50,721 results on '"May P."'
Search Results
2. Towards a global partnership model in interprofessional education for cross-sector problem-solving
- Author
-
Fraide Ganotice, Binbin Zheng, Pauline Yeung Ng, Siu Chung Leung, Elizabeth Ann Barrett, Hoi Yan Celia Chan, Chad W. N. Chan, Kit Wa Sherry Chan, Linda Chan, M. K. Karen Chan, Siu Ling Polly Chan, So Ching Sarah Chan, Esther W. Y. Chan, Julie Chen, Yuet Ying Jessica Cheuk, Yin Kei Doris Chong, Yin Man Amy Chow, Kwok Pui Jody Chu, Hon Yin Brian Chung, Shun Yee Amy Ho, Julienne Jen, Jingwen Jin, Ui Soon Khoo, Ho Yan Angie Lam, May P. S. Lam, Suk Fun Veronica Lam, Pamela Pui-Wah Lee, Jetty Chung-Yung Lee, Chung Yin Feona Leung, Anna K. Y. Leung, Xiang Lin, Rebecca K. W. Liu, Wei Qun Vivian Lou, Pauline Luk, Lai Han Zoe Ng, Yee Man Alina Ng, Tin Wai Terry Ng, Lok Man Mary See, Jiangang Shen, Xiaoai Shen, Grace Szeto, Eliza Y. T. Tam, Kelvin Kai-Wang To, Wan-Yee Winnie Tso, Dana Vackova, Ning Wang, Runjia Wang, Hoi Yan Gloria Wong, K. T. Janet Wong, M. Y. Anita Wong, Yuen Ha Janet Wong, Kwan Yuk Jacqueline Yuen, Wai Yee Grace Yuen, Mine Orlu, and George L. Tipoe
- Subjects
Partnership model ,Interprofessional education ,Social interaction anxiety ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 ,Medicine - Abstract
Abstract Objectives A partnership model in interprofessional education (IPE) is important in promoting a sense of global citizenship while preparing students for cross-sector problem-solving. However, the literature remains scant in providing useful guidance for the development of an IPE programme co-implemented by external partners. In this pioneering study, we describe the processes of forging global partnerships in co-implementing IPE and evaluate the programme in light of the preliminary data available. Methods This study is generally quantitative. We collected data from a total of 747 health and social care students from four higher education institutions. We utilized a descriptive narrative format and a quantitative design to present our experiences of running IPE with external partners and performed independent t-tests and analysis of variance to examine pretest and posttest mean differences in students’ data. Results We identified factors in establishing a cross-institutional IPE programme. These factors include complementarity of expertise, mutual benefits, internet connectivity, interactivity of design, and time difference. We found significant pretest–posttest differences in students’ readiness for interprofessional learning (teamwork and collaboration, positive professional identity, roles, and responsibilities). We also found a significant decrease in students’ social interaction anxiety after the IPE simulation. Conclusions The narrative of our experiences described in this manuscript could be considered by higher education institutions seeking to forge meaningful external partnerships in their effort to establish interprofessional global health education.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Students’ interaction anxiety and social phobia in interprofessional education in Hong Kong: mapping a new research direction
- Author
-
Fraide A. Ganotice, Xiaoai Shen, Jacqueline Kwan Yuk Yuen, Yin Man Amy Chow, Anita M. Y. Wong, Karen M. K. Chan, Binbin Zheng, Linda Chan, Pauline Yeung Ng, Siu Chung Leung, Elizabeth Barrett, Hoi Yan Celia Chan, Wing Nga Chan, Kit Wa Sherry Chan, Siu Ling Polly Chan, So Ching Sarah Chan, Esther W. Y. Chan, Yuet Ying Jessica Cheuk, Jacky Choy, Qing He, Julienne Jen, Jingwen Jin, Ui Soon Khoo, Ho Yan Angie Lam, May P. S. Lam, Yik Wa Law, Jetty Chung Yung Lee, Feona Chung Yin Leung, Ann Leung, Rebecca K. W. Liu, Vivian Wei Qun Lou, Pauline Luk, Zoe Lai Han Ng, Alina Yee Man Ng, Maggie Wai Ming Pun, Mary Lok Man See, Jiangang Shen, Grace Pui Yuk Szeto, Eliza Y. T. Tam, Winnie Wan Yee Tso, Ning Wang, Runjia Wang, Janet Kit Ting Wong, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, Grace Wai Yee Yuen, and George Lim Tipoe
- Subjects
Construct validation ,interprofessional education ,social interaction anxiety ,Medicine - Abstract
AbstractBackground Interprofessional education (IPE) has been promoted as a breakthrough in healthcare because of the impact when professionals work as a team. However, despite its inception dating back to the 1960s, its science has taken a long time to advance. There is a need to theorize IPE to cultivate creative insights for a nuanced understanding of IPE. This study aims to propose a research agenda on social interaction by understanding the measurement scales used and guiding researchers to contribute to the discussion of social processes in IPE.Method This quantitative research was undertaken in a cross-institutional IPE involving 925 healthcare students (Medicine, Nursing, Social Work, Chinese Medicine, Pharmacy, Speech Language Pathology, Clinical Psychology, Food and Nutritional Science and Physiotherapy) from two institutions in Hong Kong. Participants completed the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS-6) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6). We applied a construct validation approach: within-network and between-network validation. We performed confirmatory factors analysis, t-test, analysis of variance and regression analysis.Results CFA results indicated that current data fit the a priori model providing support to within-network validity [RMSEA=.08, NFI=.959, CFI=.965, IFI=.965, TLI=.955]. The criteria for acceptable fit were met. The scales were invariant between genders, across year levels and disciplines. Results indicated that social interaction anxiety and social phobia negatively predicted behavioural engagement (F = 25.093, p
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Applying motivational framework in medical education: a self-determination theory perspectives
- Author
-
Fraide A. Ganotice, Karen M. K. Chan, Siu Ling Chan, Sarah so Ching Chan, Kelvin Kai Hin Fan, May P. S. Lam, Rebecca Ka Wai Liu, Gloria H. Y. Wong, Grace Wai Yee Yuen, Jacqueline K. Yuen, Susanna Siu Sze Yeung, Ma Jenina N. Nalipay, Francis Hang Sang Tsoi, and George L. Tipoe
- Subjects
self-determination theory ,interprofessional education ,scale application ,construct validity ,medical education ,Special aspects of education ,LC8-6691 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground The application of self-determination theory in explaining student achievement has been well-established in various contexts. However, its application to medical education, particularly in interprofessional education (IPE) remains underexplored. Understanding how students’ motivation plays a role in students’ engagement and achievement is essential to optimize efforts to improve learning and instruction.Objective This two-stage study aims to contextualize the SDT framework to IPE through the adaptation of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction to IPE (Study 1) and to demonstrate how SDT can be applied in IPE by examining a model of SDT constructs (Study 2) in predicting outcomes (behavioral engagement, team effectiveness, collective dedication, goal achievement).Design In Study 1 (n=996), we adapted and validated BPNS-IPE using confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression using data from 996 IPE students (Chinese Medicine, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy). In Study 2 (n=271), we implemented an IPE program where we integrated SDT approaches and examined the relationship of SDT constructs with IPE outcomes using multiple linear regression.Results Our data supported the three-factor structure (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) of BPNS-IPE, meeting the required model fit. Autonomy predicted team effectiveness (F=51.290, p
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Margin status in vulvovaginal melanoma: Management and oncologic outcomes of 50 cases
- Author
-
Alli M. Straubhar, May P. Chan, and Shitanshu Uppal
- Subjects
Vulvovaginal melanoma ,Surgery ,Margin status ,Gynecology and obstetrics ,RG1-991 ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Objectives: To determine the influence of margin status, including preinvasive disease at the margin, on local recurrence and overall survival (OS) in patients with vulvovaginal melanoma. Methods: All patients with Stage 0-III vulvovaginal melanoma treated with primary surgical management between 1/2010–12/2019 were included. Margin status was categorized as negative, preinvasive disease (atypical junctional melanocytic hyperplasia and melanoma in situ), and invasive melanoma. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed for local progression free survival (PFS) and OS. The impact of clinical and pathologic factors on local PFS and OS were assessed with Cox-regression analyses. Results: Fifty patients with a median follow-up of 48 months (range 3–119) were included. The median age was 63 years (range 20–83). Twenty percent (N = 10) had Stage 0 disease, 18% (N = 9) had Stage I, 46% (N = 23) had Stage II, and 16% (N = 8) had Stage III. Forty-four percent (N = 22) of patients had negative surgical margins, 46% (N = 23) had preinvasive disease at the margins, and 10% (N = 5) had invasive melanoma at the margins. The 5-year local PFS was 63% (95% CI: 42–78%) and OS was 60% (95% CI: 42–74%). Age, Breslow depth, stage, margin status, and re-resection did not significantly impact local PFS. In patients with preinvasive disease at the margin, all who recurred locally had Stage I-II disease. Conclusion: Preinvasive disease at the surgical margins may play an important role in local recurrence in patients with Stage I-II vulvovaginal melanoma. Patients with early (Stage 0) and advanced (Stage III) disease rarely recur locally and may not benefit from re-resection.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Dupilumab-induced pityriasis rosea
- Author
-
Morgan Zabel, BS, Grace A. Hile, MD, Alanna Shefler, MD, Paul W. Harms, MD, May P. Chan, MD, and Jennifer B. Mancuso, MD
- Subjects
cutaneous adverse reaction ,dupilumab ,medical dermatology ,pityriasis rosea ,Dermatology ,RL1-803 - Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Knowledge difference of sexually transmitted infections between Hong Kong undergraduates from local and international secondary schools: A cross-sectional study
- Author
-
Darren Li Liang Wong, Allen Zhang, Kylie K. Y. Cheung, Edmond Pui Hang Choi, and May P. S. Lam
- Subjects
sexually transmitted infections ,STI knowledge ,STI awareness ,sex education ,secondary schools ,undergraduates ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
BackgroundSince the delivery of sex education is not standardized across local and international secondary schools in Hong Kong, this study aims to assess and compare the knowledge level of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) between university students who attended local and international secondary schools in Hong Kong.MethodsFrom January to March 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among undergraduates at the University of Hong Kong. The primary outcome was STI knowledge as measured by a 29-item quiz. A higher quiz score meant a better STI knowledge level. Students' attitude toward sexual health and their sex education history was collected. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the association factor with a better STI knowledge level.ResultsThree hundred and ninety six students were included in the analysis. Three hundred thirty three (85.35%) students attended local secondary schools and 58 (14.65%) students attended international secondary schools in Hong Kong; 200 (50.51%) students were male and 196 (49.49%) students were female. Compared with students from local secondary school, those from international secondary schools had a significantly higher STI quiz score (18.19 vs. 15.4, p = 0.003). The results of multiple linear regression revealed that students in a higher year of study (β = 1.07, p < 0.001), from medical faculties (β = 6.96, p < 0.001), and from international secondary schools (β = 2.27, p = 0.003) achieved a higher STI quiz score.ConclusionUniversity students who attended international secondary schools in Hong Kong possess a significantly higher knowledge level of STIs compared with those who attended local secondary schools. Nonetheless, the overall STI awareness among university students is inadequate. The inadequacy of STI awareness calls for the need to plan and implement satisfactory, comprehensive, and standardized sex education across the overall education system in Hong Kong.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Aligning LLMs with Individual Preferences via Interaction
