper and lower bounds for the energies of the isomorphic copies of Möbius ladder graph and the prism graph on n vertices then we explicitly determine the minimal and maximal energies of all cubic circulant graphs on n vertices.

The maximal energies of line graphs are determined over all graphs with fixed matching number, fractional matching number and bipartiteness, respectively. The extremal graphs are characterized.

Electrical stun devices (ESDs) serve a basic role in law enforcement and provide an alternative to lethal options for target control by causing electromuscular incapacitation (EMI). A fundamental concern is the adverse health consequences associated with their use. The capability of EMI electric field pulses to disrupt skeletal muscle cells (i.e. rhabdomyolysis) was investigated over the operational range commonly used in commercial EMI devices. Functional and structural alteration and recovery of muscle and nerve tissue were assessed. In an anesthetized swine model, the left thigh was exposed to 2 min of electrical pulses, using a commercially available ESD or a custom-made EMI signal power amplifier. Serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), troponin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were monitored intermittently for 6 h post-EMI exposure. A standard external cardiac defibrillator served as a positive control. Muscle and nerve tissue histology adjacent to the EMI contacts were examined. Post-EMI shock skeletal muscle function was evaluated by analyzing the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the rectus femoris muscle. Maximal energy cardiac defibrillator pulses resulted in rhabdomyolysis and marked elevation of CPK, LDH, and AST 6 h post-shock. EMI field pulses resulted in the animals developing transient acidosis. CMAP amplitudes decreased approximately 50% after EMI and recovered to near-normal levels within 6 h. Within 6 h post-EMI exposure, blood CPK was mildly increased, LDH was normal, and no arrhythmia was observed. Minimal rhabdomyolysis was produced by the EMI pulses. These results suggest that EMI exposure is unlikely to cause extremity rhabdomyolysis in normal individuals. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Intramolecular motion-associated biomaterials (iMAB) are developing rapidly in the field of image-guided cancer surgery by virtue of their easily regulated photophysical property. Through manipulating the energy distribution after absorption of light, we can easily control the maximal energy decay of iMAB through radiative pathway or non-radiative pathway for optimized fluorescence guidance or promoted photoacoustic imaging guidance. Therefore, iMAB provide an opportunity to utilize the maximum potential of imaging reagents for precise guidance of cancer surgery. In this short review, recent progress in this field has been summarized and discussed to illuminate the design and regulation principles of iMAB for advanced precise cancer surgery.

A series of CaAl6Ga6O19:Cr3+,Ln3+ (Ln = Yb, Nd, and Er) novel near-infrared (NIR) emitting phosphors were prepared via a high-temperature solid-state reaction. The luminescence spectra and decay lifetimes of these samples were measured to prove the energy transfer process from the Cr3+ to Ln3+ ions. The CaAl6Ga6O19:Cr3+,Ln3+ (Ln = Yb, Nd, and Er) phosphors can efficiently convert the short-wavelength sunlight in the near-ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) regions into near-infrared emission, which matches the higher sensitivity region of the c-Si solar cells. The maximal energy transfer efficiencies of CaAl6Ga6O19:Cr3+,Ln3+ (Ln = Yb, Nd, and Er) were 25.84%, 73.90%, and 29.46%, respectively. Our results show that the CaAl6Ga6O19:Cr3+,Ln3+ (Ln = Yb, Nd, and Er) phosphors have potential applications as luminescent downshifting convertors for enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the c-Si solar cells.

Let G be a graph of order n. Also let λ 1 ≥ λ 2 ≥ ⋯ ≥ λ n be the eigenvalues of graph G. In this paper, we present the following upper bound on the sum of the k ( ≤ n ) largest eigenvalues of G in terms of the order n and negative inertia θ (the number of negative eigenvalues): ∑ i = 1 k λ i ≤ n 2 ( θ + 1 ) ( θ + θ ( k θ + k − 1 ) ) with equality holding if and only if G ≅ n K 1 or G ≅ p K ‾ t ( n = p t , p ≥ 2 ) with k = 1 (where p K ‾ t is the complete p-partite graph of p t vertices with all partition sets having size t). Moreover, we obtain a sharp upper bound on the energy of bipartite graphs with given order n and rank r. We also propose an open problem as follows: Characterize all connected d-regular bipartite graphs of order n with 5 distinct eigenvalues and rank r = 2 n 2 ( 4 d − n ) 2 , where d > n 4 . Finally we give a partial solution to this problem.

