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Abstract Using nanotechnology, while improving the health of broiler chickens, it is possible to control and reduce the conflict of minerals in the intestines, and toxicity of and pollution by these elements. It could be shown that the antioxidant and immune modulation effects of nano selenium are significantly superior compared to other sources of selenium. In addition, improving the quality of meat products with the use of nano selenium has promising results in the future perspective of quality improvement and food safety. Nutrition of permitted and optimal levels is very important in the consumption of nano selenium form and as it can have significant beneficial functional and health effects, in case of errors in the selected levels and doses, irreparable side effects and adverse results can occur. In this review report, an attempt has been made to introduce the position and importance of selenium and the approach of smart consumption of its nano form in the nutrition of broiler chickens. The novelty of using nanotechnology in feeding broiler chickens can be a unique opportunity to improve the bioavailability of important and rare elements such as selenium.

The high externalized and still partly unknown costs of fossil fuels through air pollution from combustion, and their limited resources have caused mankind to (re)turn to renewable sources such as wind, solar, and biomass to meet its energy needs. Converting biomass to synthesis gas is advantageous since it can utilize a wide variety of (waste) feedstocks to obtain an energetic and versatile product at low cost in large quantities. Gasification is no new technology; yet in recent years, biomass gasification has attracted significant attention. Due to the non-depletable nature of agricultural waste and similar biomass side streams, which have little value and can bring environmental problems when mismanaged such as methane emissions, it is possible to obtain cheap electrical or thermal energy through the gas produced with high efficiencies. Combined heat and power (CHP) is the preferred use case, and recently the focus has moved to polygeneration, e.g., to make value-added products from the synthesis gas. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis from coal-derived syngas is now being complemented by the gas fermentation of biobased synthesis gas, where microorganisms yield materials from CO/H2 (and CO2) in an anaerobic process and from CH4/O2 in an aerobic process. Syngas methanation offers an alternative route to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG, or bio-SNG) as additional feedstock for gas fermentation. Materials made from syngas are decoupled from primary agricultural operations and do not compete with feed and food production. Due to the ample raw material base for gasification, which can basically be all kinds of mostly dry biomass, including waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), syngas-derived products are highly scalable. Amongst them are bioplastics, biofuels, biobased building blocks, and single-cell protein (SCP) for feed and food. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in biomass gasification with a spotlight on gas fermentation for the sustainable production of high-volume materials.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of water quality as determined by its physical, chemical, and biological composition collected from five distinct points in Maragheh, Iran, on the performance and carcass traits of Ross-308 commercial broilers (mix of male and female) during the grower (11–24 days) and finisher (25–42 days) periods. Materials and methods: A total of 240 broilers were involved in the study, divided into five treatments with four replicates and 12 birds per replicate. In this study, a randomized design was used. Water samples were collected from five different points, and broilers were provided with these water sources during the grower and finisher periods. Water samples for testing were prepared from the water wells of the meat poultry farms located in the northern, eastern, western, and southern lands, and the experimental farm, using hygienic and scientific methods. Performance parameters, including body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and water intake, were measured. Results: During the grower period, no significant effects on performance and water intake were observed across the different water sources (p > 0.05). However, in the finisher period, significant differences were noted (p ≥ 0.05). The use of water from point A (control group) led to reduced water consumption, body weight, and increased FCR (p < 0.05). The northern water source exhibited the optimum FCR during the finisher period (p < 0.05). Throughout the entire experimental period, the water source significantly influenced broiler performance, with the northern water source (point B) corresponding with the highest weight gain and production index with the least feed intake (p < 0.05). Despite these variations, no significant changes were observed in the broilers’ carcass traits across different water sources (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that various drinking water sources, while not significantly impacting carcass quality traits, exerted notable effects on broilers’ performance. The northern water source emerged as particularly favorable, demonstrating superior weight gain and a production index with efficient feed utilization. These findings underscore the importance of water quality in poultry management, particularly during the finisher period, and highlight its potential influence on broiler performance.

Sheep breeding is one of the most important economic activities in Ahar City, Iran. However, due to traditional production techniques, livestock farmers face the problem of low productivity. To address this issue, traditional breeds can be replaced with improved and high-yielding ones; in the first stage, this requires the acceptance of these new sheep breeds by the region’s ranchers. This research aimed to evaluate the attitudes of the livestock breeders of Ahar City towards the improved breeds of sheep and the influential factors. We collected data through in-person interviews using a simple random sampling method, surveying 100 sheep breeders in Ahar. The breeders were categorized into three groups based on their attitudes towards improved breeds: negative, indifferent, and positive. Next, we employed data mining-based methods, including multilayer perceptron neural networks, random forest, and random tree algorithms. These helped identify essential variables affecting ranchers’ attitudes. The results showed that several factors contribute to the ranchers’ philosophy, with the number of sheep sold in the past year and the total sheep ownership being the most significant ones. Comparing statistical evaluation criteria, we found that the random tree algorithm outperformed other methods in predicting and classifying livestock farmers, achieving a prediction accuracy rate of 86% for a sample of 100 farmers. Based on our findings, promoting training courses and raising awareness about the benefits of breeding new sheep breeds, along with providing facilities and credits based on economic conditions, can foster a positive attitude among herders. Increasing the number of sheep owned and improving marketing strategies can further enhance this positive outlook.

Environmental pollution from plastics has become one of the biggest concerns globally. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic materials less than 5 mm in size. They remain in the environment for hundreds to thousands of years without degrading, only breaking down further to nanoplastics (NPs). Micro- and nanoplastics can be the origin of many diseases and can carry various pathogenic substances on their surface and spread them throughout the biosphere, starting with contained additives and ending with adsorbed toxins from the environment and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Exposure routes for humans and animals are through air, water and food/feed. Due to the placement of livestock—including ruminants, fish and poultry—and humans at the top of the food web, any pollution in water, air or soil can eventually be transferred to livestock and from livestock to humans. The presence of microplastics in the intestines of aquaculture species, ruminants and poultry, for instance, was found to cause a change in the intestinal microbial population and, as a result, the occurrence of diseases. These particles have also been observed in other organs such as liver, kidneys, lung, spleen, heart, ovaries, and testicles of animals, which causes biochemical changes, structural destruction, and malfunction. While the complete extent of the negative health impacts of microplastics remains still largely unknown, their ubiquitous presence and the transmission of chemicals from microplastics to organisms is a notable issue, underscoring the importance of gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the potential threats posed by microplastics to animal and ultimately human health, coupled with a need for drastic reduction of the plastic freight into the environment. This review article summarizes recent findings on the effect of micro- and nanoplastics on farmed animals and, ultimately, on humans. Action is needed to reduce the number of microplastics to which farmed animals, and thereby humans, are exposed.