- Author
-
Wu, Shujin, Fung, May, Qian, Cheng, Kim, Jeonghwan, Hakkani-Tur, Dilek, and Ji, Heng
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction - Abstract
As large language models (LLMs) demonstrate increasingly advanced capabilities, aligning their behaviors with human values and preferences becomes crucial for their wide adoption. While previous research focuses on general alignment to principles such as helpfulness, harmlessness, and honesty, the need to account for individual and diverse preferences has been largely overlooked, potentially undermining customized human experiences. To address this gap, we train LLMs that can ''interact to align'', essentially cultivating the meta-skill of LLMs to implicitly infer the unspoken personalized preferences of the current user through multi-turn conversations, and then dynamically align their following behaviors and responses to these inferred preferences. Our approach involves establishing a diverse pool of 3,310 distinct user personas by initially creating seed examples, which are then expanded through iterative self-generation and filtering. Guided by distinct user personas, we leverage multi-LLM collaboration to develop a multi-turn preference dataset containing 3K+ multi-turn conversations in tree structures. Finally, we apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning to enhance LLMs using this dataset. For evaluation, we establish the ALOE (ALign With CustOmized PrEferences) benchmark, consisting of 100 carefully selected examples and well-designed metrics to measure the customized alignment performance during conversations. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in enabling dynamic, personalized alignment via interaction., Comment: The code and dataset are made public at https://github.com/ShujinWu-0814/ALOE
- Published
- 2024
9. Sensitivity Analysis of the Thermal Structure Within Subduction Zones Using Reduced-Order Modeling
- Author
-
Hobson, Gabrielle M. and May, Dave A.
- Subjects
Physics - Geophysics - Abstract
Megathrust earthquakes are the largest on Earth, capable of causing strong ground shaking and generating tsunamis. Physical models used to understand megathrust earthquake hazard are limited by existing uncertainties about material properties and governing processes in subduction zones. A key quantity in megathrust hazard assessment is the distance between the updip and downdip rupture limits. The thermal structure of a subduction zone exerts a first-order control on the extent of rupture. We simulate temperature for profiles of the Cascadia, Nankai and Hikurangi subduction zones using a 2D coupled kinematic-dynamic thermal model. We then build reduced-order models (ROMs) for temperature using the interpolated Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (iPOD). The resulting ROMs are data-driven, model agnostic, and computationally cheap to evaluate. Using the ROMs, we can efficiently investigate the sensitivity of temperature to input parameters, physical processes, and modeling choices. We find that temperature, and by extension the potential rupture extent, is most sensitive to variability in parameters that describe shear heating on the slab interface, followed by parameters controlling the thermal structure of the incoming lithosphere and coupling between the slab and the mantle. We quantify the effect of using steady-state vs. time-dependent models, and of uncertainty in the choice of isotherm representing the downdip rupture limit. We show that variability in input parameters translates to significant differences in estimated moment magnitude. Our analysis highlights the strong effect of variability in the apparent coefficient of friction, with previously published ranges resulting in pronounced variability in estimated rupture limit depths.
- Published
- 2024
10. The formation, evolution and disruption of star clusters with improved gravitational dynamics in simulated dwarf galaxies
- Author
-
Lahén, Natalia, Rantala, Antti, Naab, Thorsten, Partmann, Christian, Johansson, Peter H., and Hislop, Jessica May
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
So far, even the highest resolution galaxy formation simulations with gravitational softening have failed to reproduce realistic life cycles of star clusters. We present the first star-by-star galaxy models of star cluster formation to account for hydrodynamics, star formation, stellar evolution and collisional gravitational interactions between stars and compact remnants using the updated SPHGAL+KETJU code, part of the GRIFFIN-project. Gravitational dynamics in the vicinity of $>3$ M$_\odot$ stars and their remnants are solved with a regularised integrator (KETJU) without gravitational softening. Comparisons of idealised star cluster evolution with SPHGAL+KETJU and direct N-body show broad agreement and the failure of simulations that use gravitational softening. In the hydrodynamical dwarf galaxy simulations run with SPHGAL+KETJU, clusters up to $\sim900$ M$_\odot$ are formed compact (effective radii $0.1-1$ pc) and their sizes increase by up to a factor of ten in agreement with previous N-body simulations and the observed sizes of exposed star clusters. The sizes increase rapidly once the clusters become exposed due to photoionising radiation. On average $63\%$ of the gravitationally bound clusters disrupt during the first $100$ Myr of evolution in the galactic tidal field. The addition of collisional dynamics reduces the fraction of supernovae in bound clusters by a factor of $\sim 2.6$, however the global star formation and outflow histories change by less than $30\%$. We demonstrate that the accurate treatment of gravitational encounters with massive stars enables more realistic star cluster life cycles from the earliest stages of cluster formation until disruption in simulated low-mass galaxies., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome
- Published
- 2024
11. Real and Positive Tropicalizations of Symmetric Determinantal Varieties
- Author
-
Ahmadieh, Abeer Al, Cai, May, and Yu, Josephine
- Subjects
Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry ,Mathematics - Combinatorics - Abstract
We study real and positive tropicalizations of the varieties of low rank symmetric matrices over real or complex Puiseux series. We show that real tropicalization coincides with complex tropicalization for rank two and corank one cases. We also show that the two notions of positive tropicalization introduced by Speyer and Williams coincide for symmetric rank two matrices, but they differ for symmetric corank one matrices.
- Published
- 2024
12. Empirically Exploring the Space of Monostationarity in Dual Phosphorylation
- Author
-
Cai, May, Himmelmann, Matthias, and Ostermann, Birte
- Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control ,Mathematics - Algebraic Geometry ,92C42, 14Q99, 92-08, 68W30 - Abstract
The dual phosphorylation network provides an essential component of intracellular signaling, affecting the expression of phenotypes and cell metabolism. For particular choices of kinetic parameters, this system exhibits multistationarity, a property that is relevant in the decision-making of cells. Determining which reaction rate constants correspond to monostationarity and which produce multistationarity is an open problem. The system's monostationarity is linked to the nonnegativity of a specific polynomial. A previous study by Feliu et al. provides a sufficient condition for monostationarity via a decomposition of this polynomial into nonnegative circuit polynomials. However, this decomposition is not unique. We extend their work by a systematic approach to classifying such decompositions in the dual phosphorylation network. Using this result classification, we provide a qualitative comparison of the decompositions into nonnegative circuit polynomials via empirical experiments and improve on previous conditions for the region of monostationarity., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables
- Published
- 2024
13. Speechworthy Instruction-tuned Language Models
- Author
-
Cho, Hyundong, Jedema, Nicolaas, Ribeiro, Leonardo F. R., Sharma, Karishma, Szekely, Pedro, Moschitti, Alessandro, Janssen, Ruben, and May, Jonathan
- Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Current instruction-tuned language models are exclusively trained with textual preference data and thus are often not aligned with the unique requirements of other modalities, such as speech. To better align language models with the speech domain, we explore (i) prompting strategies grounded in radio-industry best practices and (ii) preference learning using a novel speech-based preference data of 20K samples, generated with a wide spectrum of prompts that induce varying dimensions of speech-suitability and labeled by annotators who listen to response pairs. Both human and automatic evaluation show that both prompting and preference learning increase the speech-suitability of popular instruction-tuned LLMs. Interestingly, we find that prompting and preference learning can be additive; combining them achieves the best win rates in head-to-head comparison, resulting in responses that are preferred or tied to the base model in 76.2% of comparisons on average. Lastly, we share lexical, syntactical, and qualitative analyses to showcase how each method contributes to improving the speech-suitability of generated responses., Comment: EMNLP2024
- Published
- 2024
14. PropaInsight: Toward Deeper Understanding of Propaganda in Terms of Techniques, Appeals, and Intent
- Author
-
Liu, Jiateng, Ai, Lin, Liu, Zizhou, Karisani, Payam, Hui, Zheng, Fung, May, Nakov, Preslav, Hirschberg, Julia, and Ji, Heng
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks - Abstract
Propaganda plays a critical role in shaping public opinion and fueling disinformation. While existing research primarily focuses on identifying propaganda techniques, it lacks the ability to capture the broader motives and the impacts of such content. To address these challenges, we introduce propainsight, a conceptual framework grounded in foundational social science research, which systematically dissects propaganda into techniques, arousal appeals, and underlying intent. propainsight offers a more granular understanding of how propaganda operates across different contexts. Additionally, we present propagaze, a novel dataset that combines human-annotated data with high-quality synthetic data generated through a meticulously designed pipeline. Our experiments show that off-the-shelf LLMs struggle with propaganda analysis, but training with propagaze significantly improves performance. Fine-tuned Llama-7B-Chat achieves 203.4% higher text span IoU in technique identification and 66.2% higher BertScore in appeal analysis compared to 1-shot GPT-4-Turbo. Moreover, propagaze complements limited human-annotated data in data-sparse and cross-domain scenarios, showing its potential for comprehensive and generalizable propaganda analysis., Comment: 8 pages
- Published
- 2024
15. FoodPuzzle: Developing Large Language Model Agents as Flavor Scientists
- Author
-
Huang, Tenghao, Lee, Donghee, Sweeney, John, Shi, Jiatong, Steliotes, Emily, Lange, Matthew, May, Jonathan, and Chen, Muhao
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Flavor development in the food industry is increasingly challenged by the need for rapid innovation and precise flavor profile creation. Traditional flavor research methods typically rely on iterative, subjective testing, which lacks the efficiency and scalability required for modern demands. This paper presents three contributions to address the challenges. Firstly, we define a new problem domain for scientific agents in flavor science, conceptualized as the generation of hypotheses for flavor profile sourcing and understanding. To facilitate research in this area, we introduce the FoodPuzzle, a challenging benchmark consisting of 978 food items and 1,766 flavor molecules profiles. We propose a novel Scientific Agent approach, integrating in-context learning and retrieval augmented techniques to generate grounded hypotheses in the domain of food science. Experimental results indicate that our model significantly surpasses traditional methods in flavor profile prediction tasks, demonstrating its potential to transform flavor development practices.