Photovoltaic (PV) installations located in the northern hemisphere must be oriented to the south in order to obtain maximal annual yield. This is mainly driven by the remuneration mechanisms which incentivize maximal energy production to a certain extent. Nowadays, such support mechanisms are declining or even phased out in many countries. Hence, self-consuming the produced energy is getting more viable. In order to match better the load demand pattern, the azimuth angle of a PV installation could be changed or oriented towards multiple directions. This article investigates the benefits of PV installations facing other directions than the south. Therefore, the Hay & Davies transposition model has been used to calculate the in-plane irradiance, as it is found in the literature to be the most accurate for non-south faced PV installations. In order to determine the benefit, a large dataset of real measured consumption profiles has been used and then divided according to their annual consumption. Large consumers with an oversized east/west-oriented PV installation especially take advantage. The self-sufficiency index (SSI) is found to increase with almost 0.94 percent points, while the self-consumption index (SCI) increases with 6.46 percent points. The peak reduction is assessed by calculating the annual moving average of the month peaks. It is found that this moving average month peak reduction is marginal. Lastly, the reduction in storage capacity is found to be not that significant, although in terms of battery utilization it is found that the number of discharge cycles is reduced with 6%.

The fixed setup angles of photovoltaic (PV) panels are typically optimized properly in order to maximize the electrical energy harvest. In the present work, the sunlight availability or sky coverage conditions of sufficiently small time intervals for everyday around the year are counted in the modeling for computation of solar energy on the PV panel in order to optimize the panel tilt angles. Maximal energy harvest in a year is the objective of choosing the optimal tilt angles. The analysis calculates vectors of instantaneous sunray and solar panel normal direction to consider the ‘cosine’ effect. The energy harvested in every 6 min by a PV panel of per square meter is summated for day-long period from sunrise to sunset when the sun elevation angle is above 5 deg. The general model is applied to the authors’ local city, Tucson, Arizona, USA. The results show that the annual solar energy received by a solar panel tilted with a fixed angle of equal to the local latitude could reach to 2297 kWh/m2 with the 10-year averaged sky coverage conditions of every 6 min considered. However, if a PV panel is inclined using the discovered optimal angles with two times, four-seasonal, and monthly adjustments, the gain in the yearly solar energy harvest can be 7.59%, 7.60%, and 9.19%, respectively, greater than that with the fixed angle equal to local latitude.

The mature inflorescence of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) orients eastward after its anthesis (the flowering period, especially the maturing of the stamens), from which point it no longer tracks the Sun. Although several hypothetical explanations have been proposed for the ecological functions of this east facing, none have been tested. Here we propose an atmospheric-optical explanation. Using (i) astronomical data of the celestial motion of the Sun, (ii) meteorological data of diurnal cloudiness for Boone County located in the region from which domesticated sunflowers originate, (iii) time-dependent elevation angle of mature sunflower heads, and (iv) absorption spectra of the inflorescence and the back of heads, we computed the light energy absorbed separately by the inflorescence and the back between anthesis and senescence. We found that the inflorescences facing east absorb the maximum radiation, being advantageous for seed production and maturation, furthermore west facing would be more advantageous than south facing. The reason for these is that afternoons are cloudier than mornings in the cultivation areas of sunflowers. Since the photosynthesizing green back of mature heads absorbs maximal energy when the inflorescence faces west, maximizing the energy absorbed by the back cannot explain the east facing of inflorescences. The same results were obtained for central Italy and Hungary, where mornings are also less cloudy than afternoons. In contrast, in south Sweden, where mornings are cloudier than afternoons, west-facing mature inflorescences would absorb the maximum light energy. We suggest that the domesticated Helianthus annuus developed an easterly final orientation of its mature inflorescence, because it evolved in a region with cloudier afternoons.

Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) is widely applied to study protein-protein interactions, as well as increasingly to monitor both ligand binding and molecular rearrangements. The Förster distance (R0) describes the physical distance between the two chromophores at which 50% of the maximal energy transfer occurs and it depends on the choice of RET components. R0 can be experimentally determined using flexible peptide linkers of known lengths to separate the two chromophores. Knowledge of the R0 helps to inform on the choice of BRET system. For example, we have previously shown that BRET2 exhibits the largest R0 to date for any genetically encoded RET pair, which may be advantageous for investigating large macromolecular complexes if its issues of low and fast-decaying bioluminescence signal can be accommodated. In this study we have determined R0 for a range of bright and red-shifted BRET pairs, including NanoBRET with tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), non-chloro TOM (NCT), mCherry or Venus as acceptor, and BRET6, a red-shifted BRET2-like system. This study revealed R0 values of 6.15 nm and 6.94 nm for NanoBRET using TMR or NCT as acceptor ligands, respectively. R0 was 5.43 nm for NanoLuc-mCherry, 5.59 nm for NanoLuc-Venus and 5.47 nm for BRET6. This extends the palette of available BRET Förster distances, to give researchers a better-informed choice when considering BRET systems and points towards NanoBRET with NCT as a good alternative to BRET2 as an analysis tool for large macromolecular complexes., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Experimental determination of Förster distances (R0) for commonly applied BRET pairs. • Determination of R0 for NanoBRET with Venus, mCherry and HaloTag (TMR, NCT). • Determination of R0 for BRET6. • NanoLuc-HaloTag (NCT) exhibits the second largest R0 of any genetically encoded system.

The surface reactivity and structural properties of anatase TiO2 (001), (100), (101) and (105) surfaces have been investigated with DFT method. The formation energy decreases with increasing the surface layers for all the surfaces. Due to the minimization of formation energy, the (101) surface is the most stable while (105) surface is the most reactive among the four calculated surfaces. The surface has a local minimal energy at the two monolayers (MLs) and then decreases slightly from the 3 MLs with increasing the layer number for (001) surface but has a local maximal energy at the 4MLs for (101) surface. The (105) surface is corrugated with a characteristic step profile along [100] direction and the surface energy oscillates with increasing the layer number.

We report on the first experimental implementation of a scalable M-ary quantum receiver with time-resolved photon detection and real-time adaptive displacement using off-the-shelf components. We implemented M=4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 coherent frequency shift keying communication links with optimal parameters for maximal energy sensitivity. Then, we compared the measured sensitivity with the best sensitivity that can be achieved with a perfect classical measurement (shot noise limit). We observe unconditional, below the shot-noise limit sensitivity and a favorable sensitivity scaling with the alphabet length M.

One of the most challenging issues in computational fracture mechanics is the propagation of a crack through a finite element mesh for arbitrary crack paths. In this work, this problem is approached by means of an advanced remeshing technique that propagates a crack using cohesive elements. The crack direction is computed using the maximal energy release rate criterion which is implemented using finite elements and the G θ method. The remeshing procedure used here is composed of two stages. In the first step, a conforming mesh is obtained in the computed crack direction, ensuring that edges are placed over the sought direction. In the second stage, cohesive elements are dynamically inserted at the conforming edges previously remeshed. The combination of this remeshing technique with dynamic insertion of cohesive elements, leads to a mesh-independent crack propagation method. The effects of different numerical and physical parameters regarding the crack path and fracture energy is investigated.

We study collisions of two, three, and four kinks of the double sine-Gordon model. The initial conditions are taken in a special form in order to provide collision of all kinks in one point. We obtain dependences of the maximal energy densities on the model parameter. We also analyze the final states observed in these collisions., 24 pages, 12 figures; v2: figures, discussion and references added; matches the published version

Transmission matrices are one of the most useful tools to address the transport of light in random media. For example, they have been used for focusing [1], reconstruction of images [2], imaging through optical fibers [3], maximal energy transport [4], and control in photo-acoustics [5].

