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Maintaining the diversity of wild bees is a priority for preserving ecosystem function and promoting stability and productivity of agroecosystems. However, wild bee communities face many threats and beekeeping could be one of them, because honey bees may have a strong potential to outcompete wild pollinators when placed at high densities. Yet, we still know little about how beekeeping intensity affects wild bee diversity and their pollinator interactions. Here, we explore how honey bee density relates to wild bee diversity and the structure of their pollination networks in 41 sites on 13 Cycladic Islands (Greece) with similar landscapes but differing in beekeeping intensity. Our large-scale study shows that increasing honey bee visitation rate had a negative effect on wild bee species richness and abundance, although the latter effect was relatively weak compared to the effect of other landscape variables. Competition for flowering resources (as indicated by a resource sharing index) increased with the abundance of honey bees, but the effect was more moderate for wild bees in family Apidae than for bees in other families, suggesting a stronger niche segregation in Apidae in response to honey bees. Honey bees also influenced the structure of wild bee pollination networks indirectly, through changes in wild bee richness. Low richness of wild bees in sites with high honey bee abundance resulted in wild bee networks with fewer links and lower linkage density. Our results warn against beekeeping intensification in these islands and similar hotspots of bee diversity, and shed light on how benefits to pollination services of introducing honey bees may be counterbalanced by detriments to wild bees and their ecosystem services., Ecography, 44 (9), ISSN:0906-7590, ISSN:1600-0587

Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is a promising material for applications as a solid-state electrolyte, with a superionic phase transition at 133 °C. Here, we studied the temperature dependent transport properties of single Ag2Se nanowires in a transistor geometry, which allowed us to determine charge carrier type, concentration, and mobility below and above the superionic phase transition temperature. We found the majority charge carriers to be n-type in the temperature range of 30–150 °C. Across the superionic phase-transition, we observed a sudden increase in conductivity by about 30%, which was accompanied by an increase in charge carrier density by about 200% and a decrease in mobility by about 45%. Interestingly, the size dependent shift of the transition temperatures to below 100 °C in our wires is much more pronounced than for nanocrystals of comparable size. This surprising and potentially useful effect could be caused by changes in crystal structure arising from the synthesis process.

Aeration is usually the most energy-intensive part of the activated sludge process, accounting for 50% to 80% of the total requirement. To achieve high efficiency, designers and operators of WWTPs must, therefore, consider all influencing factors, including salinity. With increasing salinity, oxygen transfer increases compared to tap water (TW), due to the inhibition of bubble coalescence. Previous saline water (SW) experiments showed that by using small slits in the diffuser membrane design, oxygen transfer and aeration efficiency increase further. In this study, we present a modified approach for considering the salt effect on oxygen transfer and assess the transferability of SW results to saline-activated sludge (sAS) conditions. Therefore, we operated a pilot-activated sludge plant over 269 days with a saline industrial wastewater influent. The oxygen transfer of disc-diffusers with two different membrane designs was measured continuously via the off-gas method. The salt concentration (cSalt) measured via ion analysis ranged between 4.9 and 11 g/L. Despite a high cSalt fluctuation, COD elimination was >90% all the time. Our results confirm previous SW results. Oxygen transfer in sAS is up to three times higher compared to non-saline conditions. Aeration efficiency shows that despite a higher pressure drop, diffusers with smaller slits are to be recommended in order to improve aeration in sAS.

Performance of aeration systems in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) under process conditions can be monitored with off-gas tests. The ex situ off-gas method transfers activated sludge from an adjacent aeration tank into aerated columns to determine oxygen transfer parameters (e.g., the α-factor). This method is an alternative to in situ off-gas testing with hoods at the tank surface; however, its application and measurement uncertainty have not been examined yet. We outline our experience from long-term off-gas testing with two pilot-scale test reactors (8.3 m3 volume). Global variance-based sensitivity analysis using Sobol’ indices revealed oxygen concentration in off-gas and dissolved oxygen as the most important input quantities to determine α-factors accurately. Measurement uncertainty of other instruments was negligible. These findings are transferable to in situ off-gas hoods because the methods are similar. Random measurement error of α-factors was estimated with uncertainty analysis and comparison measurements to a relative standard deviation of about ± 2.8% for our ex situ pilot setup. Diffuser fouling, biofilm growth, or sensor drift caused systematic errors avoidable by maintenance. Additional mixing of bubble column due to sludge inflow into ex situ tanks led to a systematic overestimation of α-factors at lower airflow rates. Hence, the ex situ off-gas method is not suitable to determine α-factors for the design of aeration systems but offers unique possibilities for research of oxygen transfer dynamics and development of aeration equipment because ex situ columns can be operated independently from a full-scale activated sludge tank.

