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1. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory

Author

Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga, Mayara Macêdo Barrozo, Ana Lúcia Coutinho, Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira e Sousa, Francisca Letícia Vale, Laís Marreto, Paula Marchesini, Daniel de Castro Rodrigues, Evandro Davanço Ferreira de Souza, Gustavo Adolfo Sabatini, Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior, Lorena Lopes Ferreira, Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes, and Caio Monteiro

Subjects
Biopesticides, Botanicals, Eco-friendly, Field efficacy, Ixodidae, Tick control, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. Methods A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. Results The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. Conclusions This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness. Graphical abstract

Published
2023
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2. Repellent and acaricidal activity of coconut oil fatty acids and their derivative compounds and catnip oil against Amblyomma sculptum

Author

Mayara Macêdo Barrozo, Junwei Zhu, Lígia Miranda Ferreira Borges, Kim Benz, Amy Farr, Viviane Zeringóta, and Nélio Batista de Moraes

Subjects
animal structures, food.ingredient, Lavender, Nepeta cataria, Lavender oil, Biology, complex mixtures, Ingredient, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Amblyomma, Bioassay, Animals, Food science, Acaricides, General Veterinary, fungi, Coconut oil, Lauric Acids, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Lauric acid, chemistry, Capric Acid, Insect Repellents, Coconut Oil, Nepeta, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Parasitology
Abstract

This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the repellent and acaricidal activity of major ingredient compounds from coconut oil including their methyl ester derivatives and catnip oil against nymphs and larvae of Amblyomma sculptum. Repellent candidates, coconut oil free fatty acids (coconut FFA mainly C12, C10 and C8 acid); lauric acid (C12 acid); capric acid (C10 acid); methyl laurate; methyl caprate and 10 % each of C12, C10 and C8 acid (1:1:1) in lavender oil formulation (CFA in lavender formula) and catnip oil (Nepeta cataria), were screened using a Petri dish bioassay to assess repellency. Catnip oil, methyl caprate, methyl laurate, and CFA in lavender formulation repelled ticks strongly (P

Published
2021

3. Repellent and carrapaticide activity of coconut oil compounds against Amblyomma sculptum

Author

Santos, Mayara Macêdo Barrozo, Borges, Lígia Miranda Ferreira, Cotta, Viviane Zeringóta Rodrigues, Monteiro, Caio Márcio de Oliveira, Fernandes, Éverton Kort Kamp, and Ferreira, Lorena Lopes

Subjects
Fitoterapia, In vitro bioassays, MEDICINA VETERINARIA::MEDICINA VETERINARIA PREVENTIVA::SAUDE ANIMAL (PROGRAMAS SANITARIOS) [CIENCIAS AGRARIAS], Ácidos graxos, Repelência, Bioensaios in vitro, Repellency, Fatty acids, Star tick, Herbal medicine, Carrapato-estrela
Abstract