- Published
- 2024
16. An optimization problem and point-evaluation in Paley-Wiener spaces
- Author
-
Instanes, Sarah May
- Subjects
Mathematics - Classical Analysis and ODEs ,Mathematics - Complex Variables ,Mathematics - Functional Analysis ,30D15 - Abstract
We study the constant $\mathscr{C}_p$ defined as the smallest constant $C$ such that $|f(0)|^p \leq C\|f\|_p^p$ holds for every function $f$ in the Paley-Wiener space $PW^p$. Brevig, Chirre, Ortega-Cerd\`a, and Seip have recently shown that $\mathscr{C}_p
2$. We improve this bound for $2
- Published
- 2024
17. Improved Halo Model Calibrations for Mixed Dark Matter Models of Ultralight Axions
- Author
-
Dome, Tibor, May, Simon, Laguë, Alex, Marsh, David J. E., Johnston, Sarah, Bose, Sownak, Tocher, Alex, and Fialkov, Anastasia
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We study the implications of relaxing the requirement for ultralight axions to account for all dark matter in the Universe by examining mixed dark matter (MDM) cosmologies with axion fractions $f \leq 0.3$ within the fuzzy dark matter (FDM) window $10^{-25}$ eV $\lesssim m \lesssim 10^{-23}$ eV. Our simulations, using a new MDM gravity solver implemented in AxiREPO, capture wave dynamics across various scales with high accuracy down to redshifts $z\approx 1$. We identify halos with Rockstar using the CDM component and find good agreement of inferred halo mass functions (HMFs) and concentration-mass relations with theoretical models across redshifts $z=1-10$. This justifies our halo finder approach a posteriori as well as the assumptions underlying the MDM halo model AxionHMcode. Using the inferred axion halo mass - cold halo mass relation $M_{\text{a}}(M_{\text{c}})$ and calibrating a generalised smoothing parameter $\alpha$ to our MDM simulations, we present a new version of AxionHMcode. The code exhibits excellent agreement with simulations on scales $k< 20 \ h$ cMpc$^{-1}$ at redshifts $z=1-3.5$ for $f\leq 0.1$ around the fiducial axion mass $m = 10^{-24.5}$ eV $ = 3.16\times 10^{-25}$ eV, with maximum deviations remaining below 10%. For axion fractions $f\leq 0.3$, the model maintains accuracy with deviations under 20% at redshifts $z\approx 1$ and scales $k< 10 \ h$ cMpc$^{-1}$, though deviations can reach up to 30% for higher redshifts when $f=0.3$. Reducing the run-time for a single evaluation of AxionHMcode to below $1$ minute, these results highlight the potential of AxionHMcode to provide a robust framework for parameter sampling across MDM cosmologies in Bayesian constraint and forecast analyses., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 5 Tables, comments welcome
- Published
- 2024
18. Wavefunction approach to the fractional anomalous Hall crystal
- Author
-
Tan, Tixuan, May-Mann, Julian, and Devakul, Trithep
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons - Abstract
We propose fractional anomalous Hall crystals (FAHCs) as possible ground states of strongly interacting electrons in parent bands with Berry curvature. FAHCs are exotic states of matter that spontaneously break continuous translation symmetry to form a fractional Chern insulator. We construct a unified family of variational wavefunctions that describe FAHCs and their competing states in the presence of uniform parent Berry curvature. We calculate their variational energy with Coulomb interactions semi-analytically in the thermodynamic limit. Our analysis reveals that FAHCs can be energetically favorable over both Wigner crystals and integer anomalous Hall crystals for sufficiently strong interactions or flat dispersion.
- Published
- 2024
19. Reduced-order modeling for complex 3D seismic wave propagation
- Author
-
Rekoske, John M., May, Dave A., and Gabriel, Alice-Agnes
- Subjects
Physics - Geophysics - Abstract
Elastodynamic Green's functions are an essential ingredient in seismology as they form the connection between direct observations of seismic waves and the earthquake source. They are also fundamental to various seismological techniques including physics-based ground motion prediction and kinematic or dynamic source inversions. In regions with established 3D models of the Earth's elastic structure, 3D Green's functions can be computed using numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation. However, such simulations are computationally expensive which poses challenges for real-time ground motion prediction. Here, we use a reduced-order model (ROM) approach that enables the rapid evaluation of approximate Green's functions. The ROM technique developed approximates three-component surface velocity wavefields obtained from numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation. We apply our ROM approach to a 50 km x 40 km area in the greater Los Angeles area accounting for topography, site effects, 3D subsurface velocity structure, and viscoelastic attenuation. The ROM constructed for this region enables rapid computation (0.001 CPU hours) of complete, high-resolution, 0.5 Hz surface velocity wavefields that are accurate for a shortest wavelength of 1.0 km. Using leave-one-out cross validation, we measure the accuracy of our Green's functions in both the time-domain and frequency-domain. Averaged across all sources and receivers, the error in the rapid seismograms is less than 0.01 cm/s. We demonstrate that the ROM can accurately and rapidly reproduce simulated seismograms for generalized moment tensor sources in our region, as well as kinematic sources by using a finite fault model of the 1987 Mw 5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake as an example. We envision that our rapid, approximate Green's functions will be useful for constructing rapid ground motion synthetics with high spatial resolution.
- Published
- 2024
20. Searching for Tidal Orbital Decay in Hot Jupiters
- Author
-
Alvarado III, Efrain, Bostow, Kate B., Patra, Kishore C., Jacobus, Cooper H., Baer-Way, Raphael A., Jennings, Connor F., Pichay, Neil R., deGraw, Asia A., Vidal, Edgar P., Chander, Vidhi, Altunin, Ivan A., Brendel, Victoria M., Ehrich, Kingsley E., Sunseri, James D., May, Michael B., Punjabi, Druv H., Gendreau-Distler, Eli A., Risin, Sophia, Brink, Thomas G., Zheng, WeiKang, and Filippenko, Alexei V.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
We study transits of several ``hot Jupiter'' systems - including WASP-12 b, WASP-43 b, WASP-103 b, HAT-P-23 b, KELT-16 b, WD 1856+534 b, and WTS-2 b - with the goal of detecting tidal orbital decay and extending the baselines of transit times. We find no evidence of orbital decay in any of the observed systems except for that of the extensively studied WASP-12 b. Although the orbit of WASP-12 b is unequivocally decaying, we find no evidence for acceleration of said orbital decay, with measured $\ddot{P} = (-7 \pm 8) \times 10^{-14} \rm ~s^{-1}$, against the expected acceleration decay of $\ddot{P} \approx -10^{-23} \rm ~s^{-1}$. In the case of WD 1856+534 b, there is a tentative detection of orbital growth with $\dot{P} = (5.0 \pm 1.5) \times 10^{-10}$. While statistically significant, we err on the side of caution and wait for longer follow-up observations to consider the measured $\dot{P}$ real. For most systems, we provide a 95\%-confidence lower limit on the tidal quality factor, $Q_\star'$. The possibility of detecting orbital decay in hot Jupiters via long-term radial velocity (RV) measurements is also explored. We find that $\sim 1 \rm ~m~s^{-1}$ precision in RVs will be required to detect orbital decay of WASP-12 b with only 3 yr of observations. Currently available RV measurements and precision are unable to detect orbital decay in any of the systems studied here., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures; Accepted in MNRAS on 2024 August 30. Received 2024 August 29; in original form 2024 February 13
- Published
- 2024
21. Large Language Models in Drug Discovery and Development: From Disease Mechanisms to Clinical Trials
- Author
-
Zheng, Yizhen, Koh, Huan Yee, Yang, Maddie, Li, Li, May, Lauren T., Webb, Geoffrey I., Pan, Shirui, and Church, George
- Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into the drug discovery and development field marks a significant paradigm shift, offering novel methodologies for understanding disease mechanisms, facilitating drug discovery, and optimizing clinical trial processes. This review highlights the expanding role of LLMs in revolutionizing various stages of the drug development pipeline. We investigate how these advanced computational models can uncover target-disease linkage, interpret complex biomedical data, enhance drug molecule design, predict drug efficacy and safety profiles, and facilitate clinical trial processes. Our paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers and practitioners in computational biology, pharmacology, and AI4Science by offering insights into the potential transformative impact of LLMs on drug discovery and development.