We summarized the experience from three decades of oxygen transfer testing and aeration research at the Technical University of Darmstadt to validate the oxygen transfer efficiency of modern fine-bubble diffusers. A total of 306 oxygen transfer tests in clean water of 65 different fine-bubble diffusers, carried out in the same test tank under identical test conditions, were analysed and compared with previous results. As a result, we could show that the performance of fine-bubble aeration systems has increased by 17% over the last three decades. Therefore, modern well-designed and operated aeration systems can achieve specific standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SSOTE) values between 8.5 and 9.8% · m−1. Additionally, a comparison of various diffuser types and diffuser densities was done. Based on the new results, an exemplary cost/benefit analysis for a 100,000 PE WWTP shows the calculation of an optimized diffuser density with respect to investment and operating costs.

The available information about the cleptoparasitic bees of the genusSphecodesin Southeast Asia is summarized. Thirty-one species are currently known from this area. Four new species are described:Sphecodes discoverlifeiAstafurova & Proshchalykin,sp. nov.(Laos),S. engeliAstafurova & Proshchalykin,sp. nov.(Laos, Vietnam),S. ilyadadariaAstafurova,sp. nov.(Indonesia), andS. pseudoredivivusAstafurova & Proshchalykin,sp. nov.(Laos). Nine species are newly recorded from South East Asia:S. chaprensisBlüthgen, 1927 (Laos),S. howardiCockerell, 1922 (Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand),S. kershawiPerkins, 1921 (Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand),S. laticepsMeyer, 1920 (Thailand, Vietnam),S. montanusSmith, 1879 (Laos),S. sauteriMeyer, 1925 (Laos),S. sikkimensisBlüthgen, 1927 (Laos, Myanmar),S. simlaensisBlüthgen, 1924 (Laos), andS. turneriCockerell, 1916 (Laos). Based on type specimens, new synonymies have been proposed forSphecodes kershawiPerkins, 1921 =S. javanensisBlüthgen, 1927,syn. nov.;S. simlaensisBlüthgen, 1924 =S. simlaellusBlüthgen, 1927,syn. nov.;S. laticepsMeyer, 1920 =S. biroi mariaeCockerell, 1930,syn. nov.Lectotypes are designated forSphecodes biroiFriese, 1909,S. simlaellusBlüthgen, 1927, andS. laticepsMeyer, 1920. The female ofSphecodes sauteriMeyer, 1925, and the male ofS. turneriCockerell, 1916 are described for the first time.

Atomic probe tomography (APT) is able to generate three-dimensional chemical maps in atomic resolution. The required instruments for APT have evolved over the last 20 years from an experimental to an established method of materials analysis. Here, we describe the realization of a new modular instrument concept that allows the direct attachment of APT to a dual-beam SEM microscope with the main achievement of fast and direct sample transfer and high flexibility in chamber and component configuration. New operational modes are enabled regarding sample geometry, alignment of tips, and the microelectrode. The instrument is optimized to handle cryo-samples at all stages of preparation and storage. It comes with its own software for evaluation and reconstruction. The performance in terms of mass resolution, aperture angle, and detection efficiency is demonstrated with a few application examples.

This study summarises all available information on the bees of the genusSphecodesin the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries (Israel, Jordan, and Syria). Twenty-six species are currently known from this area, while five species are newly recorded from the Arabian Peninsula:Sphecodes atlanticusWarncke, 1992 (Saudi Arabia, Yemen),S. intermediusBlüthgen, 1923 (UAE),S. nomioidisPesenko, 1979 (UAE, Oman),S. puncticepsThomson, 1870 (Saudi Arabia), andS. turanicusAstafurova & Proshchalykin, 2017 (Saudi Arabia). In addition, twelve species are newly recorded from Jordan, six for Syria, and four for Israel. The female ofS. atlanticusWarncke, 1992 and the male ofS. datheiSchwarz, 2010 are here described for the first time and a lectotype is designated forS. intermediusBlüthgen, 1923.

