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1. 3-D evaluation of tropospheric ozone simulations by an ensemble of regional Chemistry Transport Model

Author

Martin G. Schultz, Christos Zerefos, Jean-Pierre Cammas, Matthias Beekmann, I. Kioutsioutkis, Laurent Menut, M. Razinger, Dimitrios Melas, Hendrik Elbern, A.M. Suttie, Maxime Eremenko, Vincent-Henri Peuch, Denis Zyryanov, Gilles Bergametti, Alvaro Valdebenito, Gilles Foret, Jean-Marie Flaud, E. Friese, O. Stein, P. Moinat, Johannes Flemming, Alberto Maurizi, Massimo D'Isidoro, Frédérik Meleux, Anastasia Poupkou, Gaëlle Dufour, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Köln University, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for chemistry and dynamics of the Geoshere- 2: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Koln University, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research (RIU), University of Cologne, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Context (language use), 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, Nadir, ddc:550, Tropospheric ozone, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, lcsh:QC1-999, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Satellite, Tropopause, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

A detailed 3-D evaluation of an ensemble of five regional Chemistry Transport Models (RCTM) and one global CTM with focus on free tropospheric ozone over Europe is presented. It is performed over a summer period (June to August 2008) in the context of the GEMS-RAQ project. A data set of about 400 vertical ozone profiles from balloon soundings and commercial aircraft at 11 different locations is used for model evaluation, in addition to satellite measurements with the infrared nadir sounder (IASI) showing largest sensitivity to free tropospheric ozone. In the middle troposphere, the four regional models using the same top and boundary conditions from IFS-MOZART exhibit a systematic negative bias with respect to observed profiles of about −20%. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values are constantly growing with altitude, from 22% to 32% to 53%, respectively for 0–2 km, 2–8 km and 8–10 km height ranges. Lowest correlation is found in the middle troposphere, with minimum coefficients (R) between 0.2 to 0.45 near 8 km, as compared to 0.7 near the surface and similar values around 10 km. A sensitivity test made with the CHIMERE mode also shows that using hourly instead of monthly chemical boundary conditions generally improves the model skill (i.e. improve RMSE and correlation). Lower tropospheric 0–6 km partial ozone columns derived from IASI show a clear North-South gradient over Europe, which is qualitatively reproduced by the models. Also the temporal variability showing decreasing ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere (0–6 km columns) during summer is well reproduced by models even if systematic bias remains (the value of the bias being also controlled by the type of used boundary conditions). A multi-day case study of a trough with low tropopause was conducted and showed that both IASI and models were able to resolve strong horizontal gradients of middle and upper tropospheric ozone occurring in the vicinity of an upper tropospheric frontal zone.

Published
2011
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2. The OASIS Observatory Using Ground-Based Solar Absorption Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Suburbs of Paris (Créteil-France)

Author

M. Ray, P. Chelin, Frank Hase, Juan Cuesta, Jean-Marie Flaud, Maxime Eremenko, Johannes Orphal, and Camille Viatte

Subjects
Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geography, chemistry, Infrared, Observatory, Infrared spectroscopy, Tropospheric ozone, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Spectroscopy, Remote sensing, Trace gas
Abstract

Ground-based Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) solar absorption spectroscopy has led to a number of significant advances in our understanding of the atmosphere by providing information on the vertical distribution of various trace gases. Previously used to analyse solar absorption spectra measured at high-resolution in unpolluted sites, the retrieval code PROFFIT has been adapted to deal with spectra recorded at medium spectral resolution with a Bruker Optics Vertex 80 FTIR spectrometer. As one of the major instruments of the experimental observatory named OASIS (Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar Infrared Spectroscopy), this instrument is dedicated to the study of air composition in the suburbs of Paris. Accurate measurements of the most important atmospheric pollutants are indeed essential to improve the understanding and modelling of urban air pollution processes. Located in an urban region, OASIS enables to monitor key pollutants such as NOx, O3, CO and VOCs. In this chapter, 5 years intercomparison study with on-ground and satellite measurements for O3 and CO is reported, demonstrating the performances of a medium-resolution ground-based instrument and especially confirming its capability for tropospheric ozone monitoring.