What does remission in Rheumatoid arthritis mean to patient? This session discusses what remission means to patients. Remission holds different meaning for researchers, clinicians and patients. In addition it holds different meaning for individual patients and for individual patients at different points of time in their lives. I shall reflect on over fifty years living with Rheumatoid arthritis, as both a patient and a doctor. To consider the changes in my care, my therapy and in my own and my clinicians objectives and treatment aims, at different points in time. Looking at how things have progressed from pain relief, splinting, physical therapy, rehabilitation and surgery. To progressively more effective DMARD”s, antI-TNF”s & Biologics and an aim of complete ‘clinical remission”. However commonly ‘clinical remission” can conflict with a patients concept of remission, as patients are individuals and the tools used to define remission are research based and consider populations not people. ‘Disease activity scoring” and ‘Treat to Target” has had significant impact on patients, clinicians and their rheumatology consultations. The absence of inflammation does not equal remission for many patients and it is important to consider the differing needs of patients who were diagnosed pre and post- biologic therapies and those with refractory disease. Currently maximal energy appears to be concentrated on the newly diagnosed and even pre-diagnosis, but has this been at the detriment of those with long established disease? I will share my own and different patients viewpoints of what ‘remission” means and consider the benefits of progress in effective ‘therapies’ but also to reflect upon some of the important things that may have been lost from clinical ‘care” along the way. To list simple things that can help patients achieve remission that can easily be forgotten. I will explain the phenomenon of ‘DAS blindness’ and the potential failings it can lead to. Discuss how improved shared decision making of treatment aims might improve outcomes for patients whilst reducing risk and possibly costs; aiming to increase patient autonomy and improve the doctor patient dynamic. In order to achieve ‘remission” for patients we need to have a clear shared understanding of what ‘remission” means to each individual and only then can we aim to achieve it. Disclosure of Interests: None declared

If D is a digraph with n vertices then the energy of D is defined as E ( D ) = ? k = 1 n | Re ( z k ) | , where Re ( z 1 ) , ? , Re(zn) are the real parts of the eigenvalues z 1 , ? , z n of D. In this paper we solve a problem proposed in Khan et?al. (2015), we find the maximal value of the energy over the set of all bicyclic digraphs B n with n vertices.

We consider the extremal pointset configuration problem of maximizing a kernel-based energy subject to the geometric constraints that the points are contained in a fixed set, the pairwise distances are bounded below, and that every closed ball of fixed radius contains at least one point. We also formulate an extremal density problem, whose solution provides an upper bound for the pointset configuration problem in the limit as the number of points tends to infinity. Existence of solutions to both problems is established and the relationship between the parameters in the two problems is studied. Several examples are studied in detail, including the density problem for the $d$-dimensional ball and sphere, where the solution can be computed exactly using rearrangement inequalities. We develop a computational method for the density problem that is very similar to the Merriman-Bence-Osher (MBO) diffusion-generated method. The method is proven to be increasing for all non-stationary iterations and is applied to study more examples., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures

Stratum ventilation can energy efficiently provide good inhaled indoor air quality with a proper operation (e.g., fresh outdoor air ratio). However, the non-uniform CO2 distribution in a stratum-ventilated room challenges the provision of targeted indoor air quality. This study proposes an optimization on the fresh outdoor air ratio of stratum ventilation for both the targeted indoor air quality and maximal energy saving. A model of CO2 concentration in the breathing zone is developed by coupling CO2 removal efficiency in the breathing zone and mass conservation laws. With the developed model, the ventilation parameters corresponding to different fresh outdoor air ratios are quantified to achieve the targeted indoor air quality (i.e., targeted CO2 concentration in the breathing zone). Using the fresh outdoor air ratios and corresponding ventilation parameters as inputs, energy performance evaluations of the air conditioning system are conducted by building energy simulations. The fresh outdoor air ratio with the minimal energy consumption is determined as the optimal one. Experiments show that the mean absolute error of the developed model of CO2 concentration in the breathing zone is 1.9%. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization is demonstrated using TRNSYS that the energy consumption of the air conditioning system with stratum ventilation is reduced by 6.4% while achieving the targeted indoor air quality. The proposed optimization is also promising for other ventilation modes for targeted indoor air quality and improved energy efficiency.

Considering highest demands continually imposed on equipment indispensable for safe transportation, this paper focuses on on-board controllers for blended (electro-hydraulic) antilock braking systems of road electric vehicles. Recommendations are issued regarding an influence of air friction and road inclination on torque allocation between electric and hydraulic brakes and accurate accounting of the hybrid energy storage. Following the study of three types of controllers – PID, tabular, and fuzzy logic – the latter one was offered as the most efficient solution for equally fast and safe braking with maximal energy recovery on different roads, from dry to icy, without locking and skidding even in critical situations. Several parts of the system were explored in case studies ensuring their validity and accuracy.