- Published
- 2024
22. The Mamba in the Llama: Distilling and Accelerating Hybrid Models
- Author
-
Wang, Junxiong, Paliotta, Daniele, May, Avner, Rush, Alexander M., and Dao, Tri
- Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence - Abstract
Linear RNN architectures, like Mamba, can be competitive with Transformer models in language modeling while having advantageous deployment characteristics. Given the focus on training large-scale Transformer models, we consider the challenge of converting these pretrained models for deployment. We demonstrate that it is feasible to distill large Transformers into linear RNNs by reusing the linear projection weights from attention layers with academic GPU resources. The resulting hybrid model, which incorporates a quarter of the attention layers, achieves performance comparable to the original Transformer in chat benchmarks and outperforms open-source hybrid Mamba models trained from scratch with trillions of tokens in both chat benchmarks and general benchmarks. Moreover, we introduce a hardware-aware speculative decoding algorithm that accelerates the inference speed of Mamba and hybrid models. Overall we show how, with limited computation resources, we can remove many of the original attention layers and generate from the resulting model more efficiently. Our top-performing model, distilled from Llama3-8B-Instruct, achieves a 29.61 length-controlled win rate on AlpacaEval 2 against GPT-4 and 7.35 on MT-Bench, surpassing the best instruction-tuned linear RNN model., Comment: Code is open-sourced at https://github.com/jxiw/MambaInLlama
- Published
- 2024
23. A Comparative Study of Neutron Irradiation for Genetic Mutations: Spallation, Reactor, and Compact Neutron Source
- Author
-
Sweet, May, Mishima, Kenji, Harada, Masahide, Kurita, Keisuke, Iikura, Hiroshi, Tasaki, Seiji, and Kikuchi, Norio
- Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics ,Physics - Biological Physics - Abstract
Neutron beam, being electrically neutral and highly penetrating, offers unique advantages for irradiation of biological species such as plants, seeds, and microorganisms. We comprehensively investigate the potential of neutron irradiation for inducing genetic mutations using simulations of J-PARC BL10, JRR-3 TNRF, and KUANS for spallation, reactor, and compact neutron sources. We analyze neutron flux, energy deposition rates, and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) distributions. KUANS demonstrated the highest dose rate of 17 Gy/h, significantly surpassing BL10, due to the large solid angle by the optimal sample placement. The findings highlight KUANS's suitability for efficient genetic mutations and neutron breeding, particularly for inducing targeted mutations in biological samples. The LET range of KUANS is concentrated in 20-70 keV/{\mu}m, which is potentially ideal for inducing specific genetic mutations. The importance of choosing neutron sources based on LET requirements to maximize mutation induction efficiency is emphasized. This research shows the potential of compact neutron sources like KUANS for effective biological irradiation and neutron breeding, offering a viable alternative to larger facilities. The neutron filters used in BL10 and TNRF effectively excluded low-energy neutrons with keeping the high LET component. The neutron capture reaction, 14N(n,p)14C, was found to be the main dose under thermal neutron-dominated conditions., Comment: 18 pages, 6 Figures, 1 Table Category: physics.acc-ph (Accelerator Physics)
- Published
- 2024
24. In-Flight Performance of Spider's 280 GHz Receivers
- Author
-
Shaw, Elle C., Ade, P. A. R., Akers, S., Amiri, M., Austermann, J., Beall, J., Becker, D. T., Benton, S. J., Bergman, A. S., Bock, J. J., Bond, J. R., Bryan, S. A., Chiang, H. C., Contaldi, C. R., Domagalski, R. S., Doré, O., Duff, S. M., Duivenvoorden, A. J., Eriksen, H. K., Farhang, M., Filippini, J. P., Fissel, L. M., Fraisse, A. A., Freese, K., Galloway, M., Gambrel, A. E., Gandilo, N. N., Ganga, K., Gibbs, S. M., Gourapura, S., Grigorian, A., Gualtieri, R., Gudmundsson, J. E., Halpern, M., Hartley, J., Hasselfield, M., Hilton, G., Holmes, W., Hristov, V. V., Huang, Z., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Jones, W. C., Kahn, A., Kermish, Z. D., King, C., Kuo, C. L., Lennox, A. R., Leung, J. S. -Y., Li, S., Luu, T. V., Mason, P. V., May, J., Megerian, K., Moncelsi, L., Morford, T. A., Nagy, J. M., Nie, R., Netterfield, C. B., Nolta, M., Osherson, B., Padilla, I. L., Rahlin, A. S., Redmond, S., Reintsema, C., Romualdez, L. J., Ruhl, J. E., Runyan, M. C., Shariff, J. A., Shiu, C., Soler, J. D., Song, X., Tartakovsky, S., Thommesen, H., Trangsrud, A., Tucker, C., Tucker, R. S., Turner, A. D., Ullom, J., van der List, J. F., Van Lanen, J., Vissers, M. R., Weber, A. C., Wehus, I. K., Wen, S., Wiebe, D. V., and Young, E. Y.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
SPIDER is a balloon-borne instrument designed to map the cosmic microwave background at degree-angular scales in the presence of Galactic foregrounds. SPIDER has mapped a large sky area in the Southern Hemisphere using more than 2000 transition-edge sensors (TESs) during two NASA Long Duration Balloon flights above the Antarctic continent. During its first flight in January 2015, SPIDER observed in the 95 GHz and 150 GHz frequency bands, setting constraints on the B-mode signature of primordial gravitational waves. Its second flight in the 2022-23 season added new receivers at 280 GHz, each using an array of TESs coupled to the sky through feedhorns formed from stacks of silicon wafers. These receivers are optimized to produce deep maps of polarized Galactic dust emission over a large sky area, providing a unique data set with lasting value to the field. In this work, we describe the instrument's performance during SPIDER's second flight., Comment: Submitted to SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024, JATIS
- Published
- 2024
25. Modelling Hydrogen-deficient Carbon stars in MESA -- The effects of total mass and mass ratio
- Author
-
Crawford, Courtney L., Nikultsev, Nikita, Clayton, Geoffrey C., Tisserand, Patrick, Soon, Jamie, and Pedersen, May G.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Hydrogen-deficient Carbon (HdC) stars are rare, low-mass, chemically peculiar, supergiant variables believed to be formed by a double white dwarf (DWD) merger, specifically of a Carbon/Oxygen- (CO-) and a Helium-white dwarf (He-WD). They consist of two subclasses -- the dust-producing R Coronae Borealis (RCB) variables and their dustless counterparts the dustless HdCs (dLHdCs). Additionally, there is another, slightly cooler set of potentially related carbon stars, the DY Persei type variables which have some, but not conclusive, evidence of Hydrogen-deficiency. Recent works have begun to explore the relationship between these three classes of stars, theorizing that they share an evolutionary pathway (a DWD merger) but come from different binary populations, specifically different total masses (M$_{\rm tot}$) and mass ratios ($q$). In this work, we use the MESA modelling framework that has previously been used to model RCB stars and vary the merger parameters, M$_{\rm tot}$ and $q$, to explore how those parameters affect the abundances, temperatures, and luminosities of the resultant post-merger stars. We find that lower M$_{\rm tot}$ and larger $q$'s both decrease the luminosity and temperatures of post-merger models to the region of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram populated by the dLHdCs. These lower M$_{\rm tot}$ and larger $q$ models also have smaller oxygen isotopic ratios ($^{16}$O/$^{18}$O) which is consistent with recent observations of dLHdCs compared to RCBs. None of the models generated in this work can explain the existence of the DY Persei type variables, however this may arise from the assumed metallicity of the models., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, re-submitted to MNRAS, has undergone one round of positive review
- Published
- 2024
26. Design, Construction, and Test of Compact, Distributed-Charge, X-Band Accelerator Systems that Enable Image-Guided, VHEE FLASH Radiotherapy
- Author
-
Barty, Christopher P. J., Algots, J. Martin, Amador, Alexander J., Barty, James C. R., Betts, Shawn M., Casteñada, Marcelo A., Chu, Matthew M., Daley, Michael E., Lopez, Ricardo A. De Luna, Diviak, Derek A., Effarah, Haytham H., Feliciano, Roberto, Garcia, Adan, Grabiel, Keith J., Griffin, Alex S., Hartemann, Frederic V., Heid, Leslie, Hwang, Yoonwoo, Imeshev, Gennady, Jentschel, Michael, Johnson, Christopher A., Kinosian, Kenneth W., Lagzda, Agnese, Lochrie, Russell J., May, Michael W., Molina, Everardo, Nagel, Christopher L., Nagel, Henry J., Peirce, Kyle R., Peirce, Zachary R., Quiñonez, Mauricio E., Raksi, Ferenc, Ranganath, Kelanu, Reutershan, Trevor, Salazar, Jimmie, Schneider, Mitchell E., Seggebruch, Michael W. L., Yang, Joy Y., Yeung, Nathan H., Zapata, Collette B., Zapata, Luis E., Zepeda, Eric J., and Zhang, Jingyuan
- Subjects
Physics - Accelerator Physics ,Physics - Medical Physics ,Physics - Optics - Abstract
The design and optimization of laser-Compton x-ray systems based on compact distributed charge accelerator structures can enable micron-scale imaging of disease and the concomitant production of beams of Very High Energy Electrons (VHEEs) capable of producing FLASH-relevant dose rates. The physics of laser-Compton x-ray scattering ensures that the scattered x-rays follow exactly the trajectory of the incident electrons, thus providing a route to image-guided, VHEE FLASH radiotherapy. The keys to a compact architecture capable of producing both laser-Compton x-rays and VHEEs are the use of X-band RF accelerator structures which have been demonstrated to operate with over 100 MeV/m acceleration gradients. The operation of these structures in a distributed charge mode in which each radiofrequency (RF) cycle of the drive RF pulse is filled with a low-charge, high-brightness electron bunch is enabled by the illumination of a high-brightness photogun with a train of UV laser pulses synchronized to the frequency of the underlying accelerator system. The UV pulse trains are created by a patented pulse synthesis approach which utilizes the RF clock of the accelerator to phase and amplitude modulate a narrow band continuous wave (CW) seed laser. In this way it is possible to produce up to 10 {\mu}A of average beam current from the accelerator. Such high current from a compact accelerator enables production of sufficient x-rays via laser-Compton scattering for clinical imaging and does so from a machine of "clinical" footprint. At the same time, the production of 1000 or greater individual micro-bunches per RF pulse enables > 10 nC of charge to be produced in a macrobunch of < 100 ns. The design, construction, and test of the 100-MeV class prototype system in Irvine, CA is also presented., Comment: 28 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables
- Published
- 2024
27. The Use of Large Language Models (LLM) for Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) in Cybercrime Forums
- Author
-
Clairoux-Trepanier, Vanessa, Beauchamp, Isa-May, Ruellan, Estelle, Paquet-Clouston, Masarah, Paquette, Serge-Olivier, and Clay, Eric
- Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) can be used to analyze cyber threat intelligence (CTI) data from cybercrime forums, which contain extensive information and key discussions about emerging cyber threats. However, to date, the level of accuracy and efficiency of LLMs for such critical tasks has yet to be thoroughly evaluated. Hence, this study assesses the performance of an LLM system built on the OpenAI GPT-3.5-turbo model [8] to extract CTI information. To do so, a random sample of more than 700 daily conversations from three cybercrime forums - XSS, Exploit_in, and RAMP - was extracted, and the LLM system was instructed to summarize the conversations and predict 10 key CTI variables, such as whether a large organization and/or a critical infrastructure is being targeted, with only simple human-language instructions. Then, two coders reviewed each conversation and evaluated whether the information extracted by the LLM was accurate. The LLM system performed well, with an average accuracy score of 96.23%, an average precision of 90% and an average recall of 88.2%. Various ways to enhance the model were uncovered, such as the need to help the LLM distinguish between stories and past events, as well as being careful with verb tenses in prompts. Nevertheless, the results of this study highlight the relevance of using LLMs for cyber threat intelligence.