The objective of the present study is to investigate the different effects on the oxygen transfer of fine-bubble aeration systems in saline water. Compared to tap water, oxygen transfer increases due to the inhibition of bubble coalescence. In Part I of the present study, we investigated in laboratory-scale experiments the effect of design of diffuser membrane. The objective of Part II is the assessment of effects of different salts, diffuser type and diffuser density. We measured the concentration of various salts (MgCl2; CaCl2; Na2SO4; NaCl; KCl) above which coalescence is fully inhibited and oxygen transfer reaches its maximum (referred to as the critical coalescence concentration; CCC). For this purpose, we developed a new analytical approach, which enables investigation of the coalescence behaviour of any aeration system and (mixed) salt solution quickly and easily by evaluating the results of oxygen transfer tests. To investigate the transferability to large scale and the effect of diffuser type and density, we repeated lab-scale experiments in a 17,100 L pilot-scale test tank and carried out additional tests with tube and plate diffusers at different diffuser densities. The results show that despite the higher pressure drop, diffusers with dense slit density and smaller slits are to be recommended in order to improve efficiency of aeration systems in saline water. HIGHLIGHTS First time measurement of critical coalescence concentration (CCC) of various salts with fine bubble diffusers.; New analytical approach for measurement CCC.; Assessment of effects of different salts, diffuser type and diffuser density on oxygen transfer.; Additional design consideration for aeration in saline water.

Morocco is a well known hot-spot of biodiversity in the Mediterranean basin. While some taxa like vascular plants are relatively well recorded, important groups of pollinators like bees are still understudied. This article presents an updated checklist of the bee species of Morocco and includes a summary of global and regional distribution of each species. A total of 961 species belonging to six bee families and 68 genera are recorded: Andrenidae (8 genera, 217 species); Apidae (15 genera, 241 species); Colletidae (2 genera, 74 species), Halictidae (12 genera, 144 species), Megachilidae (28 genera, 271 species) and Melittidae (3 genera, 14 species). Among them, 67 species are recorded for the first time in Morocco. Around 70% of the bee fauna of Morocco consists of widespread Palaearctic species. Only 18% of Moroccan species recorded are restricted to North Africa and 8% are Moroccan single-country endemics (81 species). Afrotropical elements in the Moroccan fauna are few, with only 3% of Morocco species co-occuring in that region. This checklist is intended to stimulate new regional research on bees including their taxonomy and biogeography. As many groups of bees have been understudied, discovery of new species for science and new records for the country can be expected. Additional research including inventorying, monitoring, and integrative taxonomic studies are needed to develop a comprehensive strategy for bee conservation in Morocco.

Background Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been associated with an increased type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. It remains unclear whether POPs are also associated with the risk of diabetes complications including neuropathy and evidence on this topic is scarce. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that low-dose background concentrations of POPs were positively associated with distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN). Methods This cross-sectional study was based on data from the second follow-up (FF4, 2013–2014, N = 2279) of the population-based KORA S4 study (Augsburg, Germany). The study sample consisted of 200 participants, including four groups of 50 persons each with known T2D, prediabetes, newly diagnosed diabetes, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) based on an oral glucose tolerance test. We analyzed the association of six most abundant serum concentrations of POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as organochlorine (OC) pesticides, with DSPN by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, glycaemic status, body mass index, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption. We assessed effect modification by age, sex, glycaemic status and obesity and conducted two-pollutant models to check the robustness of the estimates. Results For all pollutants, the main models indicated no significant association of having DSPN but pointed to rather decreased odds for DSPN. Two-pollutant models supported these findings, though only the association between the combination of PCB-138 and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35–0.99) with DSPN became significant. No effect modification was found by age, sex, glycaemic status and obesity. Conclusion Low-dose concentrations of POPs were not associated with increased odds of having DSPN in T2D, prediabetes and NGT.