Abstract The global population is increasing, with a predicted demand for 1250 million tonnes of animal-derived protein by 2050, which will be difficult to meet. Single-cell protein (SCP) offers a sustainable solution. This review covers SCP production mechanisms, microbial and substrate choices, and advancements in metabolic engineering and CRISPR-Cas. It emphasizes second-generation substrates and fermentation for a circular economy. Despite challenges like high nucleic acid content, SCP promises to solve the global nutrition problem.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nano-encapsulation of four essential amino acids (AA), threonine, methionine, tryptophan, and lysine on in vitro ruminal total gas, methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide production as well as the rumen fermentation profile in cattle. The highest (P lysine > tryptophan > methionine (P

Lead (Pb), a toxic metal, causes severe health hazards to both humans and plants due to environmental pollution. Biochar addition has been efficiently utilized to enhance growth of plants as well as yield in the presence of Pb-induced stress. The present research introduces a novel use of biochar obtained from the weed Achyranthes japonica to enhance the growth of plants in Pb-contaminated soil. An experiment was performed with 7 treatments: Control, Pb2+ (10 mg kg−1) only, biochar (4 %) only, allantoin (4 g kg−1) only, biochar combined with Pb2+, allantoin combined with biochar, as well as a combination of allantoin and biochar with Pb2+. Lead toxicity alone markedly diminished plant growth metrics, including root and shoot length, biomass (wet and dry), chlorophyll concentration, and grain production. The application of biochar, allantoin, or their joint administration markedly enhanced the length of shoots (by 50.3 %, 29 %, and 70 %), length of roots (by 69 %, 50 %, and 69 %), and fresh biomass of shoots (by 5 %, 29 %, and 5 %), respectively. This enhancement is ascribed to improved soil characteristics and more efficient absorption of nutrients. The application of biochar, allantoin and their combination improved the tolerance against Pb2+ by increasing the total chlorophyll level by 12 %, 16 %, and 17 %, respectively, vs. the control. Likewise, these amendments significantly (p

This study aimed to investigate the effect of red grape pomace (RGP) treated with ozone (O3) gas as a substitute of low-quality alfalfa hay on the ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk production performance of fat-tailed, fed RGP substituted high fibrous alfalfa hay. Present study was performed in two experimental phases: 1) In situ and in vitro phase: Four Ghezel ewes in their third gestation (30 months old; weighing 51 ± 2 kg) with surgically implanted cannulas in their rumen were used to assess the in situ degradability and to obtain ruminal fluid to assay the in vitro gas production; the treatments were RGP not-processed (control; T0), and RGP processed with O3 for 6 (T1), 12 h (T2), and 24 h (T3). Processing RGP with O3 gas reduced (P

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), a precursor of creatine, is partially degraded in the rumen when unprotected. While GAA has shown promise as a feed additive, its optimal dose for ruminants remains unclear. This study investigated the dose-response effects of GAA on in vitro ruminal fermentation and greenhouse gas production in fattened sheep. Rumen inoculum from two Pelibuey sheep (30 kg ± 2 kg) fed a 50:50 forage: concentrate diet was used to test seven GAA doses: 0 (GAA0, control), 500 (GAA0.5), 1000 (GAA1), 1500 (GAA1.5), 2000 (GAA2), 2500 (GAA2.5), and 3000 (GAA3) mg/kg DM (dry matter). A completely randomized design was employed. GAA0.5 produced significantly higher total gas than GAA2. The CH4 production was similar across doses, except for GAA2.5, which was significantly higher than GAA0 and GAA0.5. GAA exhibited quadratic relationships with total gas production and linear relationships with CH4 and CO production but no significant effect on H2S. GAA linearly increased DM digestibility without significantly affecting ruminal fermentation profiles. GAA inclusion strongly influenced crude protein (CP) digestibility and degradability kinetics, with varying effects at different time points. The rate constant for degradation of the insoluble but potentially degradable CP fraction was highest with GAA1. In conclusion, GAA supplementation at GAA0.5 improved total gas production without increasing CH4 emissions, implying enhanced fermentation efficiency and improved performance. GAA's impact on CP digestibility varied with incubation time. These findings provide insights into developing optimal GAA dose/level supplementation that is effective in fattening sheep, though further in vivo studies are warranted to validate these effects and explore long-term impacts on rumen microbial populations and protein utilization.

Honey, beeswax, and propolis have long been recognized for their significance in the treatment and prevention of diseases. Numerous studies have demonstrated their antioxidant properties, making it crucial to investigate in depth their physicochemical, antioxidant, and microbial characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine the characteristics of propolis sourced from different areas within Iran. Propolis samples were obtained from beehives located in Sarab, Maku, Quchan, Neka, Qom, and Sanandaj regions for analysis. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties and mineral content of propolis were evaluated. Obtained data showed that Quchan propolis has the highest total antioxidant level, and the lowest amount was found for Qom samples (0.848 vs 0.531 %). Qom propolis samples had the highest aluminium, calcium and magnesium content among region samples. At a concentration of 1 % propolis, the Qom exhibited significant antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus. The Quchan samples had more antibacterial activity against E. coli at a level of 2 % propolis. The results of this study showed that the chemical composition, mineral content and antibacterial properties of propolis can be different based on the region. This finding can trigger measures to further enhance the quality of a given provenience.

Thirty dairy buffaloes were used for 90 days to evaluate the impact of a novel protein source (HI-PRO®), a feed alternative rich in protein (made from Saccharomyces and Bacillus), on the productivity of nursing buffaloes. The nursing water buffaloes had an average weight of 550 ± 11.2 kg. The treatments consisted of diets containing two distinct protein sources: (1) soybean meal (44 % as the control group); and (2) HI-PRO® product. Throughout the trial, measurements of nutritional digestibility and blood metabolites (total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine) were conducted. Quantity and composition of the milk were measured to determine the content of milk proteins, lipids, and lactose. The outcome of the results showed insignificant decrease in the buffaloes receiving HI-PRO® feed versus control group. Furthermore, there was enhancement in the fiber digestibility by approximately 2.5 % in the HI-PRO® group compared to the control group. The levels of protein, albumin, globulin, urea, and creatinine fall within the normal range for animals in good health. Using HI-PRO® resulted in a marginal improvement in milk production, increasing it by approximately 4.8 % compared to soybean meal. Furthermore, the buffaloes fed HI-PRO® showed a slightly elevated 4 % fat-corrected milk output and milk composition. To summarize, nursing buffaloes can utilize HI-PRO® as an efficient protein source in their diets, replacing soybean meal.

Saponins, the primary components of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE), are known to influence microbial activity in the rumen, which can affect various fermentation parameters. Moreover, encapsulating YSE with chitosan (CS) at varying carbohydrate levels (CHO) adds another layer of complexity that can provide valuable insights into the use of additives in mitigating greenhouse gases. This study investigated the impact of both crude and encapsulated forms of YSE on the production of ruminal anaerobic gases in cattle fed different levels of CHO-based diets. Ruminal contents were obtained from four slaughtered, crossbreed bulls (Charollais × Limousin) with a live weight of 400 ± 25 kg. The experimental design followed a completely randomized factorial arrangement, with factors including CHO level (25 %, 45 %, and 55 % DM), YSE forms (without extract, CS, crude, and nano-capsules), and dose of extract (0-, 0.25-, 0.5- and 1.0- mL/g of DM). Results showed that the type of extract significantly affected asymptotic total gas production, methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), and dry matter digestibility. Nano-chitosan increased gas production and exhibited greater efficiency in reducing CH4 production by up to 61.4 %. While crude YSE reduced CH4 production by 38 %, nano-capsules increased production by 17.7 %–42.8 %. Furthermore, a significant interaction effect among CHO levels, type of extract, and extract dose was observed, particularly impacting H2S and CH4 production after 48 h of incubation, alongside an increase of about 25.3 % in metabolizable energy compared to the control. The use of CS and YSE improved (p