In this paper, a comprehensive analytical model that considers circuit, computation, offloading energy consumptions is developed for accurately evaluating the overall energy efficiency in homogeneous fog networks. With this model, the tradeoff between performance gains and energy costs in collaborative task offloading is investigated, thus enabling us to formulate the energy efficiency optimization problem for future intelligent internet of things (IoT) applications with practical constraints in available computing resources at helper nodes and unused spectrum in neighboring environments. Based on rigorous mathematical analysis, a maximal energy efficient task scheduling (MEETS) algorithm is proposed to derive the optimal scheduling decision for a task node and multiple neighboring helper nodes under feasible modulation schemes and time allocations. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the tradeoff relationship between energy efficiency and task scheduling performance in homogeneous fog networks. Compared with traditional strategies, the proposed MEETS algorithm can achieve much better energy efficiency performance under different network parameters and service conditions.

Efficient Ca14Zn6Al10O35: Mn4+, Nd3+/Yb3+ spectral conversion materials have been prepared by a sol–gel method. The Ca14Zn6Al10O35: Mn4+, Nd3+/Yb3+ materials can efficiently shift the short-wavelength sunlight in 250–550 nm spectral regions into near infrared emission which matches the higher sensitivity region of Si-based solar cells. The maximal energy transfer efficiency is 76.0% and 80.4% in Mn4+, Nd3+ and Mn4+, Yb3+ co-doped samples when excited at 460 nm, respectively. A dipole–dipole interaction is responsible for the energy transfer sensitization processes from Mn4+ to Nd3+/Yb3+ ions, which has been confirmed by Dexter's theory and the Yokota–Tanimoto model.

The eigenvalues of a digraph are the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. The sum of the absolute values of the real part of the eigenvalues is called the energy of the digraph. The extremal energy of bicyclic digraphs with vertex-disjoint directed cycles is known. In this paper, we consider a class of bicyclic digraphs with exactly two linear subdigraphs of equal length. We find the minimal and maximal energy among the digraphs in this class.

The paper focuses on the braking torque control of road electric vehicles. Recommendations are issued regarding hierarchical system topology with torque allocation between electric and hydraulic brakes and the accurate accounting of the hybrid energy storage. Equally fast and safe braking is offered with maximal energy recovery on different roads, from dry to icy, without locking and skidding even in critical situations. Several parts of the system were explored in case studies that ensured their validity.

Based on the deformation data provided by the Baksan laser interferometer-strainmeter measurements, the free oscillations of the Earth (FOE) excited by the three strongest earthquakes of the past decade are analyzed. These seismic events include the Great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that occurred in 2004 in the Indian Ocean, the Mauli earthquake of 2010 in Chile, and the Great Tohoku earthquake of March 2011 in Japan. The frequency-time structure of the free oscillations is studied, and the pattern of interaction between the modes with close frequencies (cross-coupling effect) is explored. For each earthquake, the correspondence of the observed FOE modes to the model predictions by the PREM model is investigated. A reliable consistent shift towards the high frequency of the toroidal modes with angular degree l = 12–19 is revealed. The maximal energy density of the toroidal oscillations is concentrated in the upper mantle of the Earth. Therefore, the established effect corresponds to the higher velocity of the shear waves in the upper mantle than it is predicted by the PREM model.

The eigenvalues of a graph are the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. The energy of a graph is the sum of absolute values of its eigenvalues. Recently, the concept of energy of graphs is extended to digraphs. Minimal and maximal energy among n-vertex unicyclic digraphs is known, where n 2. In this paper, we address the problem of finding minimal and maximal energy among n-vertex bicyclic digraphs which contain vertex-disjoint directed cycles, where n 4.