This study presents a new methodology for spatially explicit and globally applicable drought hazard, vulnerability and risk modelling. We focused on agricultural droughts since this sector affects the food security and livelihood situation of the often most vulnerable communities especially in developing countries. Despite recent advances in drought modeling, coherent and spatially explicit information on drought hazard, vulnerability is still lacking over wider areas. In this study a spatially explicit inter-operational drought hazard, vulnerability and risk modeling framework was investigated for agricultural land, grassland and shrubland areas. The developed drought hazard model operates on a higher spatial resolution than most available global drought models while also being scalable to other regions. Initially, a logistic regression model was developed to predict drought hazard for rangelands and cropland in the USA. The model results showed a good spatiotemporal agreement within the cross-verification with the United States Drought Monitor (USDM), using visual interpretation. Subsequently, the explicit and accurate drought hazard model was transferred and calibrated for South Africa and Zimbabwe, where a simplified drought risk indicator was calculated by the combination of drought hazard and drought vulnerability. The drought hazard model used time series crop yields data from the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) and biophysical predictors from satellite remote sensing (SPI, NDII, NDVI, LST, albedo). The McFadden’s Pseudo R² value of 0.17 indicated a good model fit for drought hazard in South Africa. Additionally, the plausibility of the model results in Southern Africa was evaluated by using regional climate patterns, published drought reports and through visual comparison to a global drought risk model and food security classification data. Drought risk and vulnerability were also assessed for Southern Africa and could be mapped in a spatially explicit manner, showing, for example, lower drought risk and vulnerability over irrigated areas. This developed modeling framework can be applied globally, since it uses globally available datasets and therefore can be easily modified to account for country-specific conditions. Additionally, it can also capture regional drought patterns on a higher spatial resolution than other existing global drought models. This model addressed the gap between global drought models, that cannot accurately capture regional droughts, and sub-regional models that may be spatially explicit but not spatially coherent. The approach of this study can potentially be used to identify risk and priority areas and possibly in an early warning capacity while enhancing existing drought monitoring routines, drought intervention strategies and the implementation of preparedness measures.

Vaspin expression is increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diet-induced obese mice and rats and is supposed to compensate HFD-induced inflammatory processes and insulin resistance in adipose tissue by counteracting pro-inflammatory gene expression in obesity. Multiple studies have also demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects in vascular and skin cells. Here, we used vaspin treated 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes as well as 3T3-L1 cells with stable vaspin expression to investigate the effect of exogenous and endogenous vaspin on inflammatory processes and insulin signaling in adipocytes. Our stably transfected cells secreted significant amounts of vaspin which was in the physiological range of ∼0.5 ng/ml in cell supernatants. Adipocyte differentiation was not affected by vaspin as expression of adipogenic marker genes as well as lipid accumulation after full differentiation was similar to control cells. We found that IL-1β induced expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, MCP1 and TNFα was significantly blunted in vaspin expressing 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with exogenous vaspin resulted in reduced cytokine-induced activation of the intracellular and pro-inflammatory NFκB signaling cascades (IKKα/β, IκB and NFκB). Moreover, endogenous vaspin positively affected insulin signaling by increasing insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the key mediator protein kinase B (AKT). Together, we demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects of vaspin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as increased insulin signaling by endogenous expression or exogenous treatment. The results provide evidence for potent anti-inflammatory action of vaspin not only in vascular cells but also in adipose tissue.

Als Idee im Umfeld der digitalen Währung Bitcoin bekannt geworden, verheißt die Blockchain-Technologie nichts anderes als eine kleine Revolution. Informationen können mit ihrer Hilfe verteilt und manipulationssicher abgespeichert werden, ohne eine zentrale Instanz als Aufsicht. Längst wird sie daher auch im Gesundheitswesen diskutiert. Doch noch ist unklar, ob in Kliniken der erhoffte Nutzen höher sein wird als die Kosten.