Abstract Maintaining cleaner and more sustainable ecosystems by mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock through dietary manipulation is in demand. This study was aimed to assess the effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and probiotics (Pediococcus acidilactici BX-B122 and Bacillus coagulans BX-B118) as feed supplements on GHG production and fermentation profile from steers and sheep. The treatments included diets containing 0, 6, 12, and 18% of M. oleifera seeds meal and a mixture of probiotic bacteria (0.2 ml/g of diet). Total biogas production, CH4, CO, and H2S emission from animals (up to 48 h), rumen fermentation profile, and CH4 conversion efficiency were recorded using standard protocols. Results showed interaction among M. oleifera seeds and probiotics on asymptotic biogas production and total biogas production up to 48 h (P 0.05) for CH4:SCFA (in steers) and CH4:ME and CH4:OM (in sheep). In conclusion, the interaction of M. oleifera seeds and probiotics in the feeding diet reduced GHG emissions and affected the fermentation profile of steers and sheep.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), renowned for its applications in environmental, industrial, and medicinal fields, is critically evaluated in this comprehensive review focusing on the impacts of chemical and organic fertilizers on its cultivation. As hemp re-emerges as a crop of economic significance, the choice between chemical and organic fertilization methods plays a crucial role in determining not only yield but also the quality and sustainability of production. This article examines the botanical characteristics of hemp, optimal growth conditions, and the essential biochemical processes for its cultivation. A detailed comparative analysis is provided, revealing that chemical fertilizers, while increasing yield by up to 20% compared to organic options, may compromise the concentration of key phytochemicals such as cannabidiol by approximately 10%, highlighting a trade-off between yield and product quality. The review presents quantitative assessments of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from both fertilizer types, noting that K significantly influences the synthesis of terpenes and cannabinoids, making it the most impactful element in the context of medicinal and aromatic hemp varieties. Optimal rates and timing of application for these nutrients are discussed, with a focus on maximizing efficiency during the flowering stage, where nutrient uptake directly correlates with cannabinoid production. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the U.S. industrial hemp market are addressed, noting that reducing production costs and improving processing infrastructure is essential for sustaining industry growth, especially given the slow expansion in fiber and cannabidiol markets due to processing bottlenecks. The review concludes that while chemical fertilizers may offer immediate agronomic benefits, transitioning towards organic practices is essential for long-term environmental sustainability and market viability. The future of the hemp industry, while promising, will depend heavily on advancements in genetic engineering, crop management strategies, and regulatory frameworks that better support sustainable cultivation practices. This nuanced approach is vital for the industry to navigate the complex trade-offs between productivity, environmental health, and economic viability in the global market.

This study aimed to evaluate the dietary supplementation of Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) microalgae in different levels (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5- g/100 g dry matter (DM)) on the kinetics of gas production (GP), methane (CH4) production, dry matter apparent digestibility, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbial population by in vitro method. The findings of this study indicated that adding N. oculata at levels of 1–5 g/100 g DM did not have an impact on GP at different incubation hours. However, a diet with 5 g/100 g DM N. oculata resulted in a consistent increase in GP rate (part c) compared to the control treatment (P

The effect of incorporating mealworm frass (MWF) in the diets of growing Gabaly rabbits on nutrient digestibility, live body weight and gain, properties of the carcass, and blood parameters was investigated. Fifty-two Gabaly rabbits (6 weeks old) were selected after weaning and divided into four groups in a random fashion (13 rabbits/group) based on their weights (653 ± 15 g). The experimental period extended from 6 to 15 weeks of age. Four isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isofibrous diets in pellet shape were formulated. Mealworm frass (MWF) was incorporated at levels of 0, 1, 2, and 3 % for rabbit groups: G0 (as a control), G1, G2, and G3. At the end of the feeding experiment period (15 weeks of age), digestibility trials were conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility and nutrition values of the experimental diets. Three rabbits were slaughtered from each group to determine the carcass traits and some blood parameters. The chemical composition MWF was recorded as dry matter 87.08-, organic matter 84.98-, crude protein 22.59-, crude fibre 17.62-, ether extract 2.78-, ash17.24-, and nitrogen-free extract 41.99- %. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fibre improved (P

Biopolymer films (biofilms) were evaluated for suitability in meat packaging applications. Polyesters, proteins, and carbohydrates are among the most commonly utilized materials for producing bioplastics due to their mechanical properties, which closely resemble those of conventional plastics. However, these properties are significantly influenced by the film's composition, molecular weight, solvent type, pH, component concentration, and processing temperature. Conventional plastic films, including microplastics, are non-bioactive and contribute to persistent pollution. This underscores the importance of developing novel materials that incorporate bioactive plant compounds to endow plastic films with antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalities. In this study, two gelatin-chitosan films were fabricated: one without any extract and another incorporating guava leaf extract. These films were characterized to determine their optical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties. Additionally, a microbiological analysis was conducted to assess the impact of polymeric biofilm packaging on the shelf life of beef. Both films exhibited favorable tensile strength values (24.74–27.12 MPa), high transparency (0.79–1.18), and effective barrier properties against water vapor (8.95–9.29 × 10⁻⁸ g·mm·Pa⁻1 h⁻1 m⁻2) and oxygen (9.7–9.10 × 10⁻1⁸ m³·m⁻2 s⁻1 Pa⁻1). During storage, the biofilm containing guava leaf extract demonstrated a reduction in microbial growth, and this enhanced the beef’s color stability. In conclusion, biopolymeric films incorporating guava leaf extract demonstrated notable antioxidants and antimicrobial properties, effectively inhibiting microbial growth, preserving the physical quality of beef, and significantly extending its shelf life under refrigerated conditions.

Innovative integrated approaches of nanoparticles (NP) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can accelerate plant growth and remediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil. The effectiveness of the combination and interactions amongst Cd-resistant PGPB, ryegrass (Lolium perenne), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanomaterials have not yet been elucidated. Cd-spiked soil was supplemented with GNPs, g-C3N4, and inoculated with bacterial strains (Serratia bozhouensis and Serratia marcescens). The PGPB and GNPs combination produced the highest biomass, enhancing the accumulation of Cd in ryegrass. The highest Cd uptake (92 %) by ryegrass was observed in Serratia bozhouensis and GNPs treatments. The reasons for increased plant growth and Cd-phytoremediation by the PGPB-GNPs combination are explained. GNPs application promoted PGPB survival in the rhizosphere. Inoculant strains showed a high relative abundance of >82 % in the inoculated treatments. The exchangeable Cd fraction significantly increased in PGPB-GNPs treatments. The highest exchangeable Cd (80 %) was noted with Serratia bozhouensis and GNPs. PGPB also increased the dehydrogenase, catalase, phosphatase, and urease enzyme activity in soil. The PGPB-GNPs combination also reduced the Cd-induced stress injury to ryegrass through increased production of antioxidants. The present work supports our understanding of the synergistic effects of nanomaterials, bacteria, and plants, thus boosting their role in restoring heavy metal-contaminated soils.