- Published
- 2024
28. Understanding the Process of Changes in Science Beliefs and Classroom Practices from Immersive Research Experience for Science Teachers
- Author
-
Lindsey Hubbard, Katy May, Stella Jackman-Ryan, and Margareta M. Thomson
- Abstract
This study explored 8 high school science teachers' experiences in an 8-week immersive research laboratory professional development program. The aim was to understand their motivation for participating and what factors influenced changes in beliefs about science instructions. Mentor scientists and their lab members hosted teachers for the duration of the program allowing teacher participants to become active members of research. Results showed that participants used three major lenses to understand their research experience: "self as educator," "self as learner," "self as researcher." The use of overlapping lenses provided participants with the impetus to change beliefs about science and research practices in their classrooms. Ample time and collaboration in professional development is critical to changes in beliefs about science instruction.
- Published
- 2024
29. Teachers' Implementation of Socio-Scientific Issues-Based Approach in Teaching Science: A Needs Assessment
- Author
-
Jeah May O. Badeo, Domarth Ace G. Duque, and Russel L. Arnaldo
- Abstract
This study made a preliminary attempt to conduct a needs assessment of teachers' utilization of the SSI-based approach in teaching Science by exploring Filipino teachers' awareness, perceived need, readiness, and willingness. It also aimed to determine which among the demographic profiles of the teachers had significant differences in their perceived need and readiness. A needs assessment using a quantitative survey research design was used in this study. The data-gathering procedure was done using a validated online survey questionnaire with a Cronbach alpha of 0.89. A total of 124 science teachers participated in this study throughout the two-week implementation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data gathered from this study. Results revealed that more than fifty percent of the teachers were highly aware of the SSI-based approach and perceived the need for its implementation in science classes. Teachers were also willing to participate in an SSI training program to learn more about it and develop their own SSI-related materials. Furthermore, gender and specialization significantly differed in teachers' perceived needs, while specialization significantly differed in readiness. Results obtained from this study can be used as a basis for exploring teachers' perceptions and views of implementing the SSI-based approach.
- Published
- 2024
30. Retrieval Practice and Test-Potentiated Learning: A Comparison of High and Low Prior Topic Knowledge Students in Terms of Procedural Fluency and Conceptual Understanding
- Author
-
Bruce M. May
- Abstract
A cohort of pre-service mathematics students was exposed to a teaching strategy based on retrieval practice and test-potentiated learning. The aim of the study was to determine how high and low prior topic knowledge study participants compare in terms of their procedural fluency and conceptual understanding after exposure to the teaching strategy. A pre-test and post-test repeated measures design was employed in the study to compare within groups. A revised taxonomy table based on Bloom's taxonomy was utilised to categorise test items. Findings indicate significant differences between pre-test and post-test scores within groups. Results from the independent samples t-test show a significant difference between the two groups. Outcomes confirm that the benefits of retrieval practice are greatest for unfamiliar content. Findings indicate that for low prior topic knowledge students, procedural fluency is enhanced and retained more than conceptual understanding whereas for the high prior topic knowledge students it was the reverse. The strategy was not as effective for improving conceptual understanding.
- Published
- 2024
31. Myanmar EFL Learners' Perspectives, Structure, Reasoning and Literacy Practices of Argumentative Writing: A Needs Analysis Study
- Author
-
Khin May Oo and Takeshi Okada
- Abstract
Enhancing proficiency in argumentative writing in English has always been a challenge for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Despite the widespread use of argumentative essays in international tests such as International English Language Testing System (IELTS) and Tests of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) in recent years, the learners usually fail to meet satisfactory achievement levels in the EFL context. This paper investigates the issue closely by reviewing Myanmar EFL learners' needs, wants, and problems in developing argumentative writing. Although there has been some discussion on factors that potentially challenge EFL learners' argumentative writing, more research is needed on the integrated assessment to cater to the learners' needs. This analysis reports the results of a group of undergraduates (n = 44) in Myanmar. This research was based on triangulation data, including sources from questionnaires administered to the students' purposes, preferences, and challenges, and analyzing students' argumentative writing structurally and qualitatively for reasoning. The findings reveal that students were eager to learn argumentative writing, particularly for their immediate needs. Though students were not well trained with a communicative teaching approach in their curriculum, they preferred to learn argumentative writing dialogically, using classroom debates. They favored learning future argumentative writing courses by communicating meaningfully. Regarding the challenges in argumentative writing, most students could not produce counterarguments and rebuttals. Based on the data elicited from the students, this needs analysis proposed implementing the integrated learning-to-argue and arguing-to-learn instructions and using argumentative literacy practices to engage students in dialogic learning in the EFL context.
- Published
- 2024
32. Teach More, Earn More: Employee's Job Description and Their Salary at ICCBI
- Author
-
Gheera May M. Gonzalez, Jhino Paul C. Abellar, Angelo B. Castillo, Joana Mizyl P. Arellano, Shania Lizette A. Atienza, and Jowenie A. Mangarin
- Abstract
This study examines the correlation between job descriptions and salaries at Immaculate Conception College of Balayan Inc. (ICCBI), a private Catholic institution devoted to faith-based education. Using qualitative research, a single-case study was conducted with ten (10) participants selected through purposive sampling based on specific criteria. Through face-to-face interviews, data was collected and analyzed using a narrative approach. Thus, it was found out that job descriptions at ICCBI are established through methods like job analysis, role and responsibility approaches, qualifications, and the school manual-based method. Salary determination involves factors such as tenure, educational attainment, performance, teaching loads, experience, and collegial care. Key factors influencing job descriptions include salary differentiation, aligned job descriptions, career development opportunities, and increased duties and responsibilities. Variations in the salary structure are affected by teaching loads, department designations, and educational qualifications. The findings indicate that job descriptions impact employee salaries at the institution, and future research is encouraged to explore identified factors for insights into developing more efficient roles and contributing to organizational effectiveness. With this, the study proposed a strategic plan for future use and implementation.