Proshchalykin, Maxim, Astafurova, Yulia, Schwarz, Maximilian, Levchenko, Timofei, Byvaltsev, Alexandr (2017): New records to the bee fauna of Russia (Hymenoptera, Apiformes). Far Eastern Entomologist 337 (337): 17-24, DOI: 10.25221/fee.337.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.337.2

Following a previously published study on Central Asian species of Sphecodes bees we here present a further report on 20 rarely recorded and little known species. This brings to 34 the number of species of Sphecodes known from this region, with two of them recorded for the first time: Sphecodes scabricollis Wesmael, 1835 and S. hakkariensis Warncke, 1992. Sphecodes sandykachis Astafurova & Proshchalykin, sp. n. is described from Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Sphecodes atlassa Warncke, 1992, stat. nov. and S. hakkariensis Warncke, 1992, stat. nov. are raised to full species level.

An overview is provided of the Iranian fauna of cleptoparastic bee species in the genusSphecodesLatreille (Halictinae: Halictini: Sphecodina). In total, 25 species are recorded from Iran, eight of which are newly recorded for the country:SphecodesanatolicusWarncke, 1992,S.croaticusMeyer, 1922,S.haladaiWarncke, 1992,S.pectoralisMorawitz, 1876,S.rubicundusHagens, 1875,S.rufiventris(Panzer, 1798),S.saxicolusWarncke, 1992, andS.tadschicusBlüthgen, 1935. A new speciesS.ebmeriAstafurova & Proshchalykin,sp. n.(Mazandaran) is described and illustrated. For many species ofSphecodesthe distribution data within Iran are enlarged.

Durch die Mitwirkung in Netzwerken und durch Kooperationen können kleine und mittlere Unternehmen der gesellschaftlichen und regionalen Unternehmensverantwortung eher gerecht werden. Eingebunden in Partnerschaften besteht für Mittelständler eine größere Chance, CSR-Strategien umzusetzen – im Eigennutz und Gemeinschaftsinteresse. Being part of networks and co-operating with other parties increases the degree to which SMEs can meet their social and regional corporate responsibility. Active partnerships improve the chances of SMEs to implement CSR strategies – in their own interest and in the interest of society as a whole. Keywords: wettbewerbsvorteile, unternehmensinfrastruktur, csr strategien, corporate social responsibility

A total of 95 bee species have been recorded from the Maltese Islands (central Mediterranean Sea). The aim of the present note is to report newly recorded species within the study area. A total of nine new species belonging to four families are recorded here: Andrenidae (1 species), Apidae (1 species), Halictidae (5 species), and Megachilidae (2 species).

Mit den bereits vorherrschenden und noch zu erwartenden Auswirkungen der Megaherausforderung „demografischer Wandel“ werden sich Politik, Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft noch in den nachsten Dekaden intensiv beschaftigen. Die Bevolkerungsentwicklung und die Veranderung der Bevolkerungsstruktur bringen namlich fur alle Unternehmen, ob klein, mittel oder gros, Konsequenzen im Hinblick auf die Angebots‐ und Nachfragemarkte mit sich.

The role of mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK, UL23) and DNA polymerase (pol, UL30) genes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) for development of different resistance phenotypes has to be exactly determined before genotypic resistance testing can be implemented in patient’s care. Furthermore, the occurrence of cross-resistance is of utmost clinical importance. In this study, clinical HSV-1 isolates obtained between 2004 and 2011 from 26 patients after stem cell transplantation were examined in parallel by phenotypic and genotypic resistance testing. Thirteen isolates, which were phenotypically cross-resistant to acyclovir (ACV), penciclovir (PCV) and brivudin (BVDU), exhibited consistently frameshift or non-synonymous mutations in the TK gene known to confer resistance. One of these mutations (insertion of C at the nucleotide positions 1061–1065) has not been described before. Seven strains, phenotypically resistant to ACV and PCV and, except one each, sensitive to BVDU and resistant to foscarnet (FOS), carried uniformly resistance-related substitutions in the DNA pol gene. Finally, 3 isolates, resistant to ACV, PCV and 2 out of these also resistant to BVDU, had known but also unclear substitutions in the TK and DNA pol genes, and 3 isolates were completely sensitive. In conclusion, clinical ACV-resistant HSV-1 isolates, carrying resistance-associated mutations in the TK gene, can be regarded as cross-resistant to other nucleoside analogs such as BVDU. In contrast, clinical FOS-resistant HSV-1 strains which are cross-resistant to ACV may be sensitive to BVDU. This has to be considered for drug changes in antiviral treatment in case of ACV resistance.