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the effects of different dietary Silybum marianum (SM, milk thistle) powder levels on growth performance, productivity, immunity, small intestine, haemato-biochemical parameters, meat quality, and egg and carcass characteristics of laying quails. The experimental subjects consisted of one hundred and eight 43-day-old quails divided into 3 treatments (0, 0.75, and 1.50% SM) with 4 replicates each. The egg characteristics and growth performance of the quails were evaluated. Quails were euthanized for evaluation of carcasses, microbiota, and sensory characteristics of meat. Blood samples were analyzed for haematology and biochemical profile. SM at 0.75% and 1.50% significantly (P < 0.05) increased feed intake, enhanced egg characteristics (number, weight, width, length, volume, weight of egg yolk, and eggshell thickness), jejunum and ileum length, spleen weight, lactobacillus population, sensory characteristics of meat, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, erythrocytic indices, concentration of albumin, globulin and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). SM at 0.75% and 1.50% decreased (P < 0.05) carcass weight (abdominal fat, heart, neck, and pancreas), feed conversion ratio (FCR) based on eggs produced, percentages of heterophils and lymphocytes, concentration of lactate dehydrogenase, population of coliforms clostridia, and Escherichia coli. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and creatine kinase were not significantly (P > 0.05) altered by 0.75% and 1.50% SM. SM at both levels (0.75% and 1.50%) may improve growth, egg characteristics, immune response, intestinal morphology and microbiota, meat quality and erythropoiesis, and also lead to decreased cholesterol in laying quails. Economics can be improved, too. The authors recommend adding 1.0% of SM to quail diet.

Significant efforts have been made to understand how fat deposition in sheep tail is regulated in genetic, transcriptomic, physiologic, biochemical, and metabolic levels in order to elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying the energy storage, lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, adaptability to harsh environments, and evolutionary domestication. Through RNA-seq data analysis, we are able to compare the gene expression of fat-tailed sheep versus thin-tailed sheep breeds in an acceptable resolution at transcriptome level. The purpose of this study was to compare the transcriptomes of Ghezel (fat-tailed) and Zel (thin-tailed) sheep. Total RNA from subcutaneous and tail tissue samples from healthy lambs was sequenced (150b PE) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two mentioned tissues and between the Ghezel and Zel sheep breeds. Further downstream pathway and network analyses were conducted afterwards. The results uncovered the association of the most important DEGs such as CAV1, ALB, and SOCS3 with cellular signaling pathways of lipids metabolism. It seems that the SOCS3 gene plays an important role in the differential deposition of lipid in the tails of two phenotypically different sheep breeds. Although the detail of gene expression in the tail and subcutaneous tissues of two morphologically different breeds was decoded here, to fully understand how differential expression of the SOCS3 gene affects the fat synthesis, further studies are needed.

The ongoing yearly rise in worldwide methane (CH4) emissions is mostly due to human activities. Nevertheless, since over half of these emissions are scattered and have a concentration of less than 3% (v/v), traditional physical–chemical methods are not very effective in reducing them. In this context, biotechnologies like biofiltration using methane-consuming bacteria, also known as methanotrophs, offer a cost-efficient and practical approach to addressing diffuse CH4 emissions. The present review describes recent findings in biofiltration processes as one of the earliest biotechnologies for treating polluted air. Specifically, impacts of biotic (such as cooperation between methanotrophs and non-methanotrophic bacteria and fungi) and abiotic factors (such as temperature, salinity, and moisture) that influence CH4 biofiltration were compiled. Understanding the processes of methanogenesis and methanotrophy holds significant importance in the development of innovative agricultural practices and industrial procedures that contribute to a more favourable equilibrium of greenhouse gases. The integration of advanced genetic analyses can enable holistic approaches for unravelling the potential of biological systems for methane mitigation. This study pioneers a holistic approach to unravelling the biopotential of methanotrophs, offering unprecedented avenues for biotechnological applications.

Agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals gradually affects crop yield and its quality. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that severely affects crop yield, such as Brassica rapa L. (turnip), which is grown in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. It also affects seed germination and seedling development. The exogenous application of triacontanol (Tria, C30H61OH) has the potential to alleviate heavy metal-induced toxic effects and promote crop yield even in contaminated environments. Therefore, in the present work, Tria was tested to lessen the toxicity of Cd to turnip plants. The current study aimed to determine how seed priming and foliar application of Tria (10 and 20 ppm) influence the morphophysiological and yield characteristics of turnip plants under Cd-induced growth inhibition. Cd reduced turnip growth by affecting its morphology, biomass, and yield parameters. On the other hand, Tria at 20 ppm via SP+FS (seed priming + foliar spray) enhanced plant growth by increasing its root and leaf fresh weight by 80 and 54%, Chl a (59%), Chl b (27%), phenolic content (39%), and mineral contents of Mg (60%) and K (39%) compared with those in the plants treated with only Cd. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was enhanced by up to 48% and ascorbic acid content by up to 96% in Cd-treated plants. These findings suggest that Tria application via both methods improved turnip yield by increasing tolerance to Cd toxicity. Therefore, this study paves the way for further exploration into a very cheap and economical way of enhancing crop production against Cd stress for farmers.

Colitis, an inflammatory condition of the colon that encompasses ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease, presents significant challenges due to the limitations and side effects of current treatments. This study investigates the potential of natural products, specifically AH and NSO, as organic therapeutic agents for colitis. Molecular docking studies were conducted to identify the binding affinities and interaction mechanisms between the bioactive compounds in AH and NSO and proteins implicated in colitis, such as those involved in inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. An in vivo experiment was performed using an albino mouse model of colitis, with clinical symptoms, histopathological assessments, and biochemical analyses conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the compounds both individually and in combination. Results from the molecular docking studies revealed promising binding interactions between fructose and Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (Ptgs2) and between fructose and cellular tumor antigen p53, with docking energy measured at −6.0 kcal/mol and −5.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Meanwhile, the presence of glucose molecule glucokinase chain A (−6.3 kcal/mol) and chain B (−5.8 kcal/mol) indicated potential efficacy in modulating inflammatory pathways. Experimental data demonstrated that treatment with AH and NSO significantly reduced inflammation, improved gut health, and ameliorated colitis symptoms. Histopathological evaluations confirmed reduced mucosal damage and immune cell infiltration, while biochemical analyses showed normalization of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress levels. This study provides compelling evidence for the potential of AH and NSO as natural, complementary treatments for colitis, suggesting their future role in integrative therapeutic strategies. However, further research into long-term safety, optimal dosing, and mechanisms of action is warranted to translate these findings into clinical applications.