Amblyomma sculptum pode parasitar diversos mamíferos, incluindo humanos, e é o principal vetor da bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii no Brasil, agente etiológico da febre maculosa brasileira. Diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados com produtos de origem vegetal para controle de carrapatos. Além disso, o uso de repelentes é uma importante ferramenta para evitar infestações. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a repelência de ninfas não alimentadas de A. sculptum frente a substâncias derivadas de óleo de coco (éster metílico de ácido dodecanóico- C12; éster metílico de ácido decanóico- C10; e ácido graxo livre de coco em formulação de óleo de lavanda) e óleo de catnip (Nepeta cataria); por meio de bioensaios de placa de Petri modificado e, avaliar a atividade carrapaticida dessas substâncias por meio do teste de pacote de larvas. Para o teste de placa de Petri, um semicírculo de papel filtro contendo a substância a ser testada na concentração de 10% diluída em etanol e outro semicírculo contendo o solvente (etanol), foram posicionadas dentro da placa; seis ninfas não alimentadas foram colocadas no centro de cada placa e sua localização foi avaliada aos 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 e 30 minutos e às 24, 48, 72, 96 e 168 horas após o início do teste. Para o teste de pacote de larvas as substâncias foram utilizadas em cinco concentrações (2,5; 5; 10; 15 e 20 mg/mL) sobre larvas não alimentadas de A. sculptum para avaliação de mortalidade após 24 horas do tratamento. Como resultado, todas as substâncias apresentaram repelência, sendo que o ácido graxo livre de óleo de coco conferiu repelência por 7 dias, enquanto o óleo de N. cataria e o éster metílico de C10 apresentaram repelência por 4 e 3 dias, respectivamente. A concentração do éster metílico de C12, efetiva contra mais de 93% das larvas testadas, foi de 15 mg/mL e a concentração, dessa mesma substância, de 20mg/mL conferiu 100% de mortalidade. Assim, nossos resultados indicam que compostos derivados do óleo de coco possuem efeito repelente e carrapaticida sobre fases imaturas de A. sculptum e podem ser formulados para proteger humanos e outros animais de infestação, bem como contra patógenos transmitidos por essa espécie de carrapato. Amblyomma sculptum can parasitize several mammals, including humans, and is the main vector of the Rickettsia rickettsii bacterium in Brazil, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever. Several studies have been carried out with products of plant origin to control ticks. In addition, the use of repellents is an important tool to prevent infestations. The present study aimed to evaluate the repellency of unfed nymphs of A. sculptum against substances derived from coconut oil (C12 dodecanoic acid methyl ester; C10 decanoic acid methyl ester; and coconut free fatty acid in lavender oil formulation) and catnip oil (Nepeta cataria); through modified Petri dish bioassays and, to evaluate the tick activity of these substances by means of the larval packet test. For the Petri dish test, a semicircle of filter paper containing the substance to be tested at a concentration of 10% diluted in ethanol and another semicircle containing the solvent (ethanol), were placed inside the dish; six non-fed nymphs were placed in the center of each plate and their location was assessed at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes and at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 hours after the start of the test. For the larval packet test, the substances were used in five concentrations (2.5; 5; 10; 15 and 20 mg / mL) on non-fed larvae of A. sculptum to assess mortality after 24 hours of treatment. As a result, all substances showed repellency, with the fatty acid free of coconut oil conferring repellency for 7 days, while N. cataria oil and C10 methyl ester showed repellency for 4 and 3 days, respectively. The concentration of the C12 methyl ester, effective against more than 93% of the tested larvae, was 15 mg / mL and the concentration, of that same substance, of 20mg / mL conferred 100% mortality. Thus, our results indicate that compounds derived from coconut oil have a repellent and tick effect on immature stages of A. sculptum and can be formulated to protect humans and other animals from infestation, as well as against pathogens transmitted by this species of tick. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Published
2021

4. Do Commercial Insect Repellents Provide Protection against the Tick Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae)?

Author

Beatriz Rodrigues de Barcelos, Nathália Gabriela Silva Santos Coelho, Mayara Macedo Barrozo Santos, Francisca Letícia Vale, Ana Lúcia Coutinho Teixeira, Lainny Martins Pereira e Souza, Viviane Zeringóta, Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro, Chesterton Ulysses Orlando Eugenio, and Marcos Takashi Obara

Subjects
Amblyomma cajennense complex, Amblyomma sculptum, resistance, Brazilian Spotted Fever, DEET, Icaridin and IR3535, Medicine
Abstract

Amblyomma sculptum is a species of public health interest because it is associated with the transmission of the bacteria that causes Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF). The use of repellents on humans is a prophylactic measure widely used to provide protection against a series of arthropod vectors, including mosquitoes and ticks. However, in Brazil, the effectiveness of commercial repellents against A. sculptum is little known. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out specific studies to evaluate the repellency of these commercial products, registered for use against mosquitoes, against the star tick. The main goal of the present work was to evaluate the effectiveness of six commercial repellents against A. sculptum. Unfed nymphs, aged between two and eight weeks, were tested against products based on DEET (OFF!® and Repelex®), Icaridin (Exposis® and SBP®), and IR3535 (Johnsons and Henlau). Three bioassays were conducted to evaluate tick behavior: (i) filter paper, (ii) fingertip, and (iii) field. All bases tested showed high repellent activity, differing significantly (p < 0.05) from the control. It was observed the formulation with DEET resulted in the best results in the filter paper bioassay. In the fingertip bioassay, the DEET base repelled a greater number of ticks compared to Icaridin. In the field bioassay, there was no significant difference between the Icaridin base and DEET, and both formulations differed from the control (p < 0.05). The six formulations tested showed significant percentages of repellency against ticks; however, for the fingertip and field bioassays, the products OFF!®, Repelex®, and Exposis® were tested as they showed better performance in the filter paper test. OFF!® showed the best percentage of repellency (100%), followed by Repelex® (96.8%), and Exposis® (93.1%), considering the two-hour period of the bioassay-field-test. Proving the effectiveness of repellents on the market against A. sculptum presented in this study is crucial, since this is the main ectoparasite of humans that can transmit Rickettsia rickettsii when infected. The effectiveness of commercial insect repellents against other tick species that parasitize humans can also be explored.

Published
2023
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