- Published
- 2024
33. Predictors of Treatment Outcome for Parent-Led, Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Youth with Emotional Problems Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
- Author
-
David B. Riddle, Andrew G. Guzick, Alison Salloum, Sarah Kennedy, Asim Shah, Wayne K. Goodman, David S. Mathai, Alicia W. Leong, Emily M. Dickinson, Daphne M. Ayton, Saira A. Weinzimmer, Jill Ehrenreich-May, and Eric A. Storch
- Abstract
A brief, parent-led, transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approach demonstrated utility among youth struggling with emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Homework completion between sessions is directly associated with psychotherapy treatment outcomes in non-parent-led CBT interventions. The present study sought to examine the relationship between homework completion and treatment response in a parent-led transdiagnostic CBT protocol. The first aim was to determine if completion of between session CBT homework was associated with change in symptom severity. The second aim was to determine if pre-treatment anxiety severity, social anxiety severity, and depressive symptoms were associated with treatment outcomes. One-hundred twenty-nine parents of youth (ages 5-13) with significant emotional problems received 6 sessions of telehealth parent-led CBT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on children's anxiety symptomology, clinical severity, homework compliance, depression, family relationships, perceptions on the impacts of the pandemic, treatment response, and therapists rating of symptom improvement were collected. Homework completion explained 9% of the variance in symptom improvement at post-treatment. Greater homework completion was associated with a significantly higher odds of treatment response (OR = 1.52, p = 0.001). Child anxiety severity, depressive symptoms, family relationships, and perceptions on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic were not significantly related to treatment outcome. Completion of homework predicted treatment outcomes in parent-led, transdiagnostic CBT for youth with emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, while controlling for parent-rated anxiety, depression, family relationships, and COVID-related distress. Enhancing and targeting homework compliance between CBT sessions should be a central element of parent-led treatment.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Institutional Effects of Adding Football: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis
- Author
-
Welch Suggs, Alex B. Monday, Jennifer May-Trifiletti, and James C. Hearn
- Abstract
Football teams draw the largest crowds of any American collegiate sport, and with them, both positive and negative attention for colleges and universities. Nearly 50 colleges have added the sport recently, but little research has examined the institutional effects of adding a team. Some of these institutions are regional research universities adding the sport as part of broad plans to transform campus identities, while at smaller public and private institutions, adding a football team (with approximately 100 members) appears to be an attempt to boost racial diversity and the number of male students. This study uses difference-in-difference models to find that adding a football team appears to have a significant, but short-term, effect on enrollment and tuition revenue. The long-term effects of adding the sport do not appear to be statistically significant. This raises questions about the costs and benefits of adding football at a time when higher education faces significant challenges attracting students.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Exploring the Impact of a Fraction Sense Intervention in Authentic School Environments: An Initial Investigation
- Author
-
Nancy C. Jordan, Nancy Dyson, Taylor-Paige Guba, Megan Botello, Heather Suchanec-Cooper, and Henry May
- Abstract
A solid understanding of fractions is the cornerstone for acquiring proficiency with rational numbers and paves the way for learning advanced mathematical concepts, such as algebra. Fraction difficulties limit not only students' educational and vocational opportunities but also their ability to solve everyday problems. Students who exit 6th grade with inadequate understanding of fractions may experience far-reaching repercussions that lead to lifelong avoidance of mathematics. This paper presents the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) focusing on the first two cohorts of a larger efficacy investigation aimed at building fraction sense in students with mathematics difficulties. Teachers implemented an evidence-informed fraction sense intervention (FSI) within their 6th-grade intervention classrooms. The lessons draw from research in cognitive science as well as mathematics education research. Employing random assignment at the classroom level, multilevel modeling revealed a significant effect of the intervention on posttest fractions scores, after controlling for pretest fractions scores, working memory, vocabulary, proportional reasoning, and classroom attentive behavior. Students in the FSI group outperformed their counterparts in the control group with noteworthy effect sizes on most fraction measures. Challenges associated with carrying out school-based intervention research are addressed. [This is the online first version of an article published in "Journal of Experimental Child Psychology."]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Charter School Funding: Did Initial Pandemic Relief Advance Equity in the City?
- Author
-
University of Arkansas, School Choice Demonstration Project (SCDP), Alison H. Johnson, Josh B. McGee, Patrick J. Wolf, and Jay F. May
- Abstract
In early 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic closed schools for the rest of the 2019-20 school year (fiscal year 2020 or FY20). The United States Congress deployed funds to help K-12 schools adjust and plan for reopening via the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, including the initial $13.2 billion installment through the Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund (ESSER I) and initial $2.95 billion installment through the Governor's Emergency Education Relief (GEER I) Fund. Private sector and non-profit organizations, including charter schools, were also eligible for loans through the Small Business Administration's Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), most of which were partially or fully forgiven. In this report, we extend our analysis of school funding during FY20 from the 2023 report, "Charter School Funding: Little Progress Toward Equity in the City." In that report, we found that, on average, charter schools receive about 30 percent ($7,147) less funding per pupil compared to traditional public schools (TPS). That analysis excluded COVID relief funding. Here we compare the initial emergency COVID relief funds received by TPS and charter schools in 18 US Cities: Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Camden, New Jersey; Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado; Detroit, Michigan; Houston, Texas; Indianapolis, Indiana; Little Rock, Arkansas; Memphis, Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York City, New York; Oakland, California; Phoenix, Arizona; San Antonio, Texas; Tulsa, Oklahoma; and Washington, DC. We use data from federal and state sources to address the following research questions: (1) did emergency COVID relief funds allocated to publicly-funded schools in FY20 widen or narrow the preexisting charter school funding gap? and (2) was initial COVID relief funding (allocated for FY20) distributed equitably relative to student poverty?
- Published
- 2023
37. Still a Good Investment: Charter School Productivity in Nine Cities
- Author
-
University of Arkansas, School Choice Demonstration Project (SCDP), Alison H. Johnson, Josh B. McGee, Patrick J. Wolf, Jay F. May, and Larry D. Maloney
- Abstract
Charter schools are public schools that operate free from some government regulations in return for a commitment to achieve a set of student outcomes specified in their charter. Nearly 8,000 public charter schools enrolled 3.7 million students in the U.S. in 2020-21. In major cities, charter schools receive less funding per pupil compared to traditional public schools (TPS). Charter schools also use their funding more efficiently, achieving better short- and long-term outcomes per dollar invested, relative to TPS. In this study, the authors reexamine the productivity of publicly funded schools, using funding data from the charter school revenue report "Charter School Funding: Little Progress Towards Equity in the City." The authors also use achievement data from the Center for Research on Educational Outcomes' (CREDO's) city and national studies, the NAEP Data Explorer, and wage data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The authors also have access to complete data for nine cities: Camden, New Jersey; Denver, Colorado; Houston, Texas; Indianapolis, Indiana; Memphis, Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York City, New York; San Antonio, Texas; and Washington, DC. They found that charter schools demonstrate an approximately 40 percent higher level of cost-effectiveness than TPS on average across nine cities.
- Published
- 2023
38. Advanced endometrial cancer-The next generation of treatment: A society of gynecologic oncology journal club clinical commentary.
- Author
-
Tillmanns, Todd, Masri, Amal, Stewart, Chelsea, Chase, Dana, Karnezis, Anthony, Chen, Lee-May, and Urban, Renata
- Subjects
Clinical trials ,Endometrial cancer ,Immunotherapy ,Individualized therapy ,PARP inhibitor - Abstract
In February of 2024, the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) hosted a journal club focused on new treatment options for the management of advanced and metastatic endometrial cancer. This clinical commentary is intended to provide a summary report of that presentation. The session described the importance of molecular characterization shown in the work of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The updated 2023 FIGO staging of endometrial cancer was reviewed. The panel then described the role of upfront immunotherapy for the treatment of advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer as demonstrated in four recent trials (RUBY, NRG-GY018, AtTEnd, and DUO-E studies). The DUO-E study uniquely examined the combination immunotherapy with a PARP inhibitor. The trials had unique differences in inclusion criteria, primary outcomes, and length of maintenance therapy, but all boasted similarly promising results particularly in mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) endometrial cancer. This era of rapid innovation in advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer will hopefully enhance individualized treatment approaches and improved outcomes for patients with endometrial cancer.
- Published
- 2024
39. Early detection of highly transmissible viral variants using phylogenomics
- Author
-
May, Michael R and Rannala, Bruce
- Subjects
Microbiology ,Biological Sciences ,Genetics ,Prevention ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,4.1 Discovery and preclinical testing of markers and technologies ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Phylogeny ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Humans ,Genome ,Viral ,COVID-19 ,Mutation ,Genomics ,Evolution ,Molecular - Abstract
As demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the emergence of novel viral strains with increased transmission rates poses a serious threat to global health. Statistical models of genome sequence evolution may provide a critical tool for early detection of these strains. Using a novel stochastic model that links transmission rates to the entire viral genome sequence, we study the utility of phylogenetic methods that use a phylogenetic tree relating viral samples versus count-based methods that use case counts of variants over time exclusively to detect increased transmission rates and identify candidate causative mutations. We find that phylogenies in particular can detect novel transmission-enhancing variants very soon after their origin and may facilitate the development of early detection systems for outbreak surveillance.
- Published
- 2024
40. Design, Construction, and Test of Compact, Distributed-Charge, X-Band Accelerator Systems that Enable Image-Guided, VHEE FLASH Radiotherapy.
- Author
-
Barty, Christopher PJ, Algots, J Martin, Amador, Alexander J, Barty, James CR, Betts, Shawn M, Casteñada, Marcelo A, Chu, Matthew M, Daley, Michael E, De Luna Lopez, Ricardo A, Diviak, Derek A, Effarah, Haytham H, Feliciano, Roberto, Garcia, Adan, Grabiel, Keith J, Griffin, Alex S, Hartemann, Frederic V, Heid, Leslie, Hwang, Yoonwoo, Imeshev, Gennady, Jentschel, Michael, Johnson, Christopher A, Kinosian, Kenneth W, Lagzda, Agnese, Lochrie, Russell J, May, Michael W, Molina, Everardo, Nagel, Christopher L, Nagel, Henry J, Peirce, Kyle R, Peirce, Zachary R, Quiñonez, Mauricio E, Raksi, Ferenc, Ranganath, Kelanu, Reutershan, Trevor, Salazar, Jimmie, Schneider, Mitchell E, Seggebruch, Michael WL, Yang, Joy Y, Yeung, Nathan H, Zapata, Collette B, Zapata, Luis E, Zepeda, Eric J, and Zhang, Jingyuan
- Subjects
Nuclear and Plasma Physics ,Synchrotrons and Accelerators ,Physical Sciences ,Bioengineering ,Biomedical Imaging ,FLASH ,Lasers ,VHEE ,accelerators ,high-resolution radiography ,laser-Compton scattering ,x-band ,x-rays - Abstract
The design and optimization of laser-Compton x-ray systems based on compact distributed charge accelerator structures can enable micron-scale imaging of disease and the concomitant production of beams of Very High Energy Electrons (VHEEs) capable of producing FLASH-relevant dose rates. The physics of laser-Compton x-ray scattering ensures that the scattered x-rays follow exactly the trajectory of the incident electrons, thus providing a route to image-guided, VHEE FLASH radiotherapy. The keys to a compact architecture capable of producing both laser-Compton x-rays and VHEEs are the use of X-band RF accelerator structures which have been demonstrated to operate with over 100 MeV/m acceleration gradients. The operation of these structures in a distributed charge mode in which each radiofrequency (RF) cycle of the drive RF pulse is filled with a low-charge, high-brightness electron bunch is enabled by the illumination of a high-brightness photogun with a train of UV laser pulses synchronized to the frequency of the underlying accelerator system. The UV pulse trains are created by a patented pulse synthesis approach which utilizes the RF clock of the accelerator to phase and amplitude modulate a narrow band continuous wave (CW) seed laser. In this way it is possible to produce up to 10 μA of average beam current from the accelerator. Such high current from a compact accelerator enables production of sufficient x-rays via laser-Compton scattering for clinical imaging and does so from a machine of "clinical" footprint. At the same time, the production of 1000 or greater individual micro-bunches per RF pulse enables > 10 nC of charge to be produced in a macrobunch of < 100 ns. The design, construction, and test of the 100-MeV class prototype system in Irvine, CA is also presented.