The demand for developing novel antimicrobial drugs has increased due to the rapid appearance and global spread of antibiotic resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer distinct advantages over traditional antibiotics, such as broad-range efficacy, a delayed evolution of resistance, and the capacity to enhance human immunity. AMPs are being developed as potential medicines, and current computational and experimental tools aim to facilitate their preclinical and clinical development. Structural and functional constraints as well as a more stringent regulatory framework have impeded clinical translation of AMPs as possible therapeutic agents. Although around four thousand AMPs have been identified so far, there are some limitations of using these AMPs in clinical trials due to their safety in the host and sometimes limitations in the biosynthesis or chemical synthesis of some AMPs. Overcoming these obstacles may help to open a new era of AMPs to combat superbugs without using synthetic antibiotics. This review describes the classification, mechanisms of action and immune modulation, advantages, difficulties, and opportunities of using AMPs against multidrug-resistant pathogens and highlights the need and priorities for creating targeted development strategies that take into account the most cutting-edge tools currently available. It also describes the barriers to using these AMPs in clinical trials.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the foremost phytotoxic elements. Its proportion in agricultural soil is increasing critically due to anthropogenic activities. Cd stress is a major crop production threat affecting food security globally. Triacontanol (TRIA) is a phytohormone that promotes growth, development, and metabolic processes in plants. The current study explicates the mitigation of Cd toxicity in Vigna radiata L. (mung bean) seedlings through the application of TRIA by a seed priming technique under Cd stress. The role of TRIA in improving metabolic processes to promote Vigna radiata (mung bean, green gram) vegetative growth and performance under both stressed and unstressed conditions was examined during this study. To accomplish this, three doses of TRIA (10, 20, and 30 µmol L−1) were used to pretreat V. radiata seeds before they were allowed to grow for 40 days in soil contaminated with 20 mg kg−1 Cd. Cd stress lowered seed germination, morphological growth, and biomass in V. radiata plants. The maximum root and shoot lengths, fresh and dry weights of roots, and shoot and seed germination rates were recorded for TRIA2 compared with those of TRIA1 and TRIA3 under Cd stress. In Cd-stressed V. radiata plants, TRIA2 increased the content of chlorophyll a (2.1-fold) and b (3.1-fold), carotenoid (4.3-fold), total chlorophyll (3.1-fold), and gas exchange attributes, such as the photosynthetic rate (2.9-fold), stomatal conductance (6.0-fold), and transpiration rate (3.5-fold), compared with those in plants treated with only Cd. TRIA seed priming increased nutrient uptake (K1+, Na1+, Mg2+, and Zn2+), total phenolic content, total soluble protein content, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Additionally, TRIA2 significantly reduced the quantity of Cd in the plants (3.0-fold) and increased the metal tolerance index (6.6-fold) in plants contrasted with those in the Cd-treated plants. However, TRIA2 promoted plant growth and biomass production by lowering Cd-induced stress through modifying the plant antioxidant machinery and reducing oxidative stress. The improved yield characteristics of V. radiata seedlings treated with TRIA suggest that exogenous TRIA may be used to increase plant tolerance to Cd stress.

Today, feeding protein supply according to need in high-yielding lactating cows has become a big challenge. Protein is the most costly bulk constituent of animal diet, and the price of protein sources is increasing steadily, which is different from milk price rising. Therefore, one way for farmers to reduce feed costs is to reduce dietary protein share. Ruminants obtain their amino acids from 2 sources: amino acids from ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) and microbial protein synthesized in the rumen. A key goal in ruminant nutrition strategies, maximizing the use of rumen degradable protein (RDP), is through its efficient conversion into microbial protein. Urea is a supplement and a possible source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in ruminants' diets which meets bacteria's ammonia needs. Rumen ammonia sources include protein, peptides, amino acids, and other nitrogen-bearing compounds. As urea, uric acid, nitrate, and possibly nucleic acid are rapidly converted to ammonia, the ammonia reservoir indicates that the ruminal metabolism of ammonia is relatively small. Bacteria in the rumen can obtain between 40 and 95 percent of their nitrogen demand from ammonia, depending on their diet. Using NPN (non-protein nitrogen) as a reliable nitrogen source for ruminants was recognized over 100 years ago. Urea is quickly released in the rumen, its use in the diet is limited due to ammonia toxicity. So, the solution to this problem is that the product in nitrogen release rate from urea changes according to the digestion of fibers in the rumen. In the past, several slow-release products were made and evaluated. Slow-release urea (SRU) sources will also affect microbial growth and livestock performance compared to conventional plant protein sources. Acceptance of SRU sources, depending on their price compared to conventional plant protein ingredients is feasible. Studies has shown that the use of slow-release urea did not have a negative effect on digestibility, rumen parameters, milk production and livestock performance. Single-cell protein (SCP) is an emerging alternative protein source, currently being mainly studied for chicken and aquatic species.Finally, it is concluded that slow release urea can be used in feeding ruminants without any side effects.

This research characterized and explored the effect of cumin essential oil nanoemulsion (CEONE) on broiler growth performance, serum biochemistry, hematological parameters, and cecal microbial count. Day-old (n = 96) broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six treatments with five replicates of three broilers each. The dietary treatments consisted of negative control (only basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 200 µL of enrofloxacin), 25 µL (basal diet + 25 µL of CEONE), 50 µL (basal diet + 50 µL of CEONE), 75 µL (basal diet + 75 µL of CEONE), and 100 µL (basal diet + 100 µL of CEONE). The broiler’s body weight gain (BWG) after 42 days of treatment exhibited increased weight in the CEONE group (976.47 ± 11.82–1116.22 ± 29.04). The gain in weight was further evidenced by the beneficial microbe load (107 log) compared to the pathogenic strain. All the biochemical parameters were observed in the normal range, except for a higher level of HDL and a lower LDL value. This safety has been validated by pKCSM toxicity analysis showing a safe and highly tolerable dose of cuminaldehyde. In conclusion, this research observed the potential of CEONE as a multifunctional agent. It is a valuable candidate for further application in combating bacterial infections and enhancing animal health and growth.

The increase in global temperatures over the past few decades due to greenhouse gas emissions has raised concerns and necessitated further research in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Methane is a prominent greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to climate change, with a substantial amount generated through fermentation processes occurring in the rumen of ruminant animals. The potential of plant secondary metabolites, especially those derived from tannin-rich plants, warrants investigation to modify rumen fermentation and mitigate methane emissions in livestock diets. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of extracts obtained from green and black tea waste on rumen fermentation dynamics and gas (methane) production, utilizing in vitro methods. For this purpose, rumen fluid was collected from two fistulated sheep and subjected to three treatments: (1) a basal diet (control), (2) a basal diet + green tea waste extract (5% of dry matter), (3) a basal diet + black tea waste extract (5% of dry matter). The study assessed the effects of incorporating extracts from green and black tea waste on various parameters, including digestibility, protozoa population, ammonia nitrogen levels, volatile fatty acids, and methane gas production following a 24-h incubation period. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SAS software within a completely randomized design framework. The findings indicated that the addition of green and black tea waste extracts significantly decreased methane gas production (p < 0.05), protozoa count (p < 0.05), and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in rumen fluid (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. The addition of green and black tea waste extracts has significantly altered the concentration of VFAs in rumen fluid (p < 0.05). Specifically, the addition of green tea waste extract has led to a highly significant reduction in acetic acid, (p < 0.01) and the addition of both extracts has resulted in a significant increase in propionic acid (p < 0.05). Consequently, the results suggest that the inclusion of green and black tea waste extracts in livestock diets may effectively mitigate methane emissions in the rumen, thereby reducing feed costs and reducing environmental pollution.

The study aimed to explore the physicochemical attributes and the in-vitro digestibility of talipot starch lysine complexes generated through heat moisture treatment (HMT) and annealing. Talipot starch is a nonconventional stem starch obtained from the trunk of Talipot palm. Lysine complexing considerably altered the physicochemical, pasting, and in-vitro digestibility of talipot starch, while the impact of HMT and annealing on the physicochemical and functional properties of the starch lysine complex is varied. The HMT of the starch lysine complex (HSL) had a paramount impact on starch functionalities than annealing of starch lysine complex (ASL). The HSL exhibited the lowest swelling ability, solubility, and retrogradation tendency. Similarly, the lysin complexing of talipot starch considerably reduced its in-vitro digestibility, and HSL exhibited higher resistant starch content.