La découverte d’Andrena (Carandrena) binominata Smith, 1853 ainsi que celle de son parasite présumé Nomada duplex Smith, 1854 en France à proximité de Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales) en 2009 et des observations réalisées à cette occasion et en 2010 sont présentées. Les connaissances sur la répartition des deux espèces sont ensuite synthétisées et reprises sur une carte. Enfin, les nouvelles données sont discutées et des éléments de biologie de la conservation mis en avant. On the presence of Andrena binominata Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) and Nomada duplex Smith, 1854 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in France. The bees Andrena (Carandrena) binominata Smith, 1853 and his supposed cuckoo Nomada duplex Smith, 1854 are reported from the surroundings of Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) for the first time and some observations made on the field in 2010 are presented. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of both species is synthesized and illustrated with a map. The new data are also discussed with an emphasis on conservation biology.

Authors provide data about new or poorly known species of Hymenoptera Apoidea from France and Belgium. One species is new for France and Western-Europe : Nomada pulchra Arnold, 1888. Thyreus hellenicus Lieftinck, 1968 is new for France. One species is new for Belgium : Osmia cerinthidis Morawitz, 1876. The occurrence in France of three species is confirmed : Stelis simillima Morawitz, 1876, Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier, 1841 and Melecta duodecimmaculata (Rossi, 1790)., Les auteurs fournissent des données concernant des espèces d'Hyménoptères Apoïdes peu connues ou nouvelles pour la France et la Belgique : une espèce est nouvelle pour la France et l'Europe Occidentale : Nomada pulchra Arnold, 1888. Thyreus hellenicus Lieftinck, 1968 est nouveau pour la France. Une espèce est nouvelle pour la Belgique : Osmia cerinthidis Morawitz, 1876. L'existence de trois espèces en France est confirmée : Stelis simillima Morawitz, 1876, Xylocopa cantabrita Lepeletier, 1841 et Melecta duodecimmaculata (Rossi, 1790)., Rasmont Pierre, Schwarz Maximilian, van der Zanden Gijs. Apoïdes nouveaux ou peu connus de France et de Belgique (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 99 (5), décembre 1994. pp. 487-489.

Die experimentellen Befunde weisen bei dem durch direkte Bromierung von Adamantan leicht erhaltlichen Monobromadamantan auf die 1-Stellung des Halogens hin. Ausgehend von dieser Verbindung wurden durch nucleophile Substitutionsreaktionen eine grose Anzahl von monofunktionellen Adamantan-Derivaten erhalten. Auf Grund der Reaktionen mus eine besondere Bevorzugung des Adamantyl-Carboniumions gefordert werden.

Es wird eine neue Methode des Carbazol-Ringschlusses, ausgehend von den durch Einwirkung von 2-Nitrophenyl-diazoniumsalzen auf Chinone erhaltenen 2′-Nitrophenyl-chinonen, beschrieben. Der Ringschlus gelingt durch katalytische Hydrierung dieser Nitroverbindungen oder durch Einwirkung von katalytischen Mengen Eisen(III)-chlorid oder Raney-Nickel auf die durch Reduktion aus diesen Nitroverbindungen erhaltenen 2′-Aminophenyl-hydrochinone. Die Methode macht Verbindungen der Carbazol-Reihe zuganglich, die mit den bisherigen Methoden nur schwer oder gar nicht zuganglich sind.

Fur die Bromierung des Adamantans wird ein Ionenmechanismus wahrscheinlich gemacht. Die Kinetik der Solvolyse des 1-Brom-adamantans wurde ermittelt. 1-Amino-adamantan konnte durch die Ritter-Reaktion von 1-Brom-adamantan mit Acetonitril und die alkalische Verseifung des so gewonnenen 1-Acetamino-adamantans erhalten werden. Auf einem zweiten Wege wurde die Base durch Hofmann-Abbau von Adamantan-carbonsaure-(1)-amid hergestellt. Es werden Reaktionen des Amins und seiner Derivate beschrieben.

Es wird die Synthese des 4.5.9.10-Tetraaza-pyrens durch katalytische Hydrierung von 2.6.2′.6′-Tetranitro-diphenyl im alkalischen Milieu beschrieben.