- Published
- 2024
41. A phase II study of cabozantinib and pembrolizumab in advanced gastric/gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas resistant or refractory to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
- Author
-
Dayyani, Farshid, Chao, Joseph, Lee, Fa-Chyi, Taylor, Thomas, Neumann, Kristen, and Cho, May
- Subjects
ICI ,TKI ,gastroesophageal cancer ,immune checkpoint inhibitor ,Humans ,Female ,Middle Aged ,Male ,Pyridines ,Aged ,Anilides ,Antibodies ,Monoclonal ,Humanized ,Stomach Neoplasms ,Adult ,Aged ,80 and over ,Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ,Adenocarcinoma ,Esophageal Neoplasms ,Drug Resistance ,Neoplasm ,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ,Young Adult ,Esophagogastric Junction - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Most patients with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (mGEA) progress on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Novel approaches to overcome resistance to ICI in mGEA are needed. Cabozantinib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor thought to enhance the immunomodulatory effects of ICI. This study evaluated the combination of cabozantinib and pembrolizumab in ICI refractory or resistant mGEA. METHODS: Investigator-initiated, single-arm, single institution, and phase II study in patients with mGEA. Patients had progressed on ICI and/or had PD-L1 CPS score ≤10%. Cabozantinib dose was 40 mg p.o. daily on days 1-21 of a 21-day cycle, with pembrolizumab 200 mg i.v. on day 1. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 6 months (PFS-6). RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. Median age 58 years (24-87), female (n = 14), ECOG 0/1 = 13/14, GC/GEJ = 16/11, and non-Hispanic White/Hispanic/Asian = 12/8/7. The primary endpoint was met. After a median follow-up of 31.4 months (range 3.3-42.5), PFS-6 was 22.2% (95% CI 9.0-39.0). The median PFS and OS are 2.3 months (95% CI 1.7-4.1) and 5.5 months (3.1-14.0), respectively. The most common mutations were TP53 (78.3%) and CDH1/PIK3CA/CTNNB1 (17.4% each). The most common grade (G) treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) were diarrhea (25.9%), fatigue (18.5%), hypertension, and muscle cramps (14.8% each). G3-4 TRAE were seen in n = 3 patients (hypertension, thromboembolic event, esophageal perforation; each n = 1). No G5 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of cabozantinib to pembrolizumab shows clinical benefit in ICI-resistant or refractory mGEA with a tolerable safety profile. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04164979. IRB Approved: UCI 18-124, University of California Irvine IRB#20195426.).
- Published
- 2024
42. Inhomogeneous terminators on the exoplanet WASP-39 b.
- Author
-
Espinoza, Néstor, Steinrueck, Maria, Kirk, James, MacDonald, Ryan, Savel, Arjun, Arnold, Kenneth, Kempton, Eliza, Murphy, Matthew, Carone, Ludmila, Zamyatina, Maria, Lewis, David, Samra, Dominic, Kiefer, Sven, Rauscher, Emily, Christie, Duncan, Mayne, Nathan, Helling, Christiane, Rustamkulov, Zafar, Parmentier, Vivien, May, Erin, Carter, Aarynn, Zhang, Xi, López-Morales, Mercedes, Allen, Natalie, Blecic, Jasmina, Decin, Leen, Mancini, Luigi, Molaverdikhani, Karan, Rackham, Benjamin, Palle, Enric, Tsai, Shang-Min, Ahrer, Eva-Maria, Bean, Jacob, Crossfield, Ian, Haegele, David, Hébrard, Eric, Kreidberg, Laura, Powell, Diana, Schneider, Aaron, Welbanks, Luis, Wheatley, Peter, Brahm, Rafael, and Crouzet, Nicolas
- Abstract
Transmission spectroscopy has been a workhorse technique used over the past two decades to constrain the physical and chemical properties of exoplanet atmospheres1-5. One of its classical key assumptions is that the portion of the atmosphere it probes-the terminator region-is homogeneous. Several works from the past decade, however, have put this into question for highly irradiated, hot (Teq ≳ 1,000 K) gas giant exoplanets, both empirically6-10 and through three-dimensional modelling11-17. While models have predicted clear differences between the evening (day-to-night) and morning (night-to-day) terminators, direct morning and evening transmission spectra in a wide wavelength range have not been reported for an exoplanet so far. Under the assumption of precise and accurate orbital parameters for the exoplanet WASP-39 b, here we report the detection of inhomogeneous terminators on WASP-39 b, which has allowed us to retrieve its morning and evening transmission spectra in the near-infrared (2-5 μm) using the James Webb Space Telescope. We have observed larger transit depths in the evening, which are, on average, 405 ± 88 ppm larger than the morning ones, and also have qualitatively larger features than the morning spectrum. The spectra are best explained by models in which the evening terminator is hotter than the morning terminator by 17 7 - 57 + 65 K, with both terminators having C/O ratios consistent with solar. General circulation models predict temperature differences broadly consistent with the above value and point towards a cloudy morning terminator and a clearer evening terminator.
- Published
- 2024
43. Barriers and proposed solutions to at-home colorectal cancer screening tests in medically underserved health centers across three US regions to inform a randomized trial.
- Author
-
Brodney, Suzanne, Bhat, Roopa, Tuan, Jessica, Johnson, Gina, May, Folasade, Glenn, Beth, Schoolcraft, Kimberly, Warner, Erica, and Haas, Jennifer
- Subjects
FIT ,FIT‐DNA ,colorectal cancer screening ,community health centers ,disparities ,qualitative ,tribal health facility ,Humans ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Early Detection of Cancer ,Community Health Centers ,Medically Underserved Area ,Female ,Male ,Colonoscopy ,Massachusetts ,Occult Blood ,Middle Aged ,California ,South Dakota ,Qualitative Research ,Aged ,Mass Screening ,Patient Navigation - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: At-home colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is an effective way to reduce CRC mortality, but screening rates in medically underserved groups are low. To plan the implementation of a pragmatic randomized trial comparing two population-based outreach approaches, we conducted qualitative research on current processes and barriers to at-home CRC screening in 10 community health centers (CHCs) that serve medically underserved groups, four each in Massachusetts and California, and two tribal facilities in South Dakota. METHODS: We conducted 53 semi-structured interviews with clinical and administrative staff at the participating CHCs. Participants were asked about CRC screening processes, categorized into eight domains: patient identification, outreach, risk assessment, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) workflows, FIT-DNA (i.e., Cologuard) workflows, referral for a follow-up colonoscopy, patient navigation, and educational materials. Transcripts were analyzed using a Rapid Qualitative Analysis approach. A matrix was used to organize and summarize the data into four sub-themes: current process, barriers, facilitators, and solutions to adapt materials for the intervention. RESULTS: Each sites process for stool-based CRC screening varied slightly. Interviewees identified the importance of offering educational materials in English and Spanish, using text messages to remind patients to return kits, adapting materials to address health literacy needs so patients can access instructions in writing, pictures, or video, creating mailed workflows integrated with a tracking system, and offering patient navigation to colonoscopy for patients with an abnormal result. CONCLUSION: Proposed solutions across the three regions will inform a multilevel intervention in a pragmatic trial to increase CRC screening uptake in CHCs.
- Published
- 2024
44. Trust in health workers and patient-centeredness of care were strongest factors associated with vaccination for Kenyan children born between 2017-2022.
- Author
-
Moucheraud, Corrina, Ochieng, Eric, Ogutu, Vitalis, Sudhinaraset, May, Szilagyi, Peter, Hoffman, Risa, Glenn, Beth, Golub, Ginger, and Njomo, Doris
- Subjects
Immunization ,Kenya ,Preventive health services ,Primary prevention ,Public health ,Vaccination - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although vaccination confidence is declining globally, there is little detailed information from low- and middle-income countries about factors influencing routine vaccination behavior in these contexts. METHODS: In mid-2022, we surveyed people who gave birth in Kenya between 2017-2022, and asked them about their childrens vaccination history and about hypothesized correlates of vaccination per the Behavioural and Social Drivers of Vaccination model. RESULTS: Of 873 children in this sample, 117 (13%) were under-vaccinated (i.e., delayed or missing vaccine dose(s)) - and under-vaccination was more common among births during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022) versus pre-pandemic (2017-2019). In multi-level multivariable models, children of respondents who expressed concerns about serious side effects from vaccines had significantly higher odds of missed vaccine dose(s) (aOR 2.06, 95 % CI 1.14-3.72), and there was a strong association between having more safety concerns now versus before the COVID-19 pandemic (aOR missed dose(s) 4.44, 95 % CI 1.71-11.51; aOR under-vaccination 3.03, 95 % CI 1.28-7.19). People with greater trust in health workers had lower odds of having a child with missed vaccine dose(s) (aOR 0.85, 95 % CI 0.75-0.97). People who reported higher patient-centered quality of vaccination care had much lower odds of having children with delayed or missed vaccine dose(s) (aOR missed dose(s) 0.14, 95 % CI 0.04-0.58; aOR under-vaccination 0.27, 95 % CI 0.10-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight potential strategies to improve vaccine coverage: greater focus on patient-centered quality of care, training healthcare workers on how to address safety concerns about vaccines, and building trust in the health care system and in health workers.