Study objectives included the assessment of carcass fatty acid composition and meat texture characteristics of younger Holstein Friesian bulls. Three experimental groups were formed based on the weights of the 23 young bulls at slaughter: lighter, medium, and heavier. Samples were taken from the Gluteus medius (GM) and Longissimus thoracis muscles 24 h after slaughter. Fatty acid composition, Warner-Bratzler Meat Shear (WBS) measurements, as well as textural profile analysis (TPA) and sensory analysis of the muscle samples were conducted. The fatty acid composition was determined using Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fatty acids give a neutral hypocholesterolemic effect in direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) contents, DFA/OFA (C14:0+C16:0) ratio, hardness, Warner-Bratzler Shear force and also the chews number – which is desirable - before swallowing (NCBS) the meat were significantly decreased with the increasing slaughter weight. Higher slaughter weight resulted in a larger amount of beef with a better panel tenderness score; however, the meat obtained from the LSW group was less healthy considering the fatty acid profile. Additionally, internal fat contained the highest saturated fatty acids concentrations, while subcutaneous fat contained the highest amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, intramuscular fat levels were highest in PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio. As a result, this study strongly suggests that slaughter weight and anatomical location of fat samples contribute significantly to meat texture characteristics and fatty acid profiles in Holstein Friesian bulls.

The current study assessed the effects of covering corn silage with tomato or apple pomace on fermentability and feed quality. The in vitro gas production test was performed using graded 100 mL syringes. Incubation times were 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. In vitro gas generation characteristics were significantly altered by TP (tomato pomace) and AP (apple pomace), both alone and in conjunction with PE (polyethylene) films, regardless of their presence. As a result of the effects found on NH3-N concentration, aerobic stability, and yeast activity, TP and AP have the potential to become an eco-friendly alternative to PE films. The gas production from the immediately soluble fraction (a) of corn silage was only affected when the corn silage was covered with a combination of AP and PE compared to the CPE group (p < 0.001). The largest cluster includes correlations of the DOM-TDDM (r = 0.90), DOM-AA (r = 0.88), and Ash-TDDM (r = 0.86) correlations. The most substantial negative correlations were identified between DM-CO2 (r = −82), DM-Yeast (r = −0.79), and CF-DOM (r = −0.79). Nonetheless, the use of pomace as a silage cover presents an inexpensive alternative to plastic films for silage that does not have the environmental problems associated with persistent micro- and nanoplastics.

The purpose of this work was to test a new setup to pump water with entrained air for application in gas fermentation. A mixed flow, where gas is contained in a liquid to be pumped, rapidly reduces the efficiency of a conventional pump, due to the compressibility of the gas. It is not always possible to degas the fluid, for instance in gas fermentation, which is preferably carried out in tubular reactors (loop fermenters) to achieve a high conversion rate of the gaseous feedstocks. Method: In this work, a rim-driven thruster (RDT) was tested in a lab-scale, cold flow model of a loop reactor with 5–30% (by volume) of gas fraction (air) in the liquid (water) as alternative propulsion element (6 m total pipe length, ambient temperature and pressure). As a result, it was found that the RDT, in connection with a guiding vane providing swirling motion to the two-phase fluid, could pump a mixed flow with up to 25.7% of gas content (by volume) at atmospheric pressure and 25 °C and 0.5 to 2 m/s flow speed. In conclusion, an RDT is advantageous over a classic propulsion element like a centrifugal pump or axial flow pump for transporting liquids with entrained gases. This article describes the potential of rim-driven thrusters, as known from marine propulsion, in biotechnology, the chemical industry, and beyond, to handle multiphase flows.

The increasing global focus on green nanotechnology research has spurred the development of environmentally and biologically safe applications for various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology involves crafting diverse nanoparticles in terms of shapes and sizes, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly synthesis routes. Among these, biogenic approaches, including plant-based synthesis, are favored for their safety, simplicity, and sustainability. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a promising candidate for aiding in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Leveraging the phytochemical constituents of Cannabis, researchers have successfully tailored silver nanoparticles for a wide array of applications, spanning from biomedicine to environmental remediation. This review explores the properties, synthesis mechanisms, and applications of silver nanoparticles obtained from Cannabis. Additionally, it delves into the recent advancements in green synthesis techniques and elucidates the optical properties of these nanoparticles. By shedding light on plant-based fabrication methods for silver nanoparticles and their diverse bionanotechnology applications, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of green nanotechnology. Through a comprehensive examination of the synthesis processes, mechanistic aspects, and potential applications, this review underscores the importance of sustainable approaches in nanoparticle synthesis and highlights the potential of Cannabis-derived silver nanoparticles in addressing various societal and environmental challenges.

Utilizing passenger rail, including subways, to transport goods can have advantages over trucking in terms of efficiency and emissions. While some experimentation is ongoing in this area, combined passenger and rail opportunities in specific cities merit further attention. To more concretely examine how to leverage passenger rail for freight, this paper explores the potential of utilizing unused capacity in New York City (NYC) subway trains for transporting goods. Using General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), rail and passenger data for the NYC subway, we found ways to use excess capacity and existing rail lines for freight transportation. We visualized a freight train timetable and graph, analyzed meet-errors between freight and passenger trains, and formulated prevention policies. Using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data, we estimated emission reductions from replacing trucks with unused subway capacity. Our findings suggest that with adequate policies, investments and redesign, combining passenger rai and freight in the subways could significantly reduce truck trips, traffic congestion, and greenhouse gas emissions compared to trucking alone. However, implementing this approach requires careful collaborative planning, investment, enhanced security screening, and streamlined operations to minimize impacts on passenger transport. Further efforts should explore in more depth the costs and benefits and practical design and policy issues around using excess passenger rail capacity for freight transport in NYC and other cities.

Recently, plant proteins have received notable attention as food and medicine. Further, plant proteins are used to produce and isolate peptides to treat and prevent diseases in humans and animals. Plant proteins can be extracted from various sources, including industrial waste materials. Conventional and nonconventional methods are used to carry out the protein extraction. This review aims to overview the advanced protein extraction methods and the therapeutic functionalities of plant proteins and peptides. It was observed that the advanced protein extraction methods, i.e., ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted, are more efficient, eco-friendly, and less energy-consuming. The advanced protein extraction methods will help to face the challenges of using protein in food processing. In addition to the food functionality, plant-based proteins and peptides show potential therapeutic activity. It includes antidiabetic activity, anticancer activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries will likely rely heavily on plant-derived peptides because of their benefits as functional ingredients.

P3HB (poly-β-hydroxybutyrate), an energy-storage compound of several microorganisms, can be used as bioplastics material. P3HB is completely biodegradable under aerobic and aerobic conditions, also in the marine environment. The intracellular agglomeration of P3HB was examined employing a methanotrophic consortium. Supplanting fossil, non-degradable polymers by P3HB can significantly reduce the environmental impact of plastics. Utilizing inexpensive carbon sources like CH4 (natural gas, biogas) is a fundamental methodology to make P3HB production less costly, and to avoid the use of primary agricultural products such as sugar or starch. Biomass growth in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in general and in Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) manufacture in specific could be a foremost point, so here the authors focus on natural gas as a proper carbon source and on the selection of bioreactors to produceP3HB, and in future further PHA, from that substrate. CH4 can also be obtained from biomass, e.g., biogas, syngas methanation or power-to-gas (synthetic natural gas, SNG). Simulation software can be utilized for examination, optimizing and scale-up of the process as shown in this paper. The fermentation systems continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), forced-liquid vertical loop bioreactor (VTLB), forced-liquid horizontal tubular loop bioreactor (HTLB), airlift (AL) fermenter and bubble column (BC) fermenter were compared for their methane conversion, kLa value, productivity, advantages and disadvantages. Methane is compared to methanol and other feedstocks. It was discovered that under optimum processing circumstances and using Methylocystis hirsuta, the cells accumulated 51.6% cell dry mass of P3HB in the VTLB setup.