Remote magnetic navigation (RMN) has been used in various electrophysiological procedures, including atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. Atrial-esophageal fistula (AEF) is one of most disastrous complications of AF ablation. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of AEF during AF ablation using RMN in comparison to manual ablation. We conducted the first international survey among RMN operators for assessment of the prevalence of AEF and procedural parameters affecting the risk. Data from parallel survey of AEF among Canadian interventional electrophysiologists (CIE) using only manual catheters served as control. Fifteen RMN operators (who performed 3637 procedures) and 25 manual CIE operators (7016 procedures) responded to the survey. RMN operators were more experienced than CIE operators (16.3 +/- 8.3 vs. 9.2 +/- 5.4 practice years in electrophysiology, p = 0.007). The maximal energy output in the posterior wall was higher in the operator using RMN (33 +/- 5 vs. 28.6 +/- 4.9 W; p = 0.02). Other parameters including use of preprocedural images, irrigated catheter, pump flow rate, esophageal temperature monitoring, intracardiac echocardiography (ICE), and general anesthesia were similar. CIE operators administered proton-pump inhibitors postoperatively significantly more than RMN operators (76 vs. 35 %, p = 0.01). AEF was reported in 5 of the 7016 patients in the control group (0.07 %) but in none of the RMN group (p = 0.11). AEF is a rare complication and its evaluation necessitates large-scale studies. Although no AEF case with RMN was reported in this large study or previously on the literature, the rarity of this complication prevents firm conclusion about the risk.

Article provides a concept of electrical subsystem to be used to design a power-assist wheelchair. Concept development is based on analysis of commercial products to provide a more cost-effective solution. Developed concept includes battery pack, charger, drive and propulsion motors. Battery pack is designed to be easily replaceable and chargeable, while motor and drive system is developed to provide maximal energy efficiency.

The paper presents an optimization method for electrohydrodynamic effect basing on results of its simulation. The EHD effect is simulated using neural networks and differential equations describing a mathematical model of the phenomenon, which are solved using Runge - Kutta algorithm. The optimization of this effect allows finding for particular input parameters of the generator an optimal diameter of the wire, which burned in a thermo-physical process gives a maximal energy release in the form of an acoustic pressure wave.

The energy of a simple graph \(G\), denoted by \(E(G)\), is defined as the sum of the absolute values of eigenvalues of \(G\). In this paper, we show that, among all subdivisions of graphs with \(n\) vertices and chromatic number \(k\), the subdivision of the Turan graph \(T(n,k)\) has the maximal energy.

The energy of a weighted digraph [Formula: see text] is the sum of absolute values of real part of its eigenvalues. Recently, the minimal and maximal energy of unicyclic weighted digraphs with cycle weight [Formula: see text] is studied. In this paper, we introduce a class [Formula: see text] of those bicyclic weighted digraphs of fixed order which contain vertex-disjoint weighted cycles of weights [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. We find digraphs in [Formula: see text] under certain conditions on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with extremal energy.

Photosynthesis is the basis of plant productivity. There is still a big gap between the efficiency of theoretical maximal photosynthetic energy conversion and the efficiency realized in the field. It was estimated that for C3 plants, the theoretical maximal energy conversion efficiency is ca. 4.6%, the observed maximal season-long energy conversion efficiency is about 2.4%, while the typical season-long energy conversion efficiency is only 0.8% (Zhu et al., 2010). Despite this, however, photosynthesis has not been effectively used as a breeding target for crop improvement so far.

There are many reasons for adequate use of natural light inside students' dormitories. Intensity of light required for student activities and temperature inside the rooms are the major factors for an occupant's comfortable work and life. Design of building façades has a significant impact both on the use of natural light and energy consumption. In this paper, a comparative analysis of student rooms with different orientations and different façade designs was performed in order to investigate what type of refurbishment in the façade is necessary. The goal of the refurbishment was generation of optimal thermal and lighting comfort for students' work with maximal energy saving for a new student dormitory in Nis, Serbia. An analysis of annual energy consumption of the newly designed student dormitory and proposed replacements on the exterior façade was performed by using the software EnergyPlus. Based on the energy consumption analysis it could be concluded that significant energy savings would be possible by upgrading the shading devices across the width of the window. In other words, changing the façade of the dorm could generally improve students' comfort, while the energy costs would be reduced. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 36037: Development of student dorms in Serbia at the beginning of the 21st century i br. TR 33051: The concept of sustainable energy supply of settlements with energy efficient buildings]

Shear wave splitting analysis is one of the most commonly used techniques in structural seismology. In this study, the splitting parameters of Moho converted P-to-S phase (Pms), the time difference between maximal energy of qS1 and qS2 and their amplitude ratio were obtained. The data were from 29 broad-band stations across the Longmenshan fault belt. Subsequently, the deformation features of the crustal structure beneath the east Tibetan margin and Sichuan basin were analyzed. Our results show that the time delay and the time difference between maximal energy of qS1 and qS2 in east Tibetan margin is obviously larger than Sichuan basin. However, the amplitude ratio between qS1 and qS2 beneath Longmenshan fault is much smaller than other tectonic sub-regions. These results may suggest the existence of fluid beneath the Longmenshan fault.