- Published
- 2024
45. Are gene-by-environment interactions leveraged in multi-modality neural networks for breast cancer prediction?
- Author
-
Isgut, Monica, Hornback, Andrew, Luo, Yunan, Khimani, Asma, Jain, Neha, and Wang, May D.
- Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Genomics - Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) can significantly enhance breast cancer risk prediction when combined with clinical risk factor data. While many studies have explored the value-add of PRSs, little is known about the potential impact of gene-by-gene or gene-by-environment interactions towards enhancing the risk discrimination capabilities of multi-modal models combining PRSs with clinical data. In this study, we integrated data on 318 individual genotype variants along with clinical data in a neural network to explore whether gene-by-gene (i.e., between individual variants) and/or gene-by-environment (between clinical risk factors and variants) interactions could be leveraged jointly during training to improve breast cancer risk prediction performance. We benchmarked our approach against a baseline model combining traditional univariate PRSs with clinical data in a logistic regression model and ran an interpretability analysis to identify feature interactions. While our model did not demonstrate improved performance over the baseline, we discovered 248 (<1%) statistically significant gene-by-gene and gene-by-environment interactions out of the ~53.6k possible feature pairs, the most contributory of which included rs6001930 (MKL1) and rs889312 (MAP3K1), with age and menopause being the most heavily interacting non-genetic risk factors. We also modeled the significant interactions as a network of highly connected features, suggesting that potential higher-order interactions are captured by the model. Although gene-by-environment (or gene-by-gene) interactions did not enhance breast cancer risk prediction performance in neural networks, our study provides evidence that these interactions can be leveraged by these models to inform their predictions. This study represents the first application of neural networks to screen for interactions impacting breast cancer risk using real-world data.
- Published
- 2024
46. Coupling 3D geodynamics and dynamic earthquake rupture: fault geometry, rheology and stresses across timescales
- Author
-
Jourdon, Anthony, Hayek, Jorge Nicolas, May, Dave A., and Gabriel, Alice-Agnes
- Subjects
Physics - Geophysics ,Physics - Computational Physics - Abstract
Tectonic deformation crucially shapes the Earth's surface, with strain localization resulting in the formation of shear zones and faults that accommodate significant tectonic displacement. Earthquake dynamic rupture models, which provide valuable insights into earthquake mechanics and seismic ground motions, rely on initial conditions such as pre-stress states and fault geometry. However, these are often inadequately constrained due to observational limitations. To address these challenges, we develop a new method that loosely couples 3D geodynamic models to 3D dynamic rupture simulations, providing a mechanically consistent framework for earthquake analysis. Our approach does not prescribe fault geometry but derives it from the underlying lithospheric rheology and tectonic velocities using the medial axis transform. We perform three long-term geodynamics models of a strike-slip geodynamic system, each involving different continental crust rheology. We link these with nine dynamic rupture models, in which we investigate the role of varying fracture energy and plastic strain energy dissipation in the dynamic rupture behavior. These simulations suggest that for our fault, long-term rheology, and geodynamic system, a plausible critical linear slip weakening distance falls within Dc in [0.6,1.5]. Our results indicate that the long-term 3D stress field favors slip on fault segments better aligned with the regional plate motion and that minor variations in the long-term 3D stress field can strongly affect rupture dynamics, providing a physical mechanism for arresting earthquake propagation. Our geodynamically informed earthquake models highlight the need for detailed 3D fault modeling across time scales for a comprehensive understanding of earthquake mechanics., Comment: 38 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables
- Published
- 2024
47. Theia: Distilling Diverse Vision Foundation Models for Robot Learning
- Author
-
Shang, Jinghuan, Schmeckpeper, Karl, May, Brandon B., Minniti, Maria Vittoria, Kelestemur, Tarik, Watkins, David, and Herlant, Laura
- Subjects
Computer Science - Robotics ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Vision-based robot policy learning, which maps visual inputs to actions, necessitates a holistic understanding of diverse visual tasks beyond single-task needs like classification or segmentation. Inspired by this, we introduce Theia, a vision foundation model for robot learning that distills multiple off-the-shelf vision foundation models trained on varied vision tasks. Theia's rich visual representations encode diverse visual knowledge, enhancing downstream robot learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Theia outperforms its teacher models and prior robot learning models using less training data and smaller model sizes. Additionally, we quantify the quality of pre-trained visual representations and hypothesize that higher entropy in feature norm distributions leads to improved robot learning performance. Code and models are available at https://github.com/bdaiinstitute/theia.
- Published
- 2024
48. BotEval: Facilitating Interactive Human Evaluation
- Author
-
Cho, Hyundong, Gowda, Thamme, Huang, Yuyang, Lu, Zixun, Tong, Tianli, and May, Jonathan
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Following the rapid progress in natural language processing (NLP) models, language models are applied to increasingly more complex interactive tasks such as negotiations and conversation moderations. Having human evaluators directly interact with these NLP models is essential for adequately evaluating the performance on such interactive tasks. We develop BotEval, an easily customizable, open-source, evaluation toolkit that focuses on enabling human-bot interactions as part of the evaluation process, as opposed to human evaluators making judgements for a static input. BotEval balances flexibility for customization and user-friendliness by providing templates for common use cases that span various degrees of complexity and built-in compatibility with popular crowdsourcing platforms. We showcase the numerous useful features of BotEval through a study that evaluates the performance of various chatbots on their effectiveness for conversational moderation and discuss how BotEval differs from other annotation tools., Comment: ACL 2024 SDT, 10 pages
- Published
- 2024
49. Are Large Language Models Capable of Generating Human-Level Narratives?
- Author
-
Tian, Yufei, Huang, Tenghao, Liu, Miri, Jiang, Derek, Spangher, Alexander, Chen, Muhao, May, Jonathan, and Peng, Nanyun
- Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
This paper investigates the capability of LLMs in storytelling, focusing on narrative development and plot progression. We introduce a novel computational framework to analyze narratives through three discourse-level aspects: i) story arcs, ii) turning points, and iii) affective dimensions, including arousal and valence. By leveraging expert and automatic annotations, we uncover significant discrepancies between the LLM- and human- written stories. While human-written stories are suspenseful, arousing, and diverse in narrative structures, LLM stories are homogeneously positive and lack tension. Next, we measure narrative reasoning skills as a precursor to generative capacities, concluding that most LLMs fall short of human abilities in discourse understanding. Finally, we show that explicit integration of aforementioned discourse features can enhance storytelling, as is demonstrated by over 40% improvement in neural storytelling in terms of diversity, suspense, and arousal.
- Published
- 2024
50. A Benchmark JWST Near-Infrared Spectrum for the Exoplanet WASP-39b
- Author
-
Carter, A. L., May, E. M., Espinoza, N., Welbanks, L., Ahrer, E., Alderson, L., Brahm, R., Feinstein, A. D., Grant, D., Line, M., Morello, G., O'Steen, R., Radica, M., Rustamkulov, Z., Stevenson, K. B., Turner, J. D., Alam, M. K., Anderson, D. R., Batalha, N. M., Battley, M. P., Bayliss, D., Bean, J. L., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Brande, J., Bryant, E. M., Burleigh, M. R., Coulombe, L., Crossfield, I. J. M., Damiano, M., Désert, J. -M., Flagg, L., Gill, S., Inglis, J., Kirk, J., Knutson, H., Kreidberg, L., Morales, M. López, Mansfield, M., Moran, S. E., Murray, C. A., Nixon, M. C., de la Roche, D. J. M. Petit dit, Rackham, B. V., Schlawin, E., Sing, D. K., Wakeford, H. R., Wallack, N. L., Wheatley, P. J., Zieba, S., Aggarwal, K., Barstow, J. K., Bell, T. J., Blecic, J., Caceres, C., Crouzet, N., Cubillos, P. E., Daylan, T., de Val-Borro, M., Decin, L., Fortney, J. J., Gibson, N. P., Heng, K., Hu, R., Kempton, E M. -R., Lagage, P., Lothringer, J. D., Lustig-Yaeger, J., Mancini, L., Mayne, N. J., Mayorga, L. C., Molaverdikhani, K., Nasedkin, E., Ohno, K., Parmentier, V., Powell, D., Redfield, S., Roy, P., Taylor, J., and Zhang, X.
- Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Observing exoplanets through transmission spectroscopy supplies detailed information on their atmospheric composition, physics, and chemistry. Prior to JWST, these observations were limited to a narrow wavelength range across the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared, alongside broadband photometry at longer wavelengths. To understand more complex properties of exoplanet atmospheres, improved wavelength coverage and resolution are necessary to robustly quantify the influence of a broader range of absorbing molecular species. Here we present a combined analysis of JWST transmission spectroscopy across four different instrumental modes spanning 0.5-5.2 micron using Early Release Science observations of the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b. Our uniform analysis constrains the orbital and stellar parameters within sub-percent precision, including matching the precision obtained by the most precise asteroseismology measurements of stellar density to-date, and further confirms the presence of Na, K, H$_2$O, CO, CO$_2$, and SO$_2$ atmospheric absorbers. Through this process, we also improve the agreement between the transmission spectra of all modes, except for the NIRSpec PRISM, which is affected by partial saturation of the detector. This work provides strong evidence that uniform light curve analysis is an important aspect to ensuring reliability when comparing the high-precision transmission spectra provided by JWST., Comment: 34 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. Nat Astron (2024)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.