Bioplastics hold significant promise in replacing conventional plastic materials, linked to various serious issues such as fossil resource consumption, microplastic formation, non-degradability, and limited end-of-life options. Among bioplastics, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) emerge as an intriguing class, with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) being the most utilized. The extensive application of P3HB encounters a challenge due to its high production costs, prompting the investigation of sustainable alternatives, including the utilization of waste and new production routes involving CO2 and CH4. This study provides a valuable comparison of two P3HBs synthesized through distinct routes: one via cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714) for photoautotrophic production and the other via methanotrophic bacteria (Methylocystis sp. GB 25) for chemoautotrophic growth. This research evaluates the thermal and mechanical properties, including the aging effect over 21 days, demonstrating that both P3HBs are comparable, exhibiting physical properties similar to standard P3HBs. The results highlight the promising potential of P3HBs obtained through alternative routes as biomaterials, thereby contributing to the transition toward more sustainable alternatives to fossil polymers.

In this study, three organic acids (citric, lactic, and acetic acid) were pretreated separately on P. rotundifolius starch, and their effects on the structural, functional, and rheological properties of cold water soluble (CWS) starches were investigated. In comparison to native starch, all the modified samples showed granular swelling, and acid pretreatment led to degradation and leaching of the granules. In FT-IR spectra, a peak at 1724 cm−1 confirmed the esterification of organic acids. All the modified starches lost their A-type diffraction pattern and showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the relative crystallinity. HPG showed a significantly higher cold water swelling power than native (2.13 g/g) starch, and lactic acid pretreatment enhanced the cold water swelling power to 9.91 g/g. Citric acid esterified CWS showed a significant increase in cold water solubility (63.1%) and freeze-thaw stability. Thus, this study found that each organic acid treatment affected CWS P. rotundifolius starch differently and has potential application in a refrigerated, instant, or frozen food products.

A major objective of this study is to identify factors influencing the quality of high-moisture total mixed rations (TMRs) for livestock feed and explore possible manipulations that can enhance their fermentation characteristics and stability in order to address the problem of poor aerobic stability. Therefore, the current study utilized infrared thermography (IRT) to assess the aerobic stability of water-added TMRs in the feed bunker. By manipulating the moisture content of freshly prepared TMRs at four different levels through water addition and subjecting it to storage at two consistent temperatures, significant correlations between IRT values (center temperature (CT) and maximum temperature difference (MTD)) and key parameters such as lactic acid bacteria, water-soluble carbohydrates, and TMR pH were established. The first and second principal components together accounted for 44.3% of the variation, with the first component’s load influenced by IRT parameters, fermentation characteristics, and air exposure times, while the second component’s load was influenced by dry matter content and lactic acid concentration. The results of these studies indicate the possibility that feeding methods can be optimized by identifying portions with higher CT or MTD data using IRT measurements just before feeding dairy cows in the field. As a result, increasing the use of IRT in feed management and preservation processes is projected to have a positive impact on animal productivity in the future.

The chemical composition, in vitro total gas and CH4 production and performance of cattle fed on factory black tea waste (Camellia sinensis) (BTW), alfalfa (Medicago Sativa), sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) and white clover (Trifolium repens) was investigated. The gas production was quantified at the 24th hour of the incubation process. BTW was found to vary from roughages in chemical composition (p < 0.05). In addition, the roughages differed in terms of nutrient composition and gas production (p < 0.05). In legume roughages, acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) values ranged from 52.36–57.00 mmol/L, 13.46–17.20 mmol/L, 9.79–12.43 mmol/L, and 79.71–89.05 mmol/L, respectively. In comparison with black tea waste, legume roughages had higher values of AA, PA, BA, and TVFA. Black tea waste contained a higher acetic acid ratio than legume roughages when compared as a percentage. There was a similar ratio of propionic acid to the rate calculated for sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa) and clover (Trifolium repens), and a similar ratio of butyric acid to the ratio determined for alfalfa (Medicago Sativa). The current study shows that the 5.7–6.3% tannin content of black tea waste can be used in ruminant rations with high-quality roughages. Due to the fact that BTW reduces methane emissions from ruminants and eliminates energy waste from them, the environment can be improved. To obtain more reliable results, further animal feeding experiments on legume roughages and BTW are required.

This study aimed to assess the impact of essential oils (EOs) on in vitro gas formation and the degradability of dairy and beef cattle diets. This study also aimed to investigate the effects of different types of EOs on nutrient utilization and rumen microbial activity. The current study was conducted using a fully randomized design consisting of eight experimental treatments, including two control treatments without any additives, and treatments with cinnamon essential oil (CEO), flaxseed essential oil (FEO), and lemon seed essential oil (LEO) at a concentration of 60 mg/kg fresh mass. Two control treatments were used, one with alfalfa silage and dairy concentrate (DC, CON-DC) and the other with alfalfa silage and fattening concentrate (FC, CON-FC). Gas formation, dry matter (DM) digestibility, crude protein (CP) digestibility, effective degradability (ED), and soluble fractions of DM and organic matter (OM) were evaluated. CEO had a substantial effect on gas formation (p < 0.05). When EOs were added to the diets, they increased dry matter digestibility after 24 h of incubation as compared to control treatments. After 24 h of incubation, FCCEO and FCFEO had the highest CP digestibility among the diets. FCLEO considerably enhanced ED, as well as the soluble fraction of DM (a) at a passage rate of 2% per hour. Treatment with FCCEO resulted in a significant increase in soluble fractions compared to the control diets. At a passage rate of 2% h, DCCEO had the maximum ED value. When EOs were introduced to the diet, they dramatically decreased the insoluble portion of CP (b). Compared to the control treatments, gas production was significantly lower in the presence of LEO (FCLEO; p < 0.05). The addition of EOs to cattle diets may increase nutrient utilization and enhance rumen microbial activity. EOs extracted from lemon seeds (at a dose of 60 mg/kg of diet) lowered gas production in both dairy cattle and fattening diets.

Global catastrophes such as a supervolcanic eruption, asteroid impact, or nuclear winter could cause global agricultural collapse due to reduced sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface. The human civilization’s food production system is unprepared to respond to such events, but methane single cell protein (SCP) could be a key part of the solution. Current preparedness centers around food stockpiling, an excessively expensive solution given that an abrupt sunlight reduction scenario (ASRS) could hamper conventional agriculture for 5–10 years. Instead, it is more cost-effective to consider resilient food production techniques requiring little to no sunlight. This study analyses the potential of SCP produced from methane (natural gas and biogas) as a resilient food source for global catastrophic food shocks from ASRS. The following are quantified: global production potential of methane SCP, capital costs, material and energy requirements, ramp-up rates, and retail prices. In addition, potential bottlenecks for fast deployment are considered. While providing a more valuable, protein-rich product than its alternatives, the production capacity could be slower to ramp up. Based on 24/7 construction of facilities, 7%–11% of the global protein requirements could be fulfilled at the end of the first year. Despite significant remaining uncertainties, methane SCP shows significant potential to prevent global protein starvation during an ASRS at an affordable price—US$3–5/kg dry.