Gluten-free diet (GFD) is the cornerstone treatment for celiac disease (CD). GFD implies a strict and lifelong elimination from the diet of gluten, the storage protein found in wheat, barley, rye and hybrids of these grains, such as kamut and triticale. The absence of gluten in natural and processed foods, despite being the key aspect of GFD, may lead to nutritional consequences, such as deficits and imbalances. The nutritional adequacy of GFD is particularly important in children, this the age being of maximal energy and nutrient requirements for growth, development and activity. In recent years, attention has focused on the nutritional quality of gluten-free products (GFPs) available in the market. It is well recognized that GFPs are considered of lower quality and poorer nutritional value compared to the gluten-containing counterparts. The present review focuses on the nutritional adequacy of GFD at the pediatric age, with the aim being to increase awareness of the potential complications associated with this diet, to identify strategies in order to avoid them and to promote a healthier diet and lifestyle in children with CD.

We find an analytic expression for estimating error probability in a multiple access system that employs a signal-code construction based on q-ary codes, dynamically allocated frequency subranges, and a maximal energy receiver under the influence of "tracking" interference.

Experimental results on observation of slow and fast light propagation via two-wave mixing (TWM) in ytterbium doped fibers (YDF) at the wavelength 1064 nm are reported. For ≈10 mW of the incident cw laser power the effective population dynamic gratings with sub-ms formation time τ g and dominating phase (refractive index) components are formed in YDF by two counter-propagating coherent waves. The TWM at the recorded not shifted phase gratings is characterized by absence of any energy exchange between two interacting counter-propagating waves if they have the same frequency. For the no-degenerated TWM (i.e. that with the frequency off-set Δ Ω between the interacting waves) the maximal energy exchange is observed when Δ Ω is approximately equal to τ g −1 and changes its sign with the inversion of ΔΩ . In the reported experiments an effective slow and fast light propagation with maximal fractional delay of about 0.04 for 3.5 ms pulses was observed for these two maxima located at the frequency off-set ≈±200 Hz.

The first collisions of lead nuclei, delivered by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the end of 2010, at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV, marked the beginning of a new era in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion physics. The study of the properties of the produced hot and dense strongly-interacting matter at these unprecedented energies is currently experimentally pursued by all four big LHC experiments, ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb. The more than a factor 10 increase of collision energy at LHC, relative to the previously achieved maximal energy at other collider facilities, results in an increase of production rates of hard probes. This review presents selected experimental results focusing on observables probing hard processes in heavy-ion collisions delivered during the first three years of the LHC operation. It also presents the first results from Run 2 heavy-ion data at the highest energy, as well as from the studies of the reference pp and pPb systems, which are an integral part of the heavy-ion programme., Invited review paper, 18 pages

In the recent cellular network technologies, relay stations extend cell coverage and enhance signal strength for mobile users. However, busy traffic makes the relay stations in hot area run out of energy quickly. Energy is a very important factor in the forwarding of cellular network since mobile users(cell phones) in hot cells often suffer from low throughput due to energy lack problems. In many situations, the energy lack problems take place because the energy loading is not balanced. In this paper, we present a prediction based forwarding algorithm to let a mobile node dynamically select the next relay station with highest potential energy capacity to resume communication. Key to this strategy is that a relay station only maintains three past status, and then it is able to predict the potential energy capacity. Then, the node selects the next hop with potential maximal energy. Moreover, a location based algorithm is developed to let the mobile node figure out the target region in order to avoid flooding. Simulations demonstrate that our approach significantly increase the aggregate throughput and decrease the delay in cellular network environment.

In the present chapter we will provide an overview over how charged cosmic ray particles can be accelerated in astrophysical objects to the high energies observed in the cosmic radiation arriving at Earth, and possibly beyond. We start with an overview of the main acceleration mechanisms and then discuss the maximal energy that can be reached by these processes. In the last section we then apply this to Galactic and extragalactic source models. The physics relevant for cosmic ray interactions and propagation within and between the sources and the observer at Earth will be the subject of Chap. 7 whereas processes relevant for secondary \(\gamma \)-rays will be discussed in Chap. 8.