Published
2014
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3. The effect of using limited scene-dependent averaging kernels approximations for the implementation of fast Observing System Simulation Experiments targeted on lower tropospheric ozone

Author

Vincent-Henri Peuch, Juan Cuesta, Maxime Eremenko, Pasquale Sellitto, Annmarie Eldering, Gaëlle Dufour, David P. Edwards, and Jean-Marie Flaud

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Replicate, Interval (mathematics), lcsh:Environmental engineering, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Geostationary orbit, Radiative transfer, Environmental science, Parametrization (atmospheric modeling), Sensitivity (control systems), Tropospheric ozone, lcsh:TA170-171, Air quality index, Remote sensing
Abstract

Practical implementations of chemical OSSEs (Observing System Simulation Experiments) usually rely on approximations of the pseudo-observations by means of a prior parametrization of the averaging kernels, which describe the sensitivity of the observing systems to the target atmospheric species. This is intended to avoid the need for use of a computationally expensive pseudo-observations simulator that relies on full radiative transfer calculations. Here we present an investigation on how no, or limited, scene dependent averaging kernels parametrizations may misrepresent the sensitivity of an observing system, and thus possibly lead to inaccurate results of OSSEs. We carried out the full radiative transfer calculation for a three-days period over Europe, to produce reference pseudo-observations of lower tropospheric ozone, as they would be observed by a concept geostationary observing system called MAGEAQ (Monitoring the Atmosphere from Geostationary orbit for European Air Quality). The selected spatiotemporal interval is characterized by a peculiar ozone pollution event. We then compared our reference with approximated pseudo-observations, following existing simulation exercises made for both the MAGEAQ and GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE) missions. We found that approximated averaging kernels may fail to replicate the variability of the full radiative transfer calculations. Then, we compared the full radiative transfer and the approximated pseudo-observations during a pollution event. We found that the approximations substantially overestimate the capability of the MAGEAQ to follow the spatiotemporal variations of the lower tropospheric ozone in selected areas. We conclude that such approximations may lead to false conclusions if used in an OSSE. Thus, we recommend to use comprehensive scene-dependent approximations of the averaging kernels, in cases where the full radiative transfer is computationally too costly for the OSSE being investigated.

Published
2013
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4. Assimilation of IASI partial tropospheric columns with an Ensemble Kalman Filter over Europe

Author

Adriana Coman, Gilles Foret, Catherine Schmechtig, Jean-Marie Flaud, Gaëlle Dufour, Gilles Bergametti, Maxime Eremenko, Matthias Beekmann, Anthony Ung, Benjamin Gaubert, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), and Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Earth's energy budget, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, 010501 environmental sciences, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Data assimilation, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Ensemble Kalman filter, Tropospheric ozone, Air quality index, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Partial lower tropospheric ozone columns provided by the IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) instrument have been assimilated into a chemistry-transport model at continental scale (CHIMERE) using an Ensemble Square Root Kalman Filter (EnSRF). Analyses are made for the month of July 2007 over the European domain. Launched in 2006, aboard the MetOp-A satellite, IASI shows high sensitivity for ozone in the free troposphere and low sensitivity at the ground; therefore it is important to evaluate if assimilation of these observations can improve free tropospheric ozone, and possibly surface ozone. The analyses are validated against independent ozone observations from sondes, MOZAIC1 aircraft and ground based stations (AIRBASE – the European Air quality dataBase) and compared with respect to the free run of CHIMERE. These comparisons show a decrease in error of 6 parts-per-billion (ppb) in the free troposphere over the Frankfurt area, and also a reduction of the root mean square error (respectively bias) at the surface of 19% (33%) for more than 90% of existing ground stations. This provides evidence of the potential of data assimilation of tropospheric IASI columns to better describe the tropospheric ozone distribution, including surface ozone, despite the lower sensitivity. The changes in concentration resulting from the observational constraints were quantified and several geophysical explanations for the findings of this study were drawn. The corrections were most pronounced over Italy and the Mediterranean region, we noted an average reduction of 8–9 ppb in the free troposphere with respect to the free run, and still a reduction of 5.5 ppb at ground, likely due to a longer residence time of air masses in this part associated to the general circulation pattern (i.e. dominant western circulation) and to persistent anticyclonic conditions over the Mediterranean basin. This is an important geophysical result, since the ozone burden is large over this area, with impact on the radiative balance and air quality. 1 Measurements of OZone, water vapour, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides by in-service AIrbus airCraft (http://mozaic.aero.obs-mip.fr/web/).

Published
2012
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