Using nylon bag techniques, Cornell net carbohydrates and protein systems (CNCPS), and scanning electron microscopy, the authors examined the digestibility and structure of Vicia ervilia (ervil, bitter vetch) after steam flaking, roasting, and microwave processing. During the in situ technique, the samples were incubated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h. For the description of the ruminal DM (dry matter) and CP (crude protein) degradation kinetics of treated and untreated Vicia ervilia, different models were selected as the best fit for the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation parameters of steam flaked samples. The results showed that both the steam flaking and microwave treatment samples contained high levels of non-protein nitrogen and buffer soluble protein, respectively. In comparison with steam flaking and microwave treatment, roasting decreased and increased the buffer soluble protein and neutral detergent insoluble protein, respectively. The control treatments showed the highest levels of neutral detergent soluble protein and the lowest levels of acid detergent soluble protein. Moreover, steam flaking and roasting decreased and increased the amount of acid detergent insoluble protein, respectively. When using dry heat (microwave and roasting), the acid detergent soluble and insoluble protein fractions were increased. As a result of this experiment, the nitrogen fractions were altered using heat processing. Hence, protein fermented feed and ruminal fermentation conditions can be expressed using these results.

To evaluate the effects of supplementation of feed additives in the last trimester of pregnancy on placental characteristics and offspring performance, this study was conducted with 48 estrous-synchronized Ghezel ewes that had randomly been assigned to one of the following six groups (n = 8): ad libitum feeding (AL); feed restriction (RF; 60% of ad libitum intake); feed restriction + propylene glycol (PG); feed restriction + propylene glycol + monensin sodium (MS); feed restriction + propylene glycol + rumen-protected choline chloride (RPC); feed restriction + propylene glycol + monensin sodium + rumen-protected choline chloride (PMC). Birth weight, body size, and rectal temperature of lambs were determined within 24 h of birth. The presence of lambs at 87 days of age was used as an index of survival to weaning. The outcome of this study was that the average placental weight of ewes in the AL and MS groups was the highest and lowest, respectively, among the treatment groups (p < 0.01). RPC ewes presented higher placental efficiency compared to AL, RF, and MS ewes (p < 0.05). The largest and smallest crown-to-rump lengths (CRLs) were observed in PMC and RF lambs, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, lambs born from PMC, RPC, and PG ewes had a longer curved crown-to-rump length (CCRL) than those born from AL and RF ewes (p < 0.01). The concurrent administration of propylene glycol and rumen-protected choline chloride resulted in the highest birth weight among treatment groups (p < 0.01). Lambs born to PMC and RPC ewes had a higher survival rate and rectal temperature than those born to RF ewes (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that although dietary restriction does not have adverse effects on lambs’ performance compared with ad libitum intake, the combined administration of propylene glycol and rumen-protected choline chloride in the ewes’ restricted diet can improve placental characteristics and subsequently amend lambs’ birth weight and body size. Therefore, the combined administration of these additives can be practiced during feed restriction.

This research aims to evaluate the potential of lavender meal (LM) and lavender essential oil (LEO) to mitigate methane emissions by dairy cows. Locally grown lavender was collected fresh for this purpose, and its oil was extracted using the cold-press method. The resultant LEO and LM and whole lavender (WL) were added to dairy cow concentrate feed at 0%, 0.05%, and 0.10%, and their effects on vitro gas production values and gas concentrations were subsequently assessed. Out of the 30 bioactive compounds isolated from LEO, linalool and linalyl acetate were the most common—accounting for 70.4% of the total. The lavender dose had a significant influence on gas production for up to 12 h. No significant variations were found across the lavender forms when gas kinetics, in vitro degradability, and predicted energy values were compared. The addition of WL to the concentrate feed of dairy cows produced the greatest quantities of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, whereas LEO resulted in the lowest values. In contrast, no significant difference in ammonia content was found across the various lavender forms added into dairy cow concentrate feed. The results of this research suggest that adding 0.05–0.10% LM and LEO to concentrate feed may decrease greenhouse gas emissions from dairy cows.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of slaughter age (young vs. old), muscle type (Longissimus dorsi (LD), Gluteus medius (GM)) and fat deposits (kidney knob and channel fat, subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat) on chemical, organoleptic, textural characteristics and fatty acid composition of Holstein Friesian bull meat. For this purpose, the carcasses of 26 Holstein Friesian bulls that had been fattened on the same private farm were assigned to two experimental groups based on their age at slaughter: a young group (YG) (average age: 17.0 ± 1.0 months old) and an old group (OG) (average age: 22.0 ± 1.0 months old). The percentage of crude protein, panel tenderness score, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, the PUFA/SFA ratio and the hypocholesterolemic fatty acid (DFA)/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid (OFA) ratio of the bull carcasses decreased significantly with increasing slaughter age. By contrast, the OFA content of the carcasses significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing slaughter age. Advanced slaughter age resulted in lower panel tenderness scores. Additionally, the meat of the bulls in the OG was considered to be less healthy because of the less desirable fatty acid composition and nutritional indices, such as the PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios, compared to the meat from the bulls in the YG. Furthermore, the intramuscular fat and internal fat contained high percentages of PUFA and SFA and high PUFA/SFA and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios. Interestingly, the percentage of OFA content in the internal and intramuscular fat tissues decreased with increasing slaughter age. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that slaughter age and muscle and fat type are essential sources of variations in the textural characteristics, sensory panel attributes and fatty acid profile of meat from Holstein Friesian bulls.

In ruminants’ metabolism, a surplus of hydrogen is removed from the reduction reaction of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) by the formation of methane by methanogenic bacteria and archaea methanogens. The balance of calculations between VFA (volatile fatty acids), CO2, and CH4 indicates that acetate and butyrate play a role in methane production, while the formation of propionate maintains hydrogen and therefore reduces methane production. CH4 formation in ruminant livestock is not desired because it reduces feed efficiency and contributes to global warming. Therefore, numerous strategies have been investigated to mitigate methane production in ruminants. This review focuses on feed additives which have the capability of reducing methane emissions in ruminants. Due to the environmental importance of methane emissions, such studies are needed to make milk and meat production more sustainable. Additionally, the additives which have no adverse effects on rumen microbial population and where the reduction effects are a result of their hydrogen sink property, are the best reduction methods. Methane inhibitors have shown such a property in most cases. More work is needed to bring methane-reducing agents in ruminant diets to full market maturity, so that farmers can reap feed cost savings and simultaneously achieve environmental benefits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different forms of Lentilactobacillus buchneri on the in vitro methane production, fermentation characteristics, nutritional quality, and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with or without urea. The following treatments were applied prior to ensiling: (1) no urea treatment and LB; (2) no urea treatment+freeze dried LB; (3) no urea treatment+preactivated LB; (4) with urea treatment+no LB; (5) with urea treatment+freeze dried LB; (6) with urea treatment+preactivated. LB was applied at a rate of 3 × 108 cfu/kg on a fresh basis, while urea was applied at a rate of 1% on the basis of dry matter. Data measured at different time points were analyzed according to a completely randomized design, with a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments, while the others were analyzed with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Preactivated LB was more effective than freeze-dried LB in reducing silage pH, ammonia nitrogen, cell-wall components, yeast count, and carbon dioxide production, as well as increasing lactic acid and residual water-soluble carbohydrate and aerobic stability (p < 0.0001). A significant reduction in the methane ratio was observed after 24 h and 48 h incubation with preactivated forms of LB (p < 0.001). The results indicated that preactivated LB combined with urea improved fermentation characteristics, nutritional quality, and aerobic stability and reduced the methane ratio of